Fürfeld
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Fürfeld is an ''
Ortsgemeinde A Verbandsgemeinde (; plural Verbandsgemeinden) is a low-level administrative division, administrative unit in the Germany, German States of Germany, federal states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony-Anhalt. A Verbandsgemeinde is typically compose ...
'' – a
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
belonging to a ''
Verbandsgemeinde A Verbandsgemeinde (; plural Verbandsgemeinden) is a low-level administrative unit in the German federal states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony-Anhalt. A Verbandsgemeinde is typically composed of a small group of villages or towns. Rhineland- ...
'', a kind of collective municipality – in the
Bad Kreuznach Bad Kreuznach () is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a spa town, most well known for its medieval bridge dating from around 1300, the Alte Nahebrücke, which is one of the few remaining bridges in th ...
district A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
in
Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate ( , ; german: link=no, Rheinland-Pfalz ; lb, Rheinland-Pfalz ; pfl, Rhoilond-Palz) is a western state of Germany. It covers and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the ...
,
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Bad Kreuznach, whose seat is in the like-named town, although this lies outside the ''Verbandsgemeinde''.


Geography


Location

Fürfeld lies, like
Frei-Laubersheim Frei-Laubersheim is an '' Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Bad Kr ...
and
Neu-Bamberg Neu-Bamberg is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Bad Kreuzn ...
, in the ''Rheinhessische Schweiz'' –
Rhenish-Hessian Switzerland Rhenish-Hessian Switzerland (german: Rheinhessische Schweiz) is a protected landscape and recreation area in the southwest of the German region of Rhenish Hesse (''Rheinhessen''). It was established in 1961 and has an area of 6,766 hectares. The f ...
 – a recreational region, and at the same time it is within Germany's biggest
winegrowing Viticulture (from the Latin word for ''vine'') or winegrowing (wine growing) is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes. It is a branch of the science of horticulture. While the native territory of ''Vitis vinifera'', the common grape vine, ran ...
region. The village's midpoint is the so-called "Römer" ("Roman"). The village itself is found in the east of the Bad Kreuznach district. The municipal area borders on the neighbouring
Alzey-Worms Alzey-Worms () is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the district Groß-Gerau (Hesse), the city of Worms and the districts of Bad Dürkheim, Donnersbergkreis, Bad Kreuznach and Mainz-Bingen. ...
district and the
Donnersbergkreis The Donnersbergkreis is a district (''Kreis'') in the middle of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are Bad Kreuznach, Alzey-Worms, Bad Dürkheim, Kaiserslautern, Kusel. History The district was created in 1969 by merging the dis ...
. With regard to
physical geography Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the three main branches of geography. Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, h ...
, Fürfeld lies in the foothills of the
North Palatine Uplands The North Palatine Uplands (german: Nordpfälzer Bergland), sometimes shortened to Palatine Uplands (''Pfälzer Bergland''), is a low mountain range and landscape unit in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate and belongs mainly to the Palat ...
at the foot of the Eichelberg ("Acorn Mountain"; 321.6 m above
sea level Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical datuma standardised g ...
) and not far from the Köpfchen ("Little Head"), which at 325 m above sea level is
Rhenish Hesse Rhenish Hesse or Rhine HesseDickinson, Robert E (1964). ''Germany: A regional and economic geography'' (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, p. 542. . (german: Rheinhessen) is a region and a former government district () in the German state of Rhineland- ...
's second highest elevation. Fürfeld is framed by
vineyard A vineyard (; also ) is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture. Vineyards ...
s and wooded land. The village's own elevation is 210 m above sea level, and its municipal area measures 1 248 ha, of which 855 ha is
agricultural Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating Plant, plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of Sedentism, sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of Domestication, domesticated species created food ...
and 242 ha is wooded.


