''Gastrodia'', commonly known as potato orchids or as 天麻属 (tian ma shu), is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

leafless

orchid Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of floweri ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Orchidaceae, about ninety of which have been described. Orchids in this genus have fleshy, upright stems and small to medium-sized

resupinate Resupination is derived from the Latin word ''resupinus'', meaning "bent back with the face upward" or "on the back". " Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward". The wor ...

flowers with narrow

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...

s and

petal Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usuall ...

s. They are

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...

(

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...

, the

Russian Far East The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ) is a region in Northeast Asia. It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent; and is admin ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic ...

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, the

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, central

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, and various islands of the

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and

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Description

Orchids in the genus ''Gastrodia'' are leafless, terrestrial, mycotrophic

herbs In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicina ...

with a fleshy, underground

rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow ...

and an upright flowering stem with a few to many brownish,

flowers. The

s and

s are fused to form a bell-shaped or irregular tube with the tips free. The petals are usually much smaller than the sepals and the labellum has three lobes and is fully enclosed in the tube.

Taxonomy

The genus ''Gastrodia'' was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown and the description was published in ''

Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen ''Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen'' (Prodromus of the Flora of New Holland and Van Diemen's Land) is a flora of Australia written by botanist Robert Brown and published in 1810. Often referred to as ''Prodromus Flora Novae ...

''. The

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specim ...

is ''

Gastrodia sesamoides ''Gastrodia sesamoides'', commonly known as cinnamon bells or common potato orchid in Australia and as the pot-bellied orchid or cinnamon sticks in New Zealand, is a leafless, terrestrial saprophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has a t ...

''.

List of species

The following is a list of species of ''Gastrodia'' recognised by

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...

as of September 2021: * '' Gastrodia abscondita'' J.J.Sm. - Java * '' Gastrodia africana''

Kraenzl. Friedrich (Fritz) Wilhelm Ludwig Kränzlin (25 July 1847 – 9 March 1934) was a botanist associated with the Natural History Museum (BM). In the history of the European study of South African orchids, Fritz Kränzlin appears after Heinrich Gu ...

- Cameroon * '' Gastrodia agnicellus'' Hermans & P.J.Cribb - Madagascar * '' Gastrodia albida'' T.C.Hsu, & C.M.Kuo - Taiwan * '' Gastrodia albidoides'' Y.H.Tan & T.C.Hsu - Yunnan * '' Gastrodia amamiana'' Suetsugu - Japan * '' Gastrodia angusta'' S.Chow & S.C.Chen - Yunnan * '' Gastrodia appendiculata'' C.S.Leou & N.J.Chung * '' Gastrodia arunachalensis'' S.N.Hegde & A.N.Rao – Arunachal Pradesh * '' Gastrodia ballii'' P.J.Cribb &

Browning Browning may refer to: Arts and entertainment * The Browning, an American electronicore band * ''Browning'', a set of variations by the composer William Byrd Places * Browning, Georgia, USA * Browning, Illinois, USA * Browning, Missouri, ...

- Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique * '' Gastrodia bambu'' Metusala - Java * '' Gastrodia boninensis'' Tuyama - Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin Islands of Japan) * '' Gastrodia cajanoae''

Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within c ...

Pelser Pieter B. Pelser (born 12 January 1976) is a lecturer in Plant Systematics and the curator of the herbarium at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. One research interest is the evolutionary history of the tribe Senecioneae ...

- Java, Taiwan * '' Gastrodia callosa'' J.J.Sm. - Java, Taiwan * '' Gastrodia celebica''

Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America ...

- Sulawesi * '' Gastrodia clausa'' T.C.Hsu, S.W.Chung & C.M.Kuo - Taiwan, Okinawa * '' Gastrodia confusa''

Honda is a Japanese public multinational conglomerate manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles, and power equipment, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959, reaching a producti ...

