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''Gastrophryne'', the narrowmouth toads (also American narrowmouth toads, North American narrow-mouthed toads), is a genus of
microhylid
The Microhylidae, commonly known as narrow-mouthed frogs, are a geographically widespread family (biology), family of frogs. The 683 species are in 63 genera and 11 subfamilies, which is the largest number of genera of any frog family.
Evolution ...
frog
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (ανοὐρά, literally ''without tail'' in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-frog" '' Triadobatrachus'' is ...
s found in the Americas between Honduras and southern United States.
Its name means ‘belly-toad’, referring to its large belly, from the Ancient Greek ' (, ‘belly, stomach’) and ' (, ‘toad’).
''Gastrophryne'' is closely related to '' Hypopachus''. Some species that were earlier placed in ''Gastrophryne'' were more closely related to ''Hypopachus'', rendering the genus paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
. This has been rectified by moving some species (''Gastrophryne usta
''Hypopachus ustus'', the two-spaded narrow-mouthed toad, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae found in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Its natural habitats are tropical dry and moist lowland forest
A forest is an area of ...
'' and ''Gastrophryne pictiventris
''Gastrophryne pictiventris'' (common name: Nicaragua narrowmouth toad or southern narrowmouth toad) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northeastern Costa Rica and southeastern Nicaragua
Nicaragua (; ), official ...
'') to ''Hypopachus''.
''Gastrophryne'' frogs were the first species to be recognized to be experiencing speciation by reinforcement and lead to the coining of the term reinforcement by W. Frank Blair in 1955;Sætre, Glenn-Peter. (2012). Reinforcement. ''eLS''. a concept proposed by Theodosius Dobzhansky
Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky (russian: Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; uk, Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добржа́нський; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a prominent ...
decades earlier.
Species
The currently recognized species are: * '' Gastrophryne carolinensis'' (Holbrook, 1835) - eastern narrow-mouthed toad * ''Gastrophryne elegans
''Gastrophryne elegans'', the elegant narrow-mouthed toad, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae found in Central America. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, inte ...
'' (Boulenger, 1882) - elegant narrow-mouthed toad
* ''Gastrophryne mazatlanensis
''Gastrophryne'', the narrowmouth toads (also American narrowmouth toads, North American narrow-mouthed toads), is a genus of microhylid frogs found in the Americas between Honduras and southern United States.
Its name means ‘belly-toad’, r ...
'' (Taylor, 1943) - Mazatlan narrow-mouthed toad or Sinaloa narrow-mouthed toad
* '' Gastrophryne olivacea'' (Hallowell, 1856) - Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad
References
Microhylidae Amphibians of Central America Amphibians of North America Amphibian genera Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger {{Microhylidae-stub