Neighbouring municipalities

Clockwise from the north, Fürfeld's neighbours are the municipalities of
Frei-Laubersheim Frei-Laubersheim is an '' Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Bad Kr ...
,
Neu-Bamberg Neu-Bamberg is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Bad Kreuzn ...
,
Wonsheim Wonsheim is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography Location As a winegrowing centre, Wonsheim l ...
and
Stein-Bockenheim Stein-Bockenheim is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography Location As a winegrowing centre, S ...
(these last two in the neighbouring
Alzey-Worms Alzey-Worms () is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the district Groß-Gerau (Hesse), the city of Worms and the districts of Bad Dürkheim, Donnersbergkreis, Bad Kreuznach and Mainz-Bingen. ...
district),
exclave An enclave is a territory (or a small territory apart of a larger one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state or entity. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is sometimes used improperly to deno ...
s of Wonsheim and Neu-Bamberg, and the municipalities of
Tiefenthal Tiefenthal is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography Location The municipality lies in a sm ...
, Niederhausen an der Appel, Winterborn (these last two in the neighbouring
Donnersbergkreis The Donnersbergkreis is a district (''Kreis'') in the middle of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are Bad Kreuznach, Alzey-Worms, Bad Dürkheim, Kaiserslautern, Kusel. History The district was created in 1969 by merging the dis ...
), Hochstätten and
Altenbamberg Altenbamberg is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Bad Kreuzna ...
.


Constituent communities

Also belonging to Fürfeld are the outlying homesteads of Biedenthalerhof, Hof Iben, Thalermühle and An der Goldkaut.


History


Palaeontology

Some 47 million years ago, the
subsidence Subsidence is a general term for downward vertical movement of the Earth's surface, which can be caused by both natural processes and human activities. Subsidence involves little or no horizontal movement, which distinguishes it from slope move ...
began over a vast area that would eventually form the
Mainz Basin The Mainz Basin (german: Mainzer Becken) or Rhine-Main BasinElkins, T H (1972). ''Germany'' (3rd ed.). London: Chatto & Windus, 1972, p. 218. . is the name given to a Cenozoic marine basin that covered the area of the present-day region of Rhenish ...
, and about 37 million years ago, the depression filled up with
seawater Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has appro ...
, as the forerunner of what is today the
Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...
stretched that much farther north. This so-called "
Rupelian The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/ Series. It spans the time between . It is preceded by the Priabonian Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chattian ...
Clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay par ...
Sea" (''Rupeltonmeer'' in
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
), in whose former coastal region Fürfeld's municipal area now lies, gradually developed into the so-called "
Hydrobia ''Hydrobia'' is a genus of very small brackish water snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.Gofas, S. (2011). Hydrobia Hartmann, 1821. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...
Sea", a sea of
brackish water Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estua ...
snail A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastro ...
s. Grazing in the seaweed forests in towards shore were barrel-shaped seacows. In April 1911, Martin Mörsch from Fürfeld announced to the Alzey district office:
I must ask something of you, for while digging earth for a field shed, I found a sea creature's
skeleton A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of an animal. There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is the stable outer shell of an organism, the endoskeleton, which forms the support structure inside ...
. So, I ask you for an immediate investigation, or else my digging will be hindered.
The investigation yielded the information that it was the
fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
ized skeleton of a seacow, ''
Halitherium ''Halitherium'' is an extinct dugongid sea cow that arose in the late Eocene, then became extinct during the early Oligocene. Its fossils are common in European shales. Inside its flippers were finger bones that did not stick out. ''Halitherium' ...
schinzii'', from which, however, the head and tail were both missing.


