A list of sinologists around the world, past and present. Sinology is commonly defined as the academic study of China primarily through Chinese language, literature, and history, and often refers to Western scholarship. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization." The field of sinology was historically seen to be equivalent to the application of

philology Philology () is the study of language in oral and writing, written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defin ...

to China, and until the 20th century was generally seen as meaning "Chinese philology" (language and literature). Sinology has broadened in modern times to include Chinese history, epigraphy, and other subjects.

Australia

* Rafe de Crespigny *

Charles Patrick Fitzgerald Charles Patrick Fitzgerald (5 March 190213 April 1992) was a British historian and writer whose academic career occurred mostly in Australia. He was a professor of East Asian studies with particular focus on China. Early life and education Fitzg ...

Colin Mackerras Colin Patrick Mackerras (; born 26 August 1939 Sydney, Australia) is an Australian sinologist, Emeritus Professor at Griffith University, and specialist in Chinese culture. He has published on Chinese drama, national minorities of China, Aus ...

Robert Henry Mathews Robert Henry Mathews (1877–1970) was an Australian missionary and Sinologist, best known for his 1931 '' A Chinese-English Dictionary: Compiled for the China Inland Mission by R. H. Mathews'', which was subsequently revised by Harvard University ...

John Minford John Minford (born 22 June 1946) is a British sinologist and literary translator. He is primarily known for his translation of Chinese classics such as 40 chapters of '' The Story of the Stone'', ''The Art of War'', the ''I Ching'' and the ''Tao ...

* Pierre Ryckmans * Yingjie Guo *

Kevin Rudd Kevin Michael Rudd (born 21 September 1957) is an Australian former politician and diplomat who served as the 26th prime minister of Australia from 2007 to 2010 and again from June 2013 to September 2013, holding office as the leader of the ...

Austria

* Michael Prochazka

Belgium

* Simon Leys *

Roel Sterckx Roel Sterckx FBA (born 1969) is a Flemish-British sinologist and anthropologist. He is the Joseph Needham Professor of Chinese History, Science, and Civilization at Cambridge University, and a fellow of Clare College. Life and career Sterckx att ...

(born 1969) *

Antoine Thomas Antoine Thomas (25 January 1644 – 29 June 1709) was a Jesuit priest from the Spanish Netherlands, and missionary and astronomer in Qing China. His Chinese name was 安多. Early life Born in Namur, Belgium in 1644, Thomas joined the Socie ...

Ferdinand Verbiest Father Ferdinand Verbiest (9 October 1623 – 28 January 1688) was a Flemish Jesuit missionary in China during the Qing dynasty. He was born in Pittem near Tielt in the County of Flanders (now part of Belgium). He is known as Nan Huairen () in C ...

Bulgaria

* Snejina Gogova

Canada

Timothy Brook Timothy James Brook ( Chinese name: 卜正民; born January 6, 1951) is a Canadian historian, sinologist, and writer specializing in the study of China (sinology). He holds the Republic of China Chair, Department of History, University of British C ...

* Charles Burton * Jerome Ch'en (born 1919) *

Edwin G. Pulleyblank Edwin George "Ted" Pulleyblank (August 7, 1922 – April 13, 2013) was a Canadian sinologist and professor at the University of British Columbia. He was known for his studies of the historical phonology of Chinese. Life and career Edwin G. ...

* Michael Szonyi *

Chia-ying Yeh Florence Chia-ying Yeh (born July 1924), also known as Ye Jiaying (), Jialing (), and by her married name Chia-ying Yeh Chao, is a Chinese-born Canadian poet and sinologist. She was a scholar of classical Chinese poetry. She taught for twenty y ...

China

James Dyer Ball James Dyer Ball (波乃耶) (4 December 1847 in Canton, China – 22 February 1919 in London, England) was a Hong Kong scholar and author born in Canton. He is noted for works on Chinese culture and for contributing to the development of the system ...

(1847-1919) *

Yuen Ren Chao Yuen Ren Chao (; 3 November 1892 – 25 February 1982), also known as Zhao Yuanren, was a Chinese-American linguist, educator, scholar, poet, and composer, who contributed to the modern study of Chinese phonology and grammar. Chao was born a ...

C. T. Hsia Hsia Chih-tsing 夏志清 or C. T. Hsia (January 11, 1921 – December 29, 2013) was a Chinese historian and literary theorist. He contributed to the introduction of modern Chinese literature to the Western world by promoting the works of once m ...

Huang Xianfan Huang Xianfan ( zhuang: ; ) (November 13, 1899 – January 18, 1982) was a Zhuang Chinese historian, ethnologist and educator. He was the first college graduate of Zhuang ethnicity and trained at Peking National University under leading historia ...

D. C. Lau D. C. Lau (; 6 March 192126 April 2010) was a Chinese sinology, sinologist and author of the widely read translations of Daodejing, Tao Te Ching, Mencius and The Analects and contributed to the Proper Cantonese pronunciation movement. D. C. Lau ...

Li Xueqin Li Xueqin (, 28 March 1933 – 24 February 2019) was a Chinese historian, archaeologist, and palaeographer. He served as Director of the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Professor of the Institute of Sinology of T ...

* Rao Zongyi *

Qian Mu Ch'ien Mu or Qian Mu (; 30 July 1895 – 30 August 1990) was a Chinese historian, philosopher and writer. He is considered to be one of the greatest historians and philosophers of 20th-century China. Ch'ien, together with Lü Simian, Chen Yink ...

Qiu Xigui Qiu Xigui (; born 13July 1935) is a Chinese historian, palaeographer, and professor of Fudan University. His book ''Chinese Writing'' is considered the "single most influential study of Chinese palaeography". Early life and education Qiu Xigui ...

* Wang Li, linguist * Wang Tao, archaeologist *

Wang Zhongshu Wang Zhongshu (; 15 October 1925 – 24 September 2015) was a Chinese archaeologist who helped to establish and develop the field of archaeology in China. One of the most prominent Asian archaeologists, he was awarded the Grand Prize of the Fuk ...