& Tuyama - Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Bonin Islands, Ryukyu Islands * '' Gastrodia confusoides'' T.C.Hsu, S.W.Chung & C.M.Kuo - Taiwan * ''

Gastrodia cooperae ''Gastrodia cooperae'', also known as Cooper's black potato orchid, is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New Zealand. The specific epithet ''cooperae'' refers to Dorothy A. Cooper, founder of the New Zealand Nati ...

'' Lehnebach & J.R.Rolfe -

* '' Gastrodia crassisepala''

L.O.Williams Louis Otho (Otto) Williams (1908-1991) was a botanist from Wyoming. He received his BA and MA from the University of Wyoming then a PhD from Washington University in St. Louis. He went on to be editor of the '' American Orchid Society Bulletin''. W ...

- New Guinea * '' Gastrodia crebriflora'' D.L.Jones -

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , establishe ...

* '' Gastrodia crispa'' J.J.Sm. – Java * '' Gastrodia cunninghamii''

Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of t ...

- Vanuatu, New Zealand (including Chatham Island) * '' Gastrodia damingshanensis'' A.Q.Hu & T.C.Hsu * '' Gastrodia dyeriana''

King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen regnant, queen, which title is also given to the queen consort, consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contempora ...

& Pantl. - Sikkim, Darjiling * '' Gastrodia effusa'' P.T.Ong & P.O'Byrne - Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia * ''

Gastrodia elata ''Gastrodia elata'' is a saprophytic perennial herb in the family Orchidaceae. It is found in Nepal, Bhutan, India, Japan, North Korea, Siberia, Taiwan, and China. Description The orchid has an 8–12 centimeters long elliptical underground rhiz ...

'' Blume - much of China (including Tibet and Taiwan), Japan, Korea, Russian Far East, Assam, Bhutan, Nepal * '' Gastrodia elatoides'' W.C.Huang, G.W.Hu & Q.F.Wang - Madagascar * '' Gastrodia entomogama'' D.L.Jones - A.C.T. * '' Gastrodia exilis''

- India, Assam, Thailand, Sumatra * '' Gastrodia falconeri'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - Pakistan, northern India, Nepal * '' Gastrodia fimbriata'' Suddee - Thailand * '' Gastrodia flavilabella'' S.S.Ying - Taiwan * '' Gastrodia flexistyla'' T.C.Hsu & C.M.Kuo - Taiwan * '' Gastrodia flexistyloides'' Suetsugu * '' Gastrodia fontinalis'' T.P.Lin - Taiwan * '' Gastrodia fujianensis'' Liang Ma, Xin Y.Chen & S.P.Chen - China (Fujian) * '' Gastrodia gracilis'' Blume - Taiwan, Honshu * '' Gastrodia grandilabris'' Carr - Sabah * '' Gastrodia gunatillekeorum'' Bandara, Priyankara &

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- Sri Lanka * '' Gastrodia holttumii'' Carr * '' Gastrodia huapingenisi'' X.Y.Huang, A.Q.Hu & Yan Liu * '' Gastrodia isabelensis'' T.C.Hsu * ''

Gastrodia javanica ''Gastrodia javanica'', or Javanese chijian ( Japanese: 爪哇赤箭), is an epiparasitic species of orchid native to Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and offic ...

'' ( Blume)

Lindl. John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist. Early years Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley ...

- Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Fujian, Ryukyu Islands * '' Gastrodia kachinensis'' X.H.Jin & L.A.Ye – Myanmar * '' Gastrodia kaohsiungensis'' T.P.Lin – Taiwan * '' Gastrodia kuroshimensis'' Suetsugu - Japan * '' Gastrodia lacista'' D.L.Jones -

Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to t ...

* '' Gastrodia longitubularis'' Q.W.Meng, X.Q.Song & Y.B.Luo - Hainan * '' Gastrodia madagascariensis'' H.Perrier ex Martos & Bytebier - Madagascar * '' Gastrodia major'' Aver. - Vietnam * '' Gastrodia maliauensis'' Suetsugu, Suleiman & Tsukaya - Borneo (Sabah) * '' Gastrodia menghaiensis'' Z.H.Tsi & S.C.Chen - Yunnan * '' Gastrodia minor'' Petrie - New Zealand * '' Gastrodia mishmensis'' A.N.Rao, Harid. & S.N.Hegde * ''

Gastrodia molloyi ''Gastrodia molloyi'' is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand. It was first formally described in 2016 by Carlos Adolfo Lehnebach and Jeremy Rolfe and the description was published in the journal ''Phytot ...