Archaeology

The oldest proof of mankind's presence in what is now Fürfeld is an
archaeological Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscap ...
find that came to light in 1901. It was a " rock hatchet with a pointed butt" from the
New Stone Age The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts ...
, which was unearthed in a field known as "In der Teilung". The
hatchet A hatchet (from the Old French , a diminutive form of ''hache'', 'axe' of Germanic origin) is a single-handed striking tool with a sharp blade on one side used to cut and split wood, and a hammerhead on the other side. Hatchets may also be use ...
is now kept at the
museum A museum ( ; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is a building or institution that cares for and displays a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make these ...
at Saint Andrew's Foundation (''Andreasstift'') at
Worms Worms may refer to: *Worm, an invertebrate animal with a tube-like body and no limbs Places *Worms, Germany, a city **Worms (electoral district) *Worms, Nebraska, U.S. *Worms im Veltlintal, the German name for Bormio, Italy Arts and entertainme ...
. Also from this time come finds from the
Linear Pottery culture The Linear Pottery culture (LBK) is a major archaeological horizon of the European Neolithic period, flourishing . Derived from the German ''Linearbandkeramik'', it is also known as the Linear Band Ware, Linear Ware, Linear Ceramics or Inci ...
. These, though, are merely fragments and potsherds, all dug up on the village's southeastern outskirts. Nevertheless, it would seem that these finds point to there having been a Linear Pottery culture settlement here. Assigned to late La Tène times is an ancient
Celtic Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to: Language and ethnicity *pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia **Celts (modern) *Celtic languages **Proto-Celtic language * Celtic music *Celtic nations Sports Fo ...
population – "
Gaulish Gaulish was an ancient Celtic languages, Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire. In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium ...
" in
Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a letter ...
eyes – who supplied Fürfeld with what is widely regarded as its finest
prehistoric Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
find, a necked vase. There have also been
Frankish Frankish may refer to: * Franks, a Germanic tribe and their culture ** Frankish language or its modern descendants, Franconian languages * Francia, a post-Roman state in France and Germany * East Francia, the successor state to Francia in Germany ...
finds. In January 1913 the following was reported from Fürfeld:
Not far from the crossing in the upper village – ''Hintenherum'' (roughly "round behind") as they say locally – five human skeletons were dug up during an excavation; 4 lay about a metre deep in the earth, the other only about 50 cm. Near one skeleton lay a loose head, and it was also missing every limb. One skeleton could be unearthed unscathed and was set up in the side building. It is supposedly 181 cm tall. The others were beaten into rubble during digging.
The ''Jahresbericht der Denkmalpflege im Großherzogtum Hessen'' ("Yearly Report of Monument Care in the
Grand Duchy of Hesse The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (german: link=no, Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein) was a grand duchy in western Germany that existed from 1806 to 1918. The Grand Duchy originally formed from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1806 ...
") added:
Found at Wilhelm Mattern II's neighbouring building site were a
sword A sword is an edged, bladed weapon intended for manual cutting or thrusting. Its blade, longer than a knife or dagger, is attached to a hilt and can be straight or curved. A thrusting sword tends to have a straighter blade with a pointed ti ...
of 73 cm in length, two small metallic objects and a
flint Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Flint was widely used historically to make stone tools and start fir ...
…According to a writeup by Prof. Anthes, the discovery mainly deals with five skeletons of which the fifth had as
grave goods Grave goods, in archaeology and anthropology, are the items buried along with the body. They are usually personal possessions, supplies to smooth the deceased's journey into the afterlife or offerings to the gods. Grave goods may be classed as a ...
a great Frankish slashing sword ( scramaseax) as well as two little
bronze Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids such ...
buckles.
On the other hand, the circumstances of what was held to be a "
Merovingian The Merovingian dynasty () was the ruling family of the Franks from the middle of the 5th century until 751. They first appear as "Kings of the Franks" in the Roman army of northern Gaul. By 509 they had united all the Franks and northern Gauli ...
row graveyard" were "not fully clear". Whatever it was, it was unearthed in 1952 on Franz Knickwandtöpfe's property, but although it was supposedly a graveyard, no skeletons were dug up. It is thus still an open question as to whether Fürfeld has such an archaeological site.


Middle Ages

Fürfeld was founded as a clearing settlement. If one puts the actual founding at the time when the provisional lodging was built for the people who cleared the land, then it seems highly likely that Fürfeld's founding came about in 894. Fürfeld thus stands as a notable exception among
Rhenish Hesse Rhenish Hesse or Rhine HesseDickinson, Robert E (1964). ''Germany: A regional and economic geography'' (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, p. 542. . (german: Rheinhessen) is a region and a former government district () in the German state of Rhineland- ...
's municipalities, even if most of them are older than Fürfeld. If one can believe the data given in the ''Alphabetisches Register rheinhessischer Städte und Gemeinden'' ("Alphabetical Register of Rhenish-Hessian Towns and Municipalities") in the book ''Rheinhessen. Landschaft, Wein und Kultur'', the municipality of Fürfeld is almost alone in knowing its founding date, sharing this distinction only with
Schornsheim Schornsheim is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography Location The winegrowing centre lies in R ...
and
Mainz Mainz () is the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Mainz is on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite to the place that the Main (river), Main joins the Rhine. Downstream of the confluence, the Rhine flows to the north-we ...
.