Xia Nai Xia Nai (Wade–Giles: ''Shiah Nae''; 1910–1985) was a pioneering Chinese archaeologist. He was born in Wenzhou, southern Zhejiang province. He was the second son of Xia Yuyi (夏禹彝) who was a wealthy farmer. Xia was given the first nam ...

Yang Bojun Yang Bojun (; 1 September 1909 − 1992) was a Chinese philologist best known for his ''Chunqiu Zuozhuan Zhu'' (), an annotated commentary of the ancient Chinese historical text and Confucian classic '' Zuo Zhuan''. The work took him more than t ...

Czech Republic

Gustav Haloun Gustav Haloun (12 January 1898, Brtnice, Moravia, Austria-Hungary — 24 December 1951, Cambridge, England) was a Czech sinologist. He studied in Vienna under Arthur von Rosthorn and in Leipzig under August Conrady from where he received his Dr ...

(1898–1951) *

Jaroslav Průšek Jaroslav Průšek (1906–1980) was a Czech sinologist. He was considered as the founder of the Prague School of Sinology. He trained as an historian, with an interest in the history of ancient Greece, Byzantium and Roman Empire at Charles Unive ...

(1906–1980)

Estonia

Linnart Mäll Linnart Mäll (7 June 1938 – 14 February 2010) was an Estonian historian, orientalist, translator and politician. Biography Born in Tallinn, Estonia, Mäll graduated from the University of Tartu in 1962 with a major in general history. He ...

France

Jean-Baptiste Du Halde Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (; 1 February 1674 – 18 August 1743) was a French Jesuit historian specializing in China. He did not travel to China, but collected seventeen Jesuit missionaries' reports and provided an encyclopedic survey of the histo ...

(1674–1743) *

Arcade Huang Arcadio Huang (, born in Xinghua, modern Putian, in Fujian, 15 November 1679, died on 1 October 1716 in Paris)Mungello, p.125 was a Chinese Christian convert, brought to Paris by the Missions étrangères. He took a pioneering role in the teach ...

(1679–1717) *

Étienne Fourmont Étienne Fourmont (23 June 1683 – 8 December 1745) was a French scholar and Orientalist who served as professor of Arabic at the Collège de France and published grammars on the Arabic, Hebrew, and Chinese languages. Although Fourmont is r ...

(1683–1745) *

Jean Denis Attiret Jean Denis Attiret (, 31 July 1702 – 8 December 1768) was a French Jesuit painter and missionary to Qing China. Early life Attiret was born in Dole, France. He studied art in Rome and made himself a name as a portrait painter. Whil ...

(1702–1768) *

Jean Joseph Marie Amiot Jean Joseph Marie Amiot (sometimes Amyot; ; February 1718October 9, 1793) was a French Jesuit missionary in Qing China, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. Life Joseph Marie Amiot was born at Toulon. He entered the Society of Jesus in 17 ...

(1718–1793) *

Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat (5 September 1788 – 2 June 1832) was a French sinologist best known as the first Chair of Sinology at the Collège de France. Rémusat studied medicine as a young man, but his discovery of a Chinese herbal treatise ...

(1788–1832) – studied languages of the Far East and produced the ''Essai sur la langue et la littérature chinoises'', and the Chinese novel ''Iu-kiao-li, ou les deux cousines, roman chinois.'' *

Stanislas Julien Stanislas Aignan Julien (13 April 179714 February 1873) was a French sinologist who served as the Chair of Chinese at the Collège de France for over 40 years and was one of the most academically respected sinologists in French scholarship. Ju ...

(1797–1873) *

Séraphin Couvreur Séraphin Couvreur (; EFEO Chinese transcription: kóu sái fēn; 14 January 1835 – 19 November 1919) was a French Jesuit missionary to China, sinologist, and creator of the EFEO Chinese transcription. The system devised by Couvreur of the � ...

(1835–1919) * Léopold de Saussure (1886–1925) *

Léon Wieger Léon Wieger (born 9 July 1856 in Strasbourg, France - died 25 March 1933 in Xian County, Hebei, China), was a French Jesuit missionary, medical doctor, theologist and sinologist who worked at the Catholic Jesuit mission in Hejian, together with ...

(1956–1933) *

Édouard Chavannes Émmanuel-Édouard Chavannes (5 October 1865 – 29 January 1918) was a French sinologist and expert on Chinese history and religion, and is best known for his translations of major segments of Sima Qian's ''Records of the Grand Historian'' ...

(1865–1918) – best known for his 1) translations from

Sima Qian Sima Qian (; ; ) was a Chinese historian of the early Han dynasty (206AD220). He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his ''Records of the Grand Historian'', a general history of China covering more than two thousand years b ...

's ''

Shiji ''Records of the Grand Historian'', also known by its Chinese name ''Shiji'', is a monumental history of China that is the first of China's 24 dynastic histories. The ''Records'' was written in the early 1st century by the ancient Chinese his ...

'', sections of the ''Hou Hanshu'', and the ''Weilüe'' 2) studies of

Han dynasty The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and a warr ...

stone carvings and Chinese religion, including the groundbreaking study of the worship of

Mount Tai Mount Tai () is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Tai'an. It is the highest point in Shandong province, China. The tallest peak is the '' Jade Emperor Peak'' (), which is commonly reported as being ...

in ancient China. His students included

Henri Maspero Henri Paul Gaston Maspero (15 December 188317 March 1945) was a French sinologist and professor who contributed to a variety of topics relating to East Asia. Maspero is best known for his pioneering studies of Daoism. He was imprisoned by the Naz ...

Paul Pelliot Paul Eugène Pelliot (28 May 187826 October 1945) was a French Sinologist and Orientalist best known for his explorations of Central Asia and his discovery of many important Chinese texts such as the Dunhuang manuscripts. Early life and career ...

and

Marcel Granet Marcel Granet (29 February 1884 – 25 November 1940) was a French sociologist, ethnologist and sinologist. As a follower of Émile Durkheim and Édouard Chavannes, Granet was one of the first to bring sociological methods to the study of ...

. *

(1878–1945) *

Victor Segalen Victor Segalen (14 January 1878 – 21 May 1919) was a French naval doctor, ethnographer, archeologist, writer, poet, explorer, art-theorist, linguist and literary critic. He was born in Brest. He studied medicine and graduated at the Navy ...