'' Lehneback & J.R.Rolfe -

* '' Gastrodia nantoensis'' T.C.Hsu, C.M.Kuo ex T.P.Lin * '' Gastrodia nipponica'' Honda) Tuyama - Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Islands * '' Gastrodia nipponicoides'' Suetsugu * '' Gastrodia × nippouraiensis'' Suetsugu & T.C.Hsu -

Nansei-shoto The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yonaguni ...

* '' Gastrodia okinawensis'' Suetsugu * '' Gastrodia papuana''

- New Guinea * '' Gastrodia peichatieniana'' S.S.Ying * '' Gastrodia phangngaensis'' Suddee * '' Gastrodia procera'' G.W.Carr - N.S.W., Vic., A.C.T., Tas. * '' Gastrodia pubilabiata'' Y.Sawa - Taiwan, Japan * '' Gastrodia punctata'' Aver. - Vietnam * '' Gastrodia putaoensis'' X.H.Jin - Myanmar * '' Gastrodia queenslandica'' Dockrill - Queensland * '' Gastrodia rubinea'' T.P.Lin - Taiwan * '' Gastrodia rwandensis'' Eb.Fisch. & Killmann - Rwanda * '' Gastrodia sabahensis'' J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb * '' Gastrodia selabintanensis'' Tsukaya &

Hidayat Hidayat is a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: *Ignatius Hidayat Allah (d. 1639/1640), Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch *Hidayat Amin Arsala (born 1942), economist and a prominent politician in Afghanistan *Shahza ...

* ''

'' R.Br. -

* '' Gastrodia shimizuana'' Tuyama - Iriomote, Taiwan * '' Gastrodia silentvalleyana'' C.S.Kumar, P.C.S.Kumar, Sibi & S.Anil Kumar - Kerala * '' Gastrodia similis'' Bosser - Réunion * '' Gastrodia solomonensis'' T.C.Hsu * '' Gastrodia spatulata'' ( Carr) J.J.Wood - Sabah * '' Gastrodia stapfii'' Hayata * '' Gastrodia sui'' C.S.Leou, T.C.Hsu & C.R.Yeh - Taiwan * '' Gastrodia surcula'' D.L.Jones - New South Wales * '' Gastrodia taiensis'' Tuyama - Vietnam * '' Gastrodia takeshimensis'' Suetsugu * '' Gastrodia tembatensis'' P.T.Ong & P.O'Byrne - Peninsular Malaysia * '' Gastrodia theana'' Aver. - Vietnam * '' Gastrodia tonkinensis'' Aver. & Averyanova * '' Gastrodia tuberculata'' F.Y.Liu & S.C.Chen - Yunnan * '' Gastrodia umbrosa'' B.Gray - Queensland * '' Gastrodia uraiensis'' T.C.Hsu & C.M.Kuo - Taiwan * '' Gastrodia urceolata'' D.L. Jones - Queensland * ''

Gastrodia verrucosa ''Gastrodia'', commonly known as potato orchids or as 天麻属 (tian ma shu), is a genus of terrestrial leafless orchids in the family Orchidaceae, about ninety of which have been described. Orchids in this genus have fleshy, upright stems a ...

'' Blume - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatra * '' Gastrodia vescula'' D.L.Jones - South Australia * '' Gastrodia wuyishanensis'' Da M.Li & Chu Dian Liu, C.D.Liu - Fujian * ''Gastrodia zeylanica''

- Sri Lanka

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q133278 Gastrodia, Gastrodieae genera Myco-heterotrophic orchids Taxonomy articles created by Polbot