February 23

Events

Pre-1600

* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia.
* 628 – Khosrow II, last Sasanian shah of Iran, is overthrown.
* 705 – Empress Wu Zetian abdicates the throne, restoring the Tang dynasty.
*1455 – Traditionally the date of publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed with movable type.

1601–1900

* 1763 – Berbice slave uprising in Guyana: The first major slave revolt in South America.
*1778 – American Revolutionary War: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, to help to train the Continental Army.
*1820 – Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the British cabinet ministers is exposed and the conspirators arrested.
* 1836 – Texas Revolution: The Siege of the Alamo (prelude to the Battle of the Alamo) begins in San Antonio, Texas.
* 1847 – Mexican–American War: Battle of Buena Vista: In Mexico, American troops under future president General Zachary Taylor defeat Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna.
*1854 – The official independence of the Orange Free State is declared.
*1861 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C., after the thwarting of an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland.
*1870 – Reconstruction Era: Post- U.S. Civil War military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.
*1883 – Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an anti-trust law.
*1885 – Sino-French War: French Army gains an important victory in the Battle of Đồng Đăng in the Tonkin region of Vietnam.
*1886 – Charles Martin Hall produced the first samples of aluminium from the electrolysis of aluminium oxide, after several years of intensive work. He was assisted in this project by his older sister, Julia Brainerd Hall.
*1887 – The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000.
*1898 – Émile Zola is imprisoned in France after writing ''J'Accuse…!'', a letter accusing the French government of antisemitism and wrongfully imprisoning Captain Alfred Dreyfus.
*1900 – Second Boer War: During the Battle of the Tugela Heights, the first British attempt to take Hart's Hill fails.

1901–present

*1903 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity".
* 1905 – Chicago attorney Paul Harris and three other businessmen meet for lunch to form the Rotary Club, the world's first service club.
*1909 – The AEA Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.
*1917 – First demonstrations in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The beginning of the February Revolution (March 8 in the Gregorian calendar).
*1927 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs a bill by Congress establishing the Federal Radio Commission (later replaced by the Federal Communications Commission) which was to regulate the use of radio frequencies in the United States.
* 1927 – German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg writes a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he describes his uncertainty principle for the first time.
*1934 – Leopold III becomes King of Belgium.
*1941 – Plutonium is first produced and isolated by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg.
*1942 – World War II: Japanese submarines fire artillery shells at the coastline near Santa Barbara, California.
*1943 – The Cavan Orphanage fire kills thirty-five girls and an elderly cook.
* 1943 – Greek Resistance: The United Panhellenic Organization of Youth is founded in Greece.
*1944 – The Soviet Union begins the forced deportation of the Chechen and Ingush people from the North Caucasus to Central Asia.
*1945 – World War II: During the Battle of Iwo Jima, a group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Suribachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag.
* 1945 – World War II: The 11th Airborne Division, with Filipino guerrillas, free all 2,147 captives of the Los Baños internment camp, in what General Colin Powell later would refer to as "the textbook airborne operation for all ages and all armies."
* 1945 – World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by combined Filipino and American forces.
* 1945 – World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznań. The city is liberated by Soviet and Polish forces.
* 1945 – World War II: The German town of Pforzheim is annihilated in a raid by 379 British bombers.
*1947 – International Organization for Standardization is founded.
* 1954 – The first mass inoculation of children against polio with the Salk vaccine begins in Pittsburgh.
* 1958 – Five-time Argentine Formula One champion Juan Manuel Fangio is kidnapped by rebels involved in the Cuban Revolution, on the eve of the Cuban Grand Prix. He was released the following day after the race.
*1966 – In Syria, Ba'ath Party member Salah Jadid leads an intra-party military coup that replaces the previous government of General Amin al-Hafiz, also a Baathist.
*1971 – Operation Lam Son 719: South Vietnamese General Do Cao Tri was killed in a helicopter crash en route to taking control of the faltering campaign.
*1974 – The Symbionese Liberation Army demands $4 million more to release kidnap victim Patty Hearst.
* 1980 – Iran hostage crisis: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.
*1981 – In Spain, Antonio Tejero attempts a coup d'état by capturing the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
*1983 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.
*1987 – Supernova 1987a is seen in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
* 1988 – Saddam Hussein begins the Anfal genocide against Kurds and Assyrians in northern Iraq.
*1991 – In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong leads a bloodless coup d'état, deposing Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan.
*1998 – In the United States, tornadoes in central Florida destroy or damage 2,600 structures and kill 42 people.
*1999 – Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
* 1999 – An avalanche buries the town of Galtür, Austria, killing 31.
*2007 – A train derails on an evening express service near Grayrigg, Cumbria, England, killing one person and injuring 88. This results in hundreds of points being checked over the UK after a few similar accidents.
*2008 – A United States Air Force B-2 Spirit bomber crashes on Guam, marking the first operational loss of a B-2.
*2010 – Unknown criminals pour more than million liters of diesel oil and other hydrocarbons into the river Lambro, in northern Italy, sparking an environmental disaster.
*2012 – A series of attacks across Iraq leave at least 83 killed and more than 250 injured.
*2017 – The Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army captures Al-Bab from ISIL.
*2019 – Atlas Air Flight 3591, a Boeing 767 freighter, crashes into Trinity Bay near Anahuac, Texas, killing all three people on board.
*2020 – Ahmaud Arbery, a 25-year-old African-American citizen, is shot and murdered by three white men after visiting a house under construction while jogging at a neighborhood in Satilla Shores near Brunswick in Glynn County, Georgia.
*2021 – Four simultaneous prison riots leave at least 62 people dead in Ecuador.