(1878–1919) – scholar of ancient Chinese sculpture *

(1883–1945) *

Paul Demiéville Paul Demiéville (13 September 1894 – 23 March 1979) was a Swiss-French sinologist and Orientalist known for his studies of the Dunhuang manuscripts and Buddhism and his translations of Chinese poetry, as well as for his 30-year tenure as c ...

– studied the Franco-Belgian school of

Buddhology Buddhist studies, also known as Buddhology, is the academic study of Buddhism. The term ''Buddhology'' was coined in the early 20th century by the Unitarian minister Joseph Estlin Carpenter to mean the "study of Buddhahood, the nature of the Bud ...

. His 1947 work 'Mirror of the Mind' was widely read in the U.S. and inaugurated a series by him on subitism and gradualism.Se
Chan/Zen Studies in English: The State Of The Field by Bernard Faure
*

(1884–1940) – one of the first to use sociological methods * Jean Escarra (1885–1955) *

René Grousset Biography Grousset was born in Aubais, Gard in 1885. Having graduated from the University of Montpellier with a degree in history, he began his distinguished career soon afterward. He served in the French army during World War I. In 1925, ...

(1885–1952) *

Étienne Balazs Étienne Balazs (born István Balázs; 24 January 1905 – 29 November 1963) was a Hungarian-born French sinologist. Major works * ''Le traité économique du "Soueichou"'', (Leiden: Brill, 1953)Google Books * ''Le traité juridique du "Souei ...

(1905–1963) *

Jacques Gernet Jacques Gernet (; ; 22 December 1921, Algiers, French Algeria – 3 March 2018, Vannes) was an eminent French sinologist of the second half of the 20th century. His best-known work is ''The Chinese Civilization'', a 900-page summary of Chinese h ...

(1921-2018) *

Jean-Pierre Drège Jean-Pierre Drège (born 11 March 1946) is a French sinologist, specialising in the study of ancient books and the history of libraries, in particular Chinese manuscripts and . He has been working for years in the study of the Dunhuang manuscript ...

(born 1946) *

François Jullien François Jullien (born 2 June 1951 in Embrun, France) is a French philosopher, Hellenist, and sinologist. Biography An alumnus of the École Normale Supérieure (Paris) and holder (since 1974) of the ''agrégation'', France's professorial d ...

(born 1951) *

Anne Cheng Anne Cheng (; born 11 July 1955) is a French Sinologist who teaches at the Collège de France and specializes in Chinese history and the history of Chinese philosophy. Pablo Ariel Blitstein, the author of "A new debate about alterity," descr ...

(born 1955) * David Gosset (born 1970) * Corinne Debaine-Francfort (birth date unknown) * Michel Soymié (1924–2002) * Joël Bellassen (born 1950)

Germany

Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz (16 March 1840 – 11 December 1893) was a German general linguist and sinologist. His (1881), according to a critic, "remains until today recognized as probably the finest overall grammatical survey of the Cla ...

(1807–1874) –

linguist Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguis ...

; author of comprehensive ''Chinesische Grammatik.'' * Herbert Franke (1914–2011) – historian of Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties. * Otto Franke (1863–1946) * Wolfgang Franke (1912–2007), son of Otto *

Emil Krebs Emil Krebs (15 November 1867 in Freiburg in Schlesien – 31 March 1930 in Berlin) was a German polyglot and sinologist. He mastered 69 languages in speech and writing and studied 120 other languages.Cecile und Oskar Vogt Archiv, Düsseldorf ...

(1867–1930) – Polyglot *

Yu-chien Kuan Yu-chien Kuan or Guan Yuqian (; 18 February 1931 – 22 November 2018) was a Chinese-born German sinologist, writer and translator. The son of a high-ranking Chinese Communist Party official, he was denounced as a "rightist" and persecuted dur ...

(1931–2018) *

Wolfgang Kubin Wolfgang Kubin (; born December 17, 1945 in Celle) is a German poet, essayist, sinologist and translator of literary works. He is the former director of the Institute for Oriental and Asian Studies at the University of Bonn, Germany. Kubin has f ...

(born 1945) * Walter Liebenthal (1886–1982) *

Klaus Mühlhahn Klaus Mühlhahn (born August 19, 1963) is a German historian and sinologist who was a Professor and Vice President of the Free University of Berlin. Since 2020 he serves as president of Zeppelin University. He was awarded the John K. Fairbank Prize ...

(born 1963) * Christian Schwarz-Schilling (born 1930) *

Erling von Mende Erling von Mende (born October 10, 1940) has been professor of Sinology at the FU Berlin since 1983. He is specialised in the social and economic history of the early Song dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty. Biography In 1969 von Mende gained ...

(born 1940) *

Rudolf G. Wagner Rudolf G. Wagner (3 November 1941 — 25 October 2019) was a German sinologist. He was Senior Professor at the Department of Chinese Studies at the Heidelberg University and Co-Director of the Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Co ...

(born 1941) * Richard Wilhelm (1873–1930) – his translations of the ''

I Ching The ''I Ching'' or ''Yi Jing'' (, ), usually translated ''Book of Changes'' or ''Classic of Changes'', is an ancient Chinese divination text that is among the oldest of the Chinese classics. Originally a divination manual in the Western Zho ...

'' and other philosophical works popularized classical Chinese thought throughout the Western World.

Greece

* Dimitri Kitsikis (born 1935) Professor of International Relations and Geopolitics at the University of Ottawa

Hungary

* Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky (born 1974) *

(1905–1963) *

Imre Galambos Imre Galambos (Chinese name 高奕睿, pinyin Gāo Yìruì; born 1967) is a Hungarian Sinologist and Tangutologist who specialises in the study of medieval Chinese and Tangut manuscripts from Dunhuang. He is a professor of Chinese Studies at th ...

(born 1967) * Imre Hamar (born 1968) *

László Ladány Rev. László Ladányi (January 14, 1914 - September 23, 1990), in English also spelled Ladány or Ladany, was a Hungarian Jesuit, China watcher, author and editor of '' China News Analysis'', an influential periodical on Chinese affairs.

