Feldwebel

''Feldwebel '' (Fw or F, ) is a non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank in several countries. The rank originated in Germany, and is also used in Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, and Estonia. The rank has also been used in Russia, Austria-Hungary, occupied Serbia and Bulgaria.

''Feldwebel'' is a contraction of meaning "field" and , an archaic word meaning "usher". comes from the Old High German , meaning to go back and forth (as in "wobble").

There are variations on feldwebel, such as ''Oberstabsfeldwebel'' ("Superior Staff Field Usher"), which is the highest non-commissioned rank in the German army and air force.

Feldwebel in different languages

The rank is used in several countries: sv, fältväbel, russian: фельдфебель, fel'dfebel', bg, фелдфебел, feldfebel, fi, vääpeli and et, veebel.

In Swiss German the spelling is used.

Feldwebel in different countries and armed forces

Austria

''Feldwebel'' was a typical infantry rank of the k.u.k. Austro-Hungarian Army (1867–1918). It might have been comparable to NCO-rank OR8.The abbreviation "OR" stands for ''"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"''/ ''Company Sergeant-major'' ranks in the British Army.

In the k.u.k. Austro-Hungarian Army ''Feldwebel'' was equivalent to:
*''Beschlagmeister I. Klasse'' (Master-Blacksmith 1st class) cavalry,
*''Feuerwerker'' (literal: Fire worker; en: Master-Sergeant) artillery,
*'' Oberjaeger'' (en: Master-Sergeant) of the mountain troops and rifles,
*''Rechnungs-Unteroffizier I. Klasse'' (en: Fiscal sergeant 1st class),
*''Regimentshornist'' (en: Regimental bugler),
*''Regimentstambour'' (en: Regimental drummer),
*''Wachtmeister'' (en: Master-Sergeant) cavalry,
*''Waffenmeister I. Klasse'' (en: Weapon master 1st class) artillery and weapon arsenal,
**''Einjährig-Freiwilliger-Feldwebel'' (en: Master-Sergeant - volunteer serving one year), and
**''Kadett-Feldwebel'' (en: Cadet-Master-Sergeant).

Then rank insignia was a gorget patch on the stand-up collar of the so-called ''Waffenrock'' (en: Tunic), and consisted of three white stars on 13 mm ragged yellow silk galloon. The gorget patch and the stand-up collar showed the particular Waffenfarbe (en: corps colour).

;Examples (selection):

Bulgaria

In the Bulgarian army, ''фелдфебел'' (pronounced "feldfebel") existed from the late 19th century to the late 1940s, when the German-type military organization was phased out in favor of a new doctrine, identical to the Soviet one.

Estonia

The Estonian rank of "veebel" is derived from the name of the German rank "Feldwebel".

Finland

The Finnish Defence Force uses the ranks of ''vääpeli'' and ''ylivääpeli'' which are the third and second highest NCO ranks, respectively. ''Vääpeli'' is also the highest rank that can be awarded to a female non-conscript NCO who has not completed the volunteer female military service (equivalent to the male conscription service). The Finnish Navy's equivalent rank is ''pursimies'' ().

In addition, the Finnish Defence Force uses ''vääpeli'' to indicate an NCO position (which might or might not be occupied by an NCO of the rank ''vääpeli'') subordinate to the company commander. The unit's ''vääpeli'' is in charge of the company's personnel management as well as supply, provisioning and maintenance, including the maintenance of the premises inhabited by the unit. They are also responsible for maintaining the general order, discipline and unit cohesion. The company's ''vääpeli'' is the lowest-ranking FDF position that can conduct a preliminary investigation into suspected service-related crimes. Their powers with regard to punishment are limited to conscripts, who they can punish with either a warning or up to 6 hours of extra duties.Laki sotilaskurinpidosta ja rikostorjunnasta puolustusvoimissa (28.3.2014/255) 'Act on Military Discipline and Combating Crime in the Defence Forces''(in Finnish).

Germany

German Bundeswehr

In the modern German ''Bundeswehr'', ''Feldwebel'' is considered a Senior NCO, due in part to the large number of Corporal positions which exist as junior grades.

The modern ''Bundeswehr'' NCO grades are as follows:
*Junior NCOs (de: Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee) – Unteroffizier, Stabsunteroffizier (NATO-Rank Code OR 5a, 5c)
*Fähnrich ranks: Fahnenjunker (OR-5b), Fähnrich (OR-6b) and Oberfähnrich (OR-7) are ranks only held by Officer aspirants (OA) (en: Officer candidate or Officer Designate)
*Portepeeunteroffizier (Senior NCOs)

The sequence of ranks (top-down approach) in that particular group (''NCOs with portepee or Senior NCOs with portepee'') is as follows:
*OR-9: ''Oberstabsfeldwebel'' / ''Oberstabsbootsmann''
*OR-8: ''Stabsfeldwebel'' / ''Stabsbootsmann''
*OR-7: ''Hauptfeldwebel'' / ''Hauptbootsmann''
*OR-6a: ''Oberfeldwebel'' / ''Oberbootsmann''
*OR-6b: ''Feldwebel'' / ''Bootsmann''

19th century and Kaiserreich

''Feldwebel'' gained its widest usage under the German military beginning from the early 19th century. The highest-ranking non-commissioned officer until 1918, the Feldwebel acted as Company Sergeant Major. By contrast with some other countries, the position and duty of Regimental Sergeant Major never existed in Germany.