Births

Pre-1600

*1133 – Al-Zafir, Fatimid caliph (d. 1154)
* 1417 – Pope Paul II (d. 1471)
* 1417 – Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1479)
*1443 – Matthias Corvinus, Hungarian king (d. 1490)
*1529 – Onofrio Panvinio, Italian historian (d. 1568)
*1539 – Henry XI of Legnica, thrice Duke of Legnica (d. 1588)
* 1539 – Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire (d. 1612)
*1583 – Jean-Baptiste Morin, French mathematician, astrologer, and astronomer (d. 1656)
* 1592 – Balthazar Gerbier, Dutch painter (d. 1663)

1601–1900

*1606 – George Frederick of Nassau-Siegen, officer in the Dutch Army (d. 1674)
*1633 – Samuel Pepys, English diarist and politician (d. 1703)
*1646 – Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1709)
*1680 – Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Canadian politician, 2nd Colonial Governor of Louisiana (d. 1767)
*1685 – George Frideric Handel, German-English organist and composer (d. 1759)
* 1723 – Richard Price, Welsh-English minister and philosopher (d. 1791)
*1744 – Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German banker and businessman (d. 1812)
*1792 – José Joaquín de Herrera, Mexican politician and general (d. 1854)
*1805 – Johan Jakob Nervander, Finnish poet, physicist and meteorologist (d. 1848)
*1831 – Hendrik Willem Mesdag, Dutch painter (d. 1915)
*1842 – Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, German philosopher and author (d. 1906)
*1850 – César Ritz, Swiss businessman, founded The Ritz Hotel, London and Hôtel Ritz Paris (d. 1918)
*1868 – W. E. B. Du Bois, American sociologist, historian, and activist (d. 1963)
* 1868 – Anna Hofman-Uddgren, Swedish actress, singer, and director (d. 1947)
*1873 – Liang Qichao, Chinese journalist, philosopher, and scholar (d. 1929)
*1874 – Konstantin Päts, Estonian lawyer and politician, 1st President of Estonia (d. 1956)
*1878 – Kazimir Malevich, Ukrainian painter and theorist (d. 1935)
*1883 – Karl Jaspers, German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher (d. 1969)
* 1883 – Guy C. Wiggins, American painter (d. 1962)
*1889 – Musidora, French actress and director (d. 1957)
* 1889 – Cyril Delevanti, English-American actor (d. 1975)
* 1889 – Victor Fleming, American director, cinematographer, and producer (d. 1949)
* 1889 – John Gilbert Winant, American captain, pilot, and politician, 60th Governor of New Hampshire (d. 1947)
* 1892 – Kathleen Harrison, English actress (d. 1995)
* 1892 – Agnes Smedley, American journalist and writer (d. 1950)
*1894 – Harold Horder, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 1978)
*1899 – Erich Kästner, German author and poet (d. 1974)
* 1899 – Norman Taurog, American director and screenwriter (d. 1981)

1901–present

*1904 – Terence Fisher, English director and screenwriter (d. 1980)
* 1904 – William L. Shirer, American journalist and historian (d. 1993)
*1908 – William McMahon, Australian lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1988)
*1915 – Jon Hall, American actor and director (d. 1979)
* 1915 – Paul Tibbets, American general and pilot (d. 2007)
*1919 – Johnny Carey, Irish footballer and manager (d. 1995)
*1920 – Paul Gérin-Lajoie, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 2018)
*1923 – Rafael Addiego Bruno, Uruguayan jurist and politician, President of Uruguay (d. 2014)
* 1923 – Harry Clarke, English international footballer (d. 2000)
* 1923 – Ioannis Grivas, Greek judge and politician, 176th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2016)
* 1923 – Dante Lavelli, American football player (d. 2009)
* 1923 – Clarence D. Lester, African-American fighter pilot (d.1986)
* 1923 – Mary Francis Shura, American author (d. 1991)
* 1924 – Allan McLeod Cormack, South-African-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
* 1925 – Louis Stokes, American lawyer and politician (d. 2015)
*1927 – Régine Crespin, French soprano and actress (d. 2007)
* 1927 – Jessica Huntley, Guyanese activist and publisher (d. 2013)
* 1928 – Hans Herrmann, German racing driver
* 1928 – Vasily Lazarev, Russian colonel, physician, and astronaut (d. 1990)
*1929 – Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow (d. 2008)
* 1929 – Elston Howard, American baseball player and coach (d. 1980)
*1930 – Paul West, English-American author, poet, and academic (d. 2015)
*1931 – Tom Wesselmann, American painter and sculptor (d. 2004)
* 1932 – Majel Barrett

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