(1914–1990) * Lajos Magyar (1891–1940) *

Gábor Kósa Gábor Kósa (born 31 January 1971) is a Hungarian historian of religions, an associate professor at the Faculty of Humanities of the Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Chinese Studies. (Chinese name: Kāng Gāobǎo; Traditiona ...

(born 1971) * Zsolt Tokaji (born 1971)

India

* Tan Yun-Shan (1898-1983) * Tan Chung * Yukteshwar Kumar * B R Deepak *

Prabodh Chandra Bagchi Prabodh Chandra Bagchi ( bn, প্রবোধচন্দ্র-বাগচী) (18 November 1898 – 19 January 1956) or P. C. Bagchi was one of the most notable Sino -Indologists of the 20th century. He was the third Upacharya (Vice-Chan ...

* Srikanth Kondapalli * Jaideep Saikia

Ireland

* Sean Hurley

Italy

Martino Martini Martino Martini () (20 September 1614 – 6 June 1661), born and raised in Trento (Prince-Bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire), was a Jesuit missionary. As cartographer and historian, he mainly worked on ancient Imperial China. Early years Mar ...

(1614–1661) * Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) *

Michele Ruggieri Michele or Michael Ruggieri (1543– 11 May 1607), born Pompilio Ruggieri and known in China as Luo Mingjian, was an Italian Jesuit priest and missionary. A founding father of the Jesuit China missions, co-author of the first European–Chinese di ...

(1543–1607) * Giuseppe Tucci (1894–1984)

Japan

Masaru Aoki was a Japanese Sinologist. Works Aoki wrote an article named "Hu Shih and the Chinese Literary Revolution" which was published in ''Chinese Study'' (T: 支那學, S: 支那学, P: ''Zhīnà Xué'') in 1920. During the 1930s and 1940s, Aoki's w ...

靑木正兒 (1887–1964) *

Tetsuji Morohashi was an important figure in the field of Japanese language studies and Sinology. He is best known as chief editor of the '' Dai Kan-Wa jiten'', a comprehensive dictionary of Chinese characters, or ''kanji''. Biography Morohashi's father was also ...

諸橋轍次 (1883–1982) * A. Charles Muller *

D. T. Suzuki , self-rendered in 1894 as "Daisetz", was a Japanese-American Buddhist monk, essayist, philosopher, religious scholar, translator, and writer. He was a scholar and author of books and essays on Buddhism, Zen and Shin that were instrumental in s ...

鈴木大拙 (1870–1966) * Takakusu Junjirō 高楠順次郎 (1866–1945) * Kōjirō Yoshikawa 吉川幸次郎; 18 March 1904 – 8 April 1980) * Yoshimi Takeuchi 竹內好 (1910–1977) *

Naitō Torajirō , commonly known as , was a Japanese historian and Sinologist. He was the founder of the Kyoto School of historiography, and along with Shiratori Kurakichi (the founder of the Tokyo School), was one of the leading Japanese historians of East A ...

內藤虎次郎 (1866–1934) * Fukui Fumimasa 福井文雅 (1934–2017)

Kazakhstan

Yury Zuev Yuri Alexeyevich Zuev or Zuyev (russian: Юрий Алексеевич Зуев; 8 December 1932 – 5 December 2006) was a Russian-born Kazakh sinologist and turkologist. Biography Zuev was born in the Siberian city of Tümen in a whit ...

(1932–2006)

Moldova

Nicolae Milescu Nikolai Spathari (russian: Николай Гаврилович Спафарий, Nikolai Gavrilovich Spathari; 1636–1708), also known as Nicolae Milescu and Nicolae Milescu Spătaru (, first name also ''Neculai'', signing in Latin as Nicolaus ...

–

Moldavia Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and former principality in Centr ...

n writer, traveler,

geographer A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts. The Greek prefix "geo" means "earth" a ...

, and diplomat who was named ambassador of the Russian Empire to Beijing in 1675. He submitted to the Foreign Ministry three volumes of notes of his travels through Siberia and China and later ''Travels through Siberia to the Chinese borders.''

Netherlands

* J.J.L. Duyvendak (1889–1954) *

Jan Jakob Maria de Groot Jan Jakob Maria de Groot (18 February 185424 September 1921) was a Dutch sinologist and historian of religion. He taught at the Leiden University and later at the University of Berlin Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (german: Humboldt-Univer ...

(1854–1921), scholar of Chinese folk religion *

Robert van Gulik Robert Hans van Gulik (, 9 August 1910 – 24 September 1967) was a Dutch orientalist, diplomat, musician (of the guqin), and writer, best known for the Judge Dee historical mysteries, the protagonist of which he borrowed from the 18th-century ...

(1910–1967) * Hans van de Ven

New Zealand

Rewi Alley Rewi Alley (known in China as 路易•艾黎, Lùyì Àilí, 2 December 1897 – 27 December 1987) was a New Zealand-born writer and political activist. A member of the Chinese Communist Party, he dedicated 60 years of his life to the cause a ...

Norway

* Henry Henne (1918–2002)

Poland

Michał Boym Michał Piotr BoymHis first name is also often rendered as ''Michele'', ''Michel'', ''Miguel'', ''Michael Peter'' (;Transliterated also (using Wade-Giles) as ''Pu Che-yuen Mi-ko'' c. 1612 – 1659) was a Polish Jesuit missionary to China, scienti ...

Portugal

Gaspar da Cruz Gaspar da Cruz ( 1520 – 5 February 1570; sometimes also known under an Hispanized version of his name, Gaspar de la Cruz) was a Portuguese Dominican friar born in Évora, who traveled to Asia and wrote one of the first detailed European account ...

(c.1520–1570), author of the first book on China in Western Europe *

Bento de Góis Bento de Góis (1562 – 11 April 1607), was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary and explorer. His name is commonly given in English as Bento de Goes"Bento de Goes", in: or Bento de Goës;Gallagher (trans.) (1953), pp. 499–500. in the past, it has ...

(c.1562–1607), historian from China

Philippines

* Alfredo Co

Russia

Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin (Никита Яковлевич Бичурин) (29 August 1777 – 11 May 1853, St. Petersburg), better known under his archimandrite monastic name Hyacinth (sometimes rendered as Joacinth), or Iakinf (Иакин� ...