Charlemagne's great-great-great-grandson

On 13 June 897, a Monday, in Herlisheim, King Zwentibold issued a donation document for Saint Maximin's Imperial Abbey near
Trier Trier ( , ; lb, Tréier ), formerly known in English as Trèves ( ;) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany. It lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the ...
, which, among other things, gave Fürfeld its first documentary mention, as ''Furnifeld''. This document is preserved in the original and is now kept at the ''
Bibliothèque nationale de France The Bibliothèque nationale de France (, 'National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as ''Richelieu'' and ''François-Mitterrand''. It is the national repository ...
'' in
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
. King Zwentibold,
Charlemagne Charlemagne ( , ) or Charles the Great ( la, Carolus Magnus; german: Karl der Große; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first Holy ...
's great-great-great-grandson, had a reputation that preceded him, for he was known not to be one to avoid a fight. Contemporaries called him brazen, spiteful and violent, and it is reported that once, in the course of a difference of opinion with his chancellor – Archbishop Ratbod of Trier, no less – Zwentibold beat him with a
club Club may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Club'' (magazine) * Club, a ''Yie Ar Kung-Fu'' character * Clubs (suit), a suit of playing cards * Club music * "Club", by Kelsea Ballerini from the album ''kelsea'' Brands and enterprises ...
. The rights laid down in the document were confirmed several times: *On 1 January 912 in
Metz Metz ( , , lat, Divodurum Mediomatricorum, then ) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle department and the seat of the parliament of the Grand E ...
by
Charles the Simple Charles III (17 September 879 – 7 October 929), called the Simple or the Straightforward (from the Latin ''Carolus Simplex''), was the king of West Francia from 898 until 922 and the king of Lotharingia from 911 until 919–923. He was a memb ...
(Charles III) of
West Francia In medieval history, West Francia (Medieval Latin: ) or the Kingdom of the West Franks () refers to the western part of the Frankish Empire established by Charlemagne. It represents the earliest stage of the Kingdom of France, lasting from about ...
; *On 30 November 1023 in
Mainz Mainz () is the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Mainz is on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite to the place that the Main (river), Main joins the Rhine. Downstream of the confluence, the Rhine flows to the north-we ...
by
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor Henry II (german: Heinrich II; it, Enrico II; 6 May 973 – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry the Exuberant, Obl. S. B., was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014. He died without an heir in 1024, and was the last ruler ...
and German King; *On 11 January 1026 in
Trier Trier ( , ; lb, Tréier ), formerly known in English as Trèves ( ;) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany. It lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the ...
by
Conrad II Conrad II ( – 4 June 1039), also known as and , was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1027 until his death in 1039. The first of a succession of four Salian emperors, who reigned for one century until 1125, Conrad ruled the kingdoms ...
, the first
Salian The Salian dynasty or Salic dynasty (german: Salier) was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages. The dynasty provided four kings of Germany (1024–1125), all of whom went on to be crowned Holy Roman emperors (1027–1125). After the death of the l ...
on the German throne.


High and Late Middle Ages

From 960 onwards, the
Emichones The Emichones (german: Emichonen) were an early medieval family in the southwestern German region. Its members were counts (''Gaugrafen'') in the Nahegau, perhaps as undercounts of the Salian dynasty. The conventional name Emichones is due to the p ...
are encountered in records as having been the Salians’ viscounts in the
Nahegau The Nahegau was in the Middle Ages a county, which covered the environs of the Nahe and large parts of present-day Rhenish Hesse, after a successful expansion of the narrow territory, which did not reach the Rhine, to the disadvantage of the Worms ...
. The Emichones were ''
Vögte During the Middle Ages, an (sometimes given as modern English: advocate; German: ; French: ) was an office-holder who was legally delegated to perform some of the secular responsibilities of a major feudal lord, or for an institution such as ...
'' of Saint Maximin's Abbey for its far-flung holdings in the Diocese of Mainz, and thus also the holdings on the Nahe, along with Münsterappel-Fürfeld. They were also the Raugraves’ forebears. Saint Maximin's upheld its
feudal Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was the combination of the legal, economic, military, cultural and political customs that flourished in Middle Ages, medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a wa ...
-lordly claims for centuries, but as of the latter half of the 17th century it was unsuccessful in this pursuit. Thereafter, the local lords in Fürfeld no longer considered themselves Saint Maximin's
vassal A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain. W ...
s. The village of Fürfeld itself was neither a Raugravial
fief A fief (; la, feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law. It consisted of a form of property holding or other rights granted by an Lord, overlord to a vassal, who held it in fealty or "in fee" in return for a for ...
nor land actually owned by the Raugraves. Indeed, the Raugraves’ landhold in Fürfeld might have been no more than one estate, held by a farmer named Schrot, making it a very humble property. For their part, the Raugraves were clearly not satisfied with this, and after the dissolution of the
Knights Templar , colors = White mantle with a red cross , colors_label = Attire , march = , mascot = Two knights riding a single horse , equipment ...
by
Pope Clement V Pope Clement V ( la, Clemens Quintus; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled ''de Guoth'' and ''de Goth''), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his de ...
at the
Council of Vienne The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church and met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne, France. One of its principal acts was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar at the instigation of Phil ...
, Raugrave Heinrich III ascribed to himself in a 1325 directory of holdings, which still exists in the original, "all the estate that we have at ''Uben'' (Iben)" as his property. On 22 January 1362, Raugrave Ruprecht IV sold "''Uben'' and what we had there, godsend, house, meadows,
vineyard A vineyard (; also ) is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture. Vineyards ...
, cropfields, forest, tithes, tax, water and ways" for 500 pounds to Lord Emerich Rost von Waldeck. Iben was in fact an Electoral-Trier holding, but pledgings and even sales of fiefs were not only possible but even customary as long as the feudal lord was willing. His interests would not be affected as long as whoever held the fief performed his
feudal duties Feudal duties were the set of reciprocal financial, military and legal obligations among the warrior nobility in a feudal system. Translated into English by Philip Grierson as ''Feudalism'', 1st ed., London, 1952. These duties developed in both E ...
.