From 1877 veteran NCOs could be promoted to the rank of ''Feldwebel-Leutnant''. This Army Reserve officer ranked with the Commissioned Officers, but was always inferior to the lowest ''Leutnant''.

From 1887 the ''Offizierstellvertreter'' (Deputy Officer) ranked as a kind of Warrant Officer (more NCO than officer) between ''Feldwebel'' and the commissioned officers.

There were three further NCO ranks: ''Vizefeldwebel'' (Vice ''Feldwebel'', senior NCO), ''Sergeant'' (junior NCO) and ''Unteroffizier'' (Lance Sergeant or Corporal, junior NCO). The ''Gefreiter'' was not an NCO as he had no powers of authority, and was a higher grade of private soldier.

Reichswehr and Wehrmacht

After World War I, in the German ''Reichswehr'' and ''Wehrmacht'', the ''Feldwebel'' rank group was divided into several grades:

*''Feldwebel (deputy)'', in the meaning of platoon sergeant,
*''Oberfeldwebel'' (platoon sergeant, possible appointment to Hauptfeldwebel (in the meaning of company sergeant major),
*''Stabsfeldwebel'' (special rank reserved for 25-year volunteers only).

''Feldwebel'' and above were ''Unteroffiziere mit Portepee'' (Senior NCOs); ''Unterfeldwebel'' and ''Unteroffiziere'' were ''Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee'' (Junior NCOs). In 1921, the rank of ''Sergeant'' was renamed ''Unterfeldwebel''. ''Unterfeldwebels'' did duty as squad/section leaders.

The ''Stabsfeldwebel'' rank was reserved for those who had enlisted for 25 year terms of service in the pre-war German military and those who were enlisted for shorter terms were not eligible to hold this rank.

The appointment of ''Hauptfeldwebel'' (Company sergeant major/First sergeant) could be held by ''Stabsfeldwebels'' or ''Oberfeldwebels'' only. NCOs of a lower rank (''Feldwebel'', ''Unterfeldwebel'', ''Unteroffizier'') holding this position were titled ''Hauptfeldwebeldiensttuer'' (i.e. acting Hauptfeldwebel).

=Rank insignia Wehrmacht until 1945

=

In the German Wehrmacht () and () were rank insignia as follows.

Rank insignia GDR National People's Army until 1990

In the German Democratic Republic National People's Army Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee (en: junior NCO grades) were replaced by ''Unteroffiziere volunteer'', and Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (en: senior NCO grades) were called «Unteroffiziere profesional». The shoulder board Rank insignia were as follows.

Russia

In the Imperial Russian Army a ''Feldfebel'' () held the highest Unteroffizier () rank from 1722 (its introduction into Peter the Great's Table of Ranks until 1826 (the introduction of the still-higher ''Unteroffizier'' ranks Podpraporshchik ( ) OR-7 and later Zauryad-praporshchik (''зауряд-прапорщик''; Praporshchik deputy) OR-8 in 1884). ''Feldwebels'', even after the introduction of these senior ranks, were usually the most senior ''Unteroffiziers'' in a unit and held the positions of the unit's CO senior assistant or Starshina (''старшина''; Sergeant Major). When they were promoted to ''Zauryad-praporshchik'' OR-8 or ''Podpraporshchik'' OR-7 ranks, but still held the ''Feldfebel'' OR-6 positions, they were authorized to still wear the Feldvebel's bands on their shoulder boards. The cavalry equivalent of this rank was the ''vakhtmistr'' or ''vakhmistr'' (вахмистр - derived from German ''Wachtmeister''), also OR-6.

; Rank insignia:

Switzerland

''Feldweibel'' is the lowest rank of "Higher Non-Commissioned Officers" in the Swiss Army. Until the "Reform XXI" agenda, there were two branches of ''Feldweibels'': technical and company level.

The ''Feldweibel'' oversees unit-level military service and operations. In 2004, the rank of ''Hauptfeldweibel'' was introduced. Since then, only technical specialists have remained in the rank of ''Feldweibel''.

See also

* History of Russian military ranks
* Ranks and insignia of NATO Armies Enlisted (Army)
* Ranks and insignia of NATO

References

Sources

*BROCKHAUS, Die Enzyklopädie in 24 Bänden (1796–2001), Band 5: 3-7653-3665-3, S. 487, ''Feldwebel''

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Military ranks of Germany