(1775–1853) * Pyotr Ivanovich Kafarov (1817–1878) *

Evgenij Ivanovich Kychanov Evgenij Ivanovich Kychanov (russian: Евгений Иванович Кычанов; also transcribed as ''Yevgeny Ivanovich Kychanov'', 22 June 1932 – 24 May 2013) was a Soviet and Russian orientalist, an expert on the Tangut people and their m ...

(1932–2013) *

Peter A. Boodberg Peter Alexis Boodberg (born Pyotr Alekseyevich Budberg; 8 April 1903 – 29 June 1972) was a Russian-American scholar, linguist, and sinologist who taught at the University of California, Berkeley for 40 years. Boodberg was influential in 20th ...

(1903–1972) *

Julian Shchutsky Julian Konstantinovich Shchutsky (russian: Юлиан Константинович Шуцкий, 11 August 1897, Ekaterinburg – February 18, 1938, Leningrad) was a Russian sinologist. Education and scientific career Shchutsky's father was of ...

(1897–1938) *

Vasiliy Mikhaylovich Alekseyev Vasiliy Mikhaylovich Alekseyev (russian: Василий Михайлович Алексеев, , Saint Petersburg – May 12, 1951, Leningrad (''ibidem'')) was an eminent Soviet Union, Soviet sinologist and a member of the Soviet Academy of Science ...

(1881–1951) *

Nikolai Iosifovich Konrad Nikolai Iosifovich Konrad (; 13 March 1891 – 30 September 1970) was a Soviet philologist and historian, described in the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' as "the founder of the Soviet school of Japanese scholars".Robert M. CroskeyN. I. Konrad and the ...

(1891–1970) * Nikolai Fedorenko (1912–2000) *

Vyacheslav Rybakov Vyacheslav Rybakov (russian: Вячеслав Михайлович Рыбаков; born January 1954 in Leningrad), is a Russian science fiction author and an orientalist, interested in the medieval bureaucracy of China. He is a frequent collab ...

(born 1954)

Singapore

Wang Gungwu Wang Gungwu, (; born 9 October 1930) is a Chinese-Singaporean historian, sinologist, and writer. He is a historian of China and Southeast Asia. He has studied and written about the Chinese diaspora, but he has objected to the use of the word ...

Slovenia

Jana S. Rošker Jana S. Rošker (; born 21 May 1960) is a Slovenian sinologist and professor at the Department of Asian Studies at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ljubljana. Biography Jana Rošker was born in 1960 in Murska Sobota. She was a student o ...

* Mitja Saje

Spain

Miguel de Benavides Miguel de Benavides y Añoza, O.P. (c. 1552 – July 26, 1605) was a Spanish clergyman and sinologist who was the third Archbishop of Manila. He previously served as the first Bishop of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia, and was the founder of th ...

(c. 1552–1605), then based in Spanish Colonial Philippines. (3rd

Archbishop of Manila The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila ( lat, Archidioecesis Manilensis; fil, Arkidiyosesis ng Maynilà; es, Arquidiócesis de Manila) is the archdiocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in Metro Manila, Philippines, encompassing ...

and founder of

University of Santo Tomas The University of Santo Tomas (also known as UST and officially as the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila) is a private, Catholic research university in Manila, Philippines. Founded on April 28, 1611, by Spanish friar Migue ...

) * Juan Cobo () (c. 1546–1592), then based in Spanish Colonial Philippines. * Carmelo Elorduy (1901–1989) *

Juan González de Mendoza Juan González de Mendoza, O.S.A. (1545 – 14 February 1618) was a Spanish bishop, explorer, sinologist, and writer. He was the author of one of the earliest Western histories of China. Published by him in 1585, ''Historia de las cosas más ...

(c. 1540–1617), compiler of one of the first European books about China

Sweden

Göran Malmqvist Nils Göran David Malmqvist (6 June 1924 – 17 October 2019) was a Swedish linguist, literary historian, sinologist and translator. He was also a member of the Swedish Academy between 1985 and 2019. Biography Göran Malmqvist was born on 6 Ju ...

() *

Johan Gunnar Andersson Johan Gunnar Andersson (3 July 1874 – 29 October 1960)"Andersson, Johan Gunnar" in ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 385. was a Swedish archaeologist, paleontologist and ge ...

Bernhard Karlgren Klas Bernhard Johannes Karlgren (; 15 October 1889 – 20 October 1978) was a Swedish sinologist and linguist who pioneered the study of Chinese historical phonology using modern comparative methods. In the early 20th century, Karlgren conducte ...

() (1889–1978)

Switzerland

Jean François Billeter Jean François Billeter Chinese name : 毕来德 / 畢來德 Bì Láidé, born 1939 in Basel, Switzerland; is a Swiss sinologist and honorary professor of the University of Geneva The University of Geneva (French: ''Université de Genève'') ...

* Léopold de Saussure (1866–1925)

Thailand

Theraphan Luangthongkum Professor Theraphan Luangthongkum (also cited variously as L-Thongkum, L. Thongkum or Thongkum in publications) is a Thai linguist, specializing in phonetics, linguistic fieldwork, lexicography and minority languages of Southeast Asia. She is cur ...

Turkey

* 'Ali Akbar Khata'i, the author of an early book of China (completed in

Istanbul Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...

in 1516)

United Kingdom

* Edmund Backhouse (1873–1944) * Frederick W. Baller *

Robert Bickers Robert A. Bickers (born 1964) is a British historian of modern China and colonialism. He is currently a professor of history at the University of Bristol. Bickers is the author of six books and editor or co-editor of three more. Biography Born ...

* Derek Bryan (1910–2003) *

Craig Clunas Alistair Craig Clunas (born 1 December 1954 in Aberdeen, Scotland) is Professor Emeritus of History of Art at the University of Oxford. As a historian of the art and history of China, Clunas has focused particularly on the Ming Dynasty (1368–16 ...

* Evangeline Edwards (1888–1957) *

Mark Elvin John Mark Dutton Elvin (born 1938) is a professor emeritus of Chinese history at Australian National University, specializing in the late imperial period; he is also emeritus fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford. Early life Elvin, the only ch ...