Modern times

As early as 1506, at the village level of jurisdiction, out of Germanic/German tradition, division of power between the judiciary and the executive was not the only thing that already existed. The village court lords were in their function not endowed with plentiful power like miniature dictators, but rather were themselves subject to the local legal norms, and even had to face legal consequences for any wrongdoing on their part, too. The 1506 ''Fürfelder Weistum'' (
cognate In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words in different languages that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymology, etymological ancestor in a proto-language, common parent language. Because language c ...
with
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
''wisdom'', this was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the
Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
and early modern times) clearly bears witness to a certain tense relationship between the court lord and the legal community. The court lords at the time were: *''Junker'' Philipp Beuser von Ingelheim; *''Junker'' Conrad von Waldeck, called von Üben; *''Junker'' Johann Boßen. In the 1519 ''Sendweistum'', the office of ''Heimburge'' is mentioned, and that warrants special attention. The office of ''Heimburge'', who was no lordly official, but rather a representative of the community, shows that the village constitution in Fürfeld exhibited strong collective traits. The municipality under a ''Heimburge'' was called a ''Heimgerede''. It is surely not superfluous to refer to such early forms of political organization not exercised by the nobility, because a common preconception has it that Germans only ever learnt democracy by
French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considere ...
ary or, even later, Anglo-Saxon coaching. In April 1521 came the famous
confrontation Confrontation is an element of conflict wherein parties confront one another, directly engaging one another in the course of a dispute between them. A confrontation can be at any scale, between any number of people, between entire nations or cult ...
between
Martin Luther Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Order of Saint Augustine, Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Reformation, Protestant Refo ...
and
Emperor Charles V Charles V, french: Charles Quint, it, Carlo V, nl, Karel V, ca, Carles V, la, Carolus V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain ( Castile and Aragon) ...
. In Fürfeld, the proceedings drew much attention, for a Fürfeld villager was known to be Luther's supporter and penfriend. The family von Cronberg, whose castle seat lies north of
Frankfurt Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...
at the edge of the
Taunus The Taunus is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany, located north of Frankfurt. The tallest peak in the range is ''Großer Feldberg'' at 878 m; other notable peaks are ''Kleiner Feldberg'' (825 m) and ''Altkönig'' (798 m). The Taunus range spans ...
, cropped up in Fürfeld not, as was formerly believed, in 1553. much less as late as 1571, but rather as early as 1521. In this year, a man named "Hartmann von Cronberg" acquired the properties of Wiegand von Dienheim. Because in bygone ages the names Hartmann and Hartmut were used haphazardly and interchangeably throughout records, and because in 1521, no other member of the family von Cronberg of a suitable age was living, it seems conclusive that this reference to the buyer meant none other than Hartmut XII (1488-1549), the "follower and fighter of the
Lutheran Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched th ...
Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...
". For the assumption that Hartmut von Cronberg, Luther's penfriend and reform-minded publicist, subscribed in Fürfeld to the
schism A schism ( , , or, less commonly, ) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, suc ...
then taking place, there is no proof. There is speculation to this effect, but in the 16th century, the church patronage rights were never in the Cronbergs’ hands. Even the notion that Fürfeld had by order become Lutheran is historically unfounded. Indeed, that is still not the case. In 1553, Philipp Melchior Marshal of Waldeck died, and with him, so did the lordly House of Waldeck. His estate in Iben was acquired by Hartmut von Cronberg, "Hartmann von Cronberg's" son, on 29 June 1571 for 3,000
