''Gammaherpesvirinae'' is a subfamily of
viruses
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1 ...
in the order ''
Herpesvirales
The ''Herpesvirales'' is an order of dsDNA viruses (Baltimore group I) with animal hosts, characterised by a common morphology consisting of an icosahedral capsid enclosed in a glycoprotein-containing lipid envelope. Common infections in humans ...
'' and in the family ''
Herpesviridae
''Herpesviridae'' is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word ''ἕρπει ...
''. Viruses in ''Gammaherpesvirinae'' are distinguished by reproducing at a more variable rate than other subfamilies of ''Herpesviridae''. Mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 43 species in this subfamily, divided among 7 genera with three species unassigned to a genus. Diseases associated with this subfamily include: HHV-4:
infectious mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Most people are infected by the virus as children, when the disease produces few or no symptoms. In young adult ...
. HHV-8:
Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses in the skin, in lymph nodes, in the mouth, or in other organs. The skin lesions are usually painless, purple and may be flat or raised. Lesions can occur singly, multiply in a limit ...
.
Taxonomy
Herpesviruses represent a group of double-stranded DNA viruses distributed widely within the animal kingdom. The family ''Herpesviridae'', which contains eight viruses that infect humans, is the most extensively studied group within this order and comprises three subfamilies, namely ''
Alphaherpesvirinae
''Alphaherpesvirinae'' is a subfamily of viruses in the family ''Herpesviridae'', primarily distinguished by reproducing more quickly than other subfamilies in the ''Herpesviridae''. In animal virology the most important herpesviruses belong to ...
'', ''
Betaherpesvirinae
''Betaherpesvirinae'' is a subfamily of viruses in the order ''Herpesvirales'' and in the family ''Herpesviridae''. Mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 26 species in this subfamily, divided among 5 genera. Diseases associated with this sub ...
'' and ''Gammaherpesvirinae''.
Within the ''Gammaherpesvirinae'' there are a number of unclassified viruses including ''Cynomys herpesvirus 1'' (CynGHV-1)
[Nagamine B, Jones L, Tellgren-Roth C, Cavender J, Bratanich AC (2011) A novel gammaherpesvirus isolated from a black-tailed prairie dog (''Cynomys ludovicianus''). Arch Virol] ''Elephantid herpesvirus 3'', ''Elephantid herpesvirus 4'', ''Elephantid herpesvirus 5'', ''Procavid herpesvirus 1'', ''Trichechid herpesvirus 1''
[Wellehan JF, Johnson AJ, Childress AL, Harr KE, Isaza R (2008) Six novel gammaherpesviruses of Afrotheria provide insight into the early divergence of the Gammaherpesvirinae. Vet Microbiol 127(3-4):249-257] and ''Common bottlenose dolphin gammaherpesvirus 1''.
[Davison AJ, Subramaniam K, Kerr K, Jacob JM, Landrau-Giovannetti N, Walsh MT, Wells RS, Waltzek TB (2017) Genome sequence of a gammaherpesvirus from a common bottlenose dolphin (''Tursiops truncatus''). Genome Announc 5(31)]
Genera
''Gammaherpesvirinae'' consists of the following seven genera:
* ''
Bossavirus
''Bossavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae'', in the family ''Herpesviridae'', in the order ''Herpesvirales
The ''Herpesvirales'' is an order of dsDNA viruses (Baltimore group I) with animal hosts, characterise ...
''
* ''
Lymphocryptovirus
''Lymphocryptovirus'' is a genus of viruses in the order ''Herpesvirales'', in the family ''Herpesviridae'', in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae''. This genus includes the human-infecting '' Human gammaherpesvirus 4'' (Epstein–Barr virus), a ...
''
* ''
Macavirus
''Macavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the order ''Herpesvirales'', in the family ''Herpesviridae'', in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae''. Mammals serve as natural hosts. There are nine species in this genus. Diseases associated with this gen ...
''
* ''
Manticavirus
''Manticavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae'', in the family ''Herpesviridae'', in the order ''Herpesvirales.'' This genus was the only genus to consist entirely of marsupial-hosted species as of the time of nami ...
''
* ''
Patagivirus
''Patagivirus'' is a genus of viruses in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae'', in the family ''Herpesviridae'', in the order ''Herpesvirales
The ''Herpesvirales'' is an order of dsDNA viruses (Baltimore group I) with animal hosts, characteris ...
''
* ''
Percavirus
''Percavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the order ''Herpesvirales'', in the family ''Herpesviridae'', in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae''. Mammals serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Diseases associated with this gen ...
''
* ''
Rhadinovirus
''Rhadinovirus'' (synonyms: ''Rhadinoviridae'' and gamma-2 herpesviruses) is a genus of viruses in the order ''Herpesvirales'', in the family ''Herpesviridae'', in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae''. Humans and other mammals serve as natural h ...
''
Additionally, the following three species are unassigned to a genus:
* ''
Equid gammaherpesvirus 7
''Equid gammaherpesvirus 7'' (EHV-7) is a species of virus of uncertain generic placement in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae'', family ''Herpesviridae'', and order ''Herpesvirales
The ''Herpesvirales'' is an order of dsDNA viruses (Baltimo ...
''
* ''
Phocid gammaherpesvirus 2
''Phocid gammaherpesvirus 2'' (PhHV-2) is a species of virus of uncertain generic placement in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae'', family ''Herpesviridae'', and order ''Herpesvirales
The ''Herpesvirales'' is an order of dsDNA viruses (Balti ...
''
* ''
Saguinine gammaherpesvirus 1
''Saguinine gammaherpesvirus 1'' (SgHV-1) is a species of virus of uncertain generic placement in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae'', family ''Herpesviridae'', and order ''Herpesvirales
The ''Herpesvirales'' is an order of dsDNA viruses (Ba ...
''
Structure
Viruses in ''Gammaherpesvirinae'' are enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical to pleomorphic, and round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 150-200 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 180kb in length.
Life cycle
The main stages in the lifecycle of Gamma herpes virus are namely
• Virus attachment and entry
• Viral DNA injection through
nuclear
Nuclear may refer to:
Physics
Relating to the nucleus of the atom:
* Nuclear engineering
*Nuclear physics
*Nuclear power
*Nuclear reactor
*Nuclear weapon
*Nuclear medicine
*Radiation therapy
*Nuclear warfare
Mathematics
*Nuclear space
*Nuclear ...
pore complex (NPC) into nucleus
• Assembly of nucleocapsids and