* Bernhard Fuehrer *

Herbert Giles Herbert Allen Giles (, 8 December 184513 February 1935) was a British diplomat and sinologist who was the professor of Chinese at the University of Cambridge for 35 years. Giles was educated at Charterhouse School before becoming a British ...

(1845–1935) *

Lionel Giles Lionel Giles (29 December 1875 – 22 January 1958) was a British sinologist, writer, and philosopher. Lionel Giles served as assistant curator at the British Museum and Keeper of the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books. He is ...

(1875–1958) *

A.C. Graham Angus Charles Graham, FBA (8 July 1919 – 26 March 1991) was a Welsh scholar and sinologist who was professor of classical Chinese at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He was born in Penarth, Glamorgan, Wales ...

(1919–1991) *

Henrietta Harrison Henrietta Katherine Harrison, (born 1967) is a British historian, sinologist, and academic. Education and career Henrietta Harrison was educated at St Paul's Girls' School, Hammersmith, Newnham College, Cambridge (BA 1989), Harvard University ( ...

(born 1967) * David Hawkes (1923–2009) *

Michel Hockx Michel Hockx (born 1964) is a professor of Chinese Literature in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures and the Director of the Liu Institute for Asia and Asian Studies in the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Not ...

Reginald Johnston Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston, ( zh, s=庄士敦爵士, p=Zhuāngshìdūn juéshì, "Sir Johnston"; 13 October 1874 – 6 March 1938) was a British diplomat who served as the tutor and advisor to Puyi, the last Emperor of China. He was also the ...

(1874–1938) * Gregory B. Lee *

James Legge James Legge (; 20 December 181529 November 1897) was a Scottish linguist, missionary, sinologist, and translator who was best known as an early translator of Classical Chinese texts into English. Legge served as a representative of the London ...

(1815–1897) *

Michael Loewe Michael Arthur Nathan Loewe (born 2 November 1922) is a British Sinologist, historian, and writer who has authored dozens of books, articles, and other publications in the fields of Classical Chinese as well as the history of ancient and ear ...

Roderick MacFarquhar Roderick "Rod" Lemonde MacFarquhar (2 December 1930 – 10 February 2019) was a British China scholar, politician, and journalist. MacFarquhar had a varied career. He was founding editor of ''China Quarterly'' in 1959. He served as a Member of ...

* Oliver J. Moore *

Joseph Needham Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham (; 9 December 1900 – 24 March 1995) was a British biochemist, historian of science and sinologist known for his scientific research and writing on the history of Chinese science and technology, in ...

(1900–1995) *

Jessica Rawson Dame Jessica Mary Rawson, (born 20 January 1943) is an English art historian, curator and sinologist. She is also an academic administrator, specialising in Chinese art. After many years at the British Museum, she was Warden (head) of Merton C ...

(born 1943) *

William Edward Soothill William Edward Soothill, (1861 – 1935) was a Methodist missionary to China who later became Professor of Chinese at University College, Oxford, and a leading British sinologist. Life Born in Halifax, Yorkshire in January 1861, Soothill m ...

(1861–1935) * Michael Sullivan (born 1916) *

James Summers James Summers (5 July 1828 – 26 October 1891) was a British scholar of English literature, hired by the Meiji government of the Empire of Japan to establish an English language curriculum at the ''Kaisei Gakuin'' (the forerunner of Toky ...

(1828-1891) *

Tian Yuan Tan Tian Yuan Tan (; born ) is a Singaporean scholar of Chinese literature. Since 2019, he has served as Shaw Professor of Chinese at the University of Oxford and a Professorial Fellow of University College. Prior to his appointment at Oxford, he wa ...

* Paul Thompson (1931–2007) *

Denis C. Twitchett Denis Crispin Twitchett (23 September 192524 February 2006) was a British Sinologist and scholar who specialized in Chinese history, and is well known as one of the co-editors of ''The Cambridge History of China''. Biography Denis Twitchett was b ...

(1925–2006) *

Thomas Francis Wade Sir Thomas Francis Wade, (25August 181831July 1895) was a British diplomat and sinologist who produced an early Chinese textbook in English, in 1867, that was later amended, extended and converted into the Wade-Giles romanization system for M ...

(1818–1895) *

Andrew West Andrew or Andy West may refer to: * Andrew West (linguist) (born 1960), English linguist * Andrew West (pianist) (born 1979), English pianist * Andrew Fleming West (1853–1943), American classicist and academic administrator * Andrew J. West ( ...

(born 1960) *

Arthur Waley Arthur David Waley (born Arthur David Schloss, 19 August 188927 June 1966) was an English orientalist and sinologist who achieved both popular and scholarly acclaim for his translations of Chinese and Japanese poetry. Among his honours were ...

(1889–1966) * Helen Wang *

Susan Whitfield Susan Whitfield (born 1960) is a British scholar, currently Professor in Silk Road Studies at the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures (SISJAC), University of East Anglia. She previously worked at the British Library in ...

Endymion Wilkinson Endymion Porter Wilkinson (born 15 May 1941) is an English diplomat and scholar who served as the European Union Ambassador to China and Mongolia from 1994 to 2001. He is particularly noted for '' Chinese History: A New Manual'', the first ver ...

(born 1941) *

Frances Wood Frances Wood (; born 1948) is an English librarian, sinologue and historian known for her writings on Chinese history, including Marco Polo, life in the Chinese treaty ports, and the First Emperor of China. Biography Wood was born in London ...

* Edward Harper Parker (1849-1926)

United States

* William Alford *

Sarah Allan Sarah Allan (; born 1945) is an American paleographer and scholar of ancient China. She was a Burlington Northern Foundation Professor of Asian Studies in the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Literatures at Dartmouth College; ...

* Robert Ashmore * Wm. Theodore de Bary *

Derk Bodde Derk Bodde (March 9, 1909November 3, 2003) was an American sinologist and historian of China known for his pioneering work on the history of the Chinese legal system. Bodde received his undergraduate degree from Harvard University in 1930. He ...

(1909–2003) * James Cahill, art historian *

Wing-tsit Chan Wing-tsit Chan (; 18 August 1901 – 12 August 1994) was a Chinese scholar and professor best known for his studies of Chinese philosophy and his translations of Chinese philosophical texts. Chan was born in China in 1901 and went to the United St ...

(1901–1994) *

Kang-i Sun Chang Kang-i Sun Chang (born Sun K'ang-i, ; 21 February 1944), is a Chinese-born American sinologist. She is a scholar of classical Chinese literature. She is the inaugural Malcolm G. Chace Professor, and former chair of the Department of East Asian L ...

Kwang-chih Chang Kwang-chih Chang (15 April, 1931 – January 3, 2001), commonly known as K. C. Chang, was a Chinese / Taiwanese-American archaeologist and sinologist. He was the John E. Hudson Professor of archaeology at Harvard University, Vice-President of the ...

Anthony E. Clark Anthony Eugene Clark (born 12 March 1967) is an American Sinologist, historian, and writer who has authored dozens of books, articles, and other publications in the fields of Sino-Western, Sino-Missionary, and ancient Chinese history. He is the E ...

* Jerome Cohen * Herlee G. Creel (1905–1994) *

Pamela Kyle Crossley Pamela K Crossley (born 18 November 1955) is a historian of modern China, northern Asia, and global history and is the Charles and Elfriede Collis Professor of History, Dartmouth College. She is a founding appointment of the Dartmouth Society of ...

John DeFrancis John DeFrancis (August 31, 1911January 2, 2009) was an American linguist, sinologist, author of Chinese language textbooks, lexicographer of Chinese dictionaries, and Professor Emeritus of Chinese Studies at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. ...

(1911–2009) *

Edward L. Dreyer Edward L. Dreyer (1940–2007) was an American historian known for his work and expertise on the history of China's Ming dynasty. Early life and education Dreyer was born in 1940 in San Diego. He earned his Bachelor of Arts, BA in history from Har ...

(1940–2007) *

Prasenjit Duara Prasenjit Duara ( as, অসমীয়া: প্রসেনজিৎ দুৱৰা Chinese name: ), originally from Assam, India, a historian of China, is Oscar Tang Family Distinguished Professor, Department of History, Duke University, aft ...

* Homer H. Dubs * Mark Elliott *

* Joseph Esherick *

John K. Fairbank John King Fairbank (May 24, 1907 – September 14, 1991) was an American historian of China and United States–China relations. He taught at Harvard University from 1936 until his retirement in 1977. He is credited with building the field of Ch ...

(1907–1991) *

Courtenay Hughes Fenn Courtenay Hughes Fenn, or C. H. Fenn, (April 11, 1866 – 1953) was an American Presbyterian missionary to China, and compiler of ''The Five Thousand Dictionary'', a widely used basic Chinese-English dictionary that has gone through numerous repri ...

* Henry Courtenay Fenn *

Joshua Fogel Joshua A. Fogel (; born 1950) is an American-Canadian Sinologist, historian, and translator who specializes in the history of modern China, especially focusing on the cultural and political relations between China and Japan. He has held a Tier ...

Gail Hershatter Gail Hershatter is an American historian of Modern China who holds the Distinguished Professor of History chair at the University of California, Santa Cruz. She previously taught in the history department at Williams College. She graduated from H ...

David Hinton David Hinton is an American poet, and translator who specializes in Chinese literature and poetry. Life He studied Chinese at Cornell University, and in Taiwan. He lives in East Calais, Vermont. Awards * 1997 Academy of American Poets Harold Mo ...

Dale Hoiberg Dale Hollis Hoiberg is a sinologist and has been the editor-in-chief of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' since 1997. He holds a PhD degree in Chinese literature and began to work for ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' as an index editor in 1978. In 20 ...

Cho-yun Hsu Cho-yun Hsu (born Sep 3, 1930) is a historian born in Xiamen, China, of Wuxi ancestry. His family moved to Taiwan after the Chinese Communist Revolution. He graduated from National Taiwan University ( B.A.) and University of Chicago (Ph.D.) and ...

* Immanuel C.Y. Hsu (1923–2005) *

Ray Huang Ray Huang (; 25 June 19188 January 2000) was a Chinese-American historian and philosopher who was an officer in the National Revolutionary Army and fought in the Burma Campaign. In 1964, Huang earned a Ph.D. in history from the University of M ...

(Huang Renyu) (1918–2000) *

William Hung William Hing Cheung Hung (; born January 13, 1983) is a Hong Kong motivational speaker and former singer who gained fame in 2004 as a result of his unsuccessful audition singing Ricky Martin's hit song "She Bangs" on the third season of the ...

(Hong Ye) *

Charles Hucker Charles O. Hucker (June 21, 1919 – November 18, 1994) was a professor of Chinese language and history at the University of Michigan. He was regarded as one of the foremost historians of Imperial China and a leading figure in the promotion ...

David Keightley David Noel Keightley (October 25, 1932 – February 23, 2017) was an American sinologist. He was a professor of Chinese history at the University of California, Berkeley, as well as a published author covering the Shang and Zhou dynasties and the ...

* George A. Kennedy *

David R. Knechtges David Richard Knechtges (; born October 23, 1942) is an American sinologist and professor emeritus of Chinese literature at the University of Washington. An expert on Han dynasty and Six Dynasties, Six dynasties period literature, Knechtges' stud ...

Owen Lattimore Owen Lattimore (July 29, 1900 – May 31, 1989) was an American Orientalist and writer. He was an influential scholar of China and Central Asia, especially Mongolia. Although he never earned a college degree, in the 1930s he was editor of ''Pacif ...

Mark Edward Lewis Mark Edward Lewis (; born September 25, 1954) is an American sinologist and historian of ancient China. Life and career Mark Edward Lewis was born on September 25, 1954. He received his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and s ...

* Li Feng *

Paul Linebarger Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger (July 11, 1913 – August 6, 1966), better known by his pen-name Cordwainer Smith, was an American author known for his science fiction works. Linebarger was a US Army officer, a noted East Asia scholar, and a ...

* E. Perry Link *

Victor Mair Victor Henry Mair (; born March 25, 1943) is an American sinologist. He is a professor of Chinese at the University of Pennsylvania. Among other accomplishments, Mair has edited the standard ''Columbia History of Chinese Literature'' and the ''Co ...

* Susan L. Mann * Emily Martin * Thomas Metzger *

Frederick W. Mote Frederick Wade "Fritz" Mote (June 2, 1922 – February 10, 2005) was an American sinologist and a professor of History at Princeton University for nearly 50 years. His research and teaching interests focused on China during the Yuan and Min ...

* Jerry Norman (1936–2012) *

David Nivison David Shepherd Nivison (January 17, 1923 – October 16, 2014) was an American Sinologist and scholar known for his publications on late imperial and ancient Chinese history, philology, and philosophy, and his 40 years as a professor at S ...

* Peter C. Perdue * Elizabeth J. Perry *

Andrew H. Plaks Andrew Henry Plaks (; born 1945) is an American sinologist who specializes in the study of the vernacular fiction of the Ming and Qing dynasties. From 1973 to 2007 he taught at Princeton University, becoming full professor in 1980. He moved to the ...

* Carlos Rojas *

Edward H. Schafer Edward Hetsel Schafer (23 August 1913 – 9 February 1991) was an American historian, sinologist, and writer noted for his expertise on the Tang Dynasty, and was a professor of Chinese at University of California, Berkeley for 35 years. Sc ...

* Stuart R. Schram *

Sidney Shapiro Sidney Shapiro () (December 23, 1915 – October 18, 2014) was an American-born Chinese lawyer, translator, actor and writer who lived in China from 1947 to 2014. He lived in Beijing for more than 50 years and eventually became a member of the ...

Edward L. Shaughnessy Edward Louis Shaughnessy (born July 29, 1952) is an American Sinologist, scholar, and educator, known for his studies of early Chinese history, particularly the Zhou dynasty, and his studies of the ''Classic of Changes'' (''I Ching'' 易經). L ...

Nathan Sivin Nathan Sivin (11 May 1931 – 24 June 2022), also known as Xiwen (), was an American sinologist, historian, essayist, educator, and writer. He taught first at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then at the University of Pennsylvania until his r ...

* Jonathan Spence * Richard B. Stamps * Hugh Stimson (1931–2011) *

Laurence Thompson Laurence G. Thompson (1920 - July 10, 2005) was a World War II veteran, sinologist, classical violinist and professor emeritus of East Asian languages and cultures at the University of Southern California. Biography Thompson was born in 1920 ...

Tsien Tsuen-hsuin Tsien Tsuen-hsuin (; 11 January 19109 April 2015), also known as T.H. Tsien, was a Chinese-American bibliographer, librarian, and sinologist who served as a professor of Chinese literature and library science at the University of Chicago, and wa ...

(T.H. Tsien) *

Tu Wei-ming Tu Weiming (born 1940) is a Chinese-born American philosopher. He is Chair Professor of Humanities and Founding Director of the Institute for Advanced Humanistic Studies at Peking University. He is also Professor Emeritus and Senior Fellow of Asi ...

Frederic Wakeman Frederic Evans Wakeman, Jr. (; December 12, 1937 – September 14, 2006) was an American scholar of East Asian history and Professor of History at University of California, Berkeley. He served as president of the American Historical Association ...

(1937–2006) *

Joanna Waley-Cohen Joanna Waley-Cohen (born 1952) is the Provost for New York University Shanghai and Silver Professor of History at New York University, where she has taught Chinese history since 1992. As Provost, she serves as NYU Shanghai's chief academic office ...

Burton Watson Burton Dewitt Watson (June 13, 1925April 1, 2017) was an American sinologist, translator, and writer known for his English translations of Chinese and Japanese literature.Stirling 2006, pg. 92 Watson's translations received many awards, includi ...

* Stephen H. West * C. Martin Wilbur *

Karl August Wittfogel Karl August Wittfogel (6 September 1896 – 25 May 1988) was a German-American playwright, historian, and sinologist. He was originally a Marxist and an active member of the Communist Party of Germany, but after the Second World War, he was an e ...

(1896–1988) * R. Bin Wong *

Timothy C. Wong Timothy C. Wong (born 24 January 1941), is a Sinological translator and literary theorist of traditional Chinese fictional narratives and the Chinese efforts to Westernize and politicize their modern counterparts into what everyone now equates ...

Arthur F. Wright Arthur Frederick Wright (December 3, 1913 – August 11, 1976) was an American historian and sinologist. He was a professor of history at Yale University. He specialized in Chinese social and intellectual history of the pre-modern period.

(1913–1976) *

Mary C. Wright Mary Clabaugh Wright (born Mary Oliver Clabaugh; Chinese name Ruì Mǎlì; September 25, 1917 – June 18, 1970) was an American historian and sinologist who specialized in the study of late Qing dynasty and early twentieth century China. She w ...

(1917–1970) *

Yang Lien-sheng Yang Lien-sheng (; July 26, 1914November 16, 1990) who often wrote under the name L.S. Yang, was a Chinese-American sinologist and professor at Harvard University. He was the first full-time historian of China at Harvard and a prolific scholar s ...

(1914–1990) *

Yu Ying-shih Yu Ying-shih (; 22 January 1930 – 1 August 2021) was a Chinese-born American historian, sinologist, and the Gordon Wu '58 Professor of Chinese Studies, Emeritus, at Princeton University. He was known for his mastery of sources for Chinese hi ...

(1930–2021) * Ernest P. Young

Venezuela

Alfredo Toro Hardy Alfredo Toro Hardy (born in Caracas on May 22, 1950) is a Venezuelan retired career diplomat, scholar and public intellectual. During his diplomatic career, he occupied some of Venezuela's top ambassadorial posts, including Washington, London, ...

(born 1950)

Notes

References

* * Zurndorfer, Harriet,
A Brief History of Chinese Studies and Sinology
" in {{cite book , last = Zurndorfer , first = Harriet , year = 1999 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uu5zn7-ImJoC, title= China Bibliography: A Research Guide to Reference Works About China Past and Present] , publisher = Brill; reprinted, University of Hawai'i Press, location = Honolulu, isbn = 9004102787 Sinologists, List of sinologists

Sinologists Sinology, or Chinese studies, is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of China primarily through Chinese philosophy, language, literature, culture and history and often refers to Western scholarship. Its origin "may be traced to the ex ...