Thaler A thaler (; also taler, from german: Taler) is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period. A ''thaler'' size silver coin has a diameter of ...
and 2,000
Rhenish guilder The Rhenish ''gulden'' or Rhenish ''guilder'' (german: Rheinischer Gulden; la, florenus Rheni) was a gold, standard currency coin of the Rhineland in the 14th and 15th centuries. They weighed between 3.4 and 3.8 grams (). History The Rhenish ...
s. Having entered into office as court lords in 1577, and later acquiring a further share in the court from the House of Boos von Waldeck in 1701, the Junker of Cronberg are represented in the first and second fields of the municipal
coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldry, heraldic communication design, visual design on an escutcheon (heraldry), escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central ele ...
. In July 1704, Johann Niclas von Cronberg, the last Lord Cronberg, died, and the lordship in Fürfeld was now taken over by Johann Ferdinand von Kerpen in December of that same year. Iben had now
escheat Escheat is a common law doctrine that transfers the real property of a person who has died without heirs to the crown or state. It serves to ensure that property is not left in "limbo" without recognized ownership. It originally applied to a ...
ed to the overlord – Saint Maximin's Abbey – who then enfeoffed the family von Schmidtburg with it. It should be pointed out that the village lord did not actually own all the ground within the whole municipality. The Lord of Kerpen – from 1732 to 1788 this was Lothar Franz Christoph – had at his personal disposal, as personal property, only somewhat more than 20 ha of land. A whole series of noble families shared ownership over the rest, having given out their lands in hereditary or temporal pledges. A 1750 book of landholds lists the following as knightly families: *Boos von Waldeck *von Schmidtburg *von Koppenstein *von Isselbach *von Carben *von Lohausen *von Buseck *von Schomburg-Degenfeld Other sources resembling cadastral land registers from the Darmstadt State Archive name further families, with the year here in each case corresponding to the reference therein: *von Gagern (1741) *von Hunolstein (1741) *von Buttlar (1722) *von Wallbrunn (1757) *von Sturmfeder (1763) *von Esch zu Langwiesen (1790) *von Lehrbach (1722) *von Ketschau (1722) *von Murach (1781) *von Dhern (1718) In 1788, Fürfeld got a new village lord – for the last time. Lothar Franz Christoph, who had died on 28 December was succeeded by his son, Anselm Franz Georg von Kerpen. "The first onslaught of the
Revolutionary Army In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...
led by Custine in 1792 messed up Southwest Germany's whole ''Kleinstaaterei''" and introduced the "destruction of the small powers that were incapable of living as a state". Apart from the already "fascistoid" mode of expression, these sentences are worth noting because it seems that the renowned constitutional historian
Fritz Hartung Fritz Hartung (12 January 1883 – 24 November 1967) was a political and constitutional historian of Germany. Life Fritz Hartung was born in Nuthetal, Saarmund, a short distance to the west of Potsdam. His father worked in the Prussian govern ...
(1883-1967) appears utterly to overlook that most of these "small powers that were incapable of living as a state" – for example Fürfeld – had by the time of their "destruction" existed for several centuries, a duration that has thus far not been matched by any stately body on German soil since that time. The
political philosopher Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them. Its topics include politics, l ...
and representative purveyor of Revolutionary
ideology An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." Formerly applied pri ...
,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolu ...
himself (1712-1778) had in a lighter moment (1761) written that no other polity could match the German in wisdom. For the former
Imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texa ...
knightly self-governing political body that Fürfeld hitherto had been, the Revolutionary French
annexation Annexation (Latin ''ad'', to, and ''nexus'', joining), in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. It is generally held to be an illegal act ...
of the German lands on the
Rhine ), Surselva, Graubünden, Switzerland , source1_coordinates= , source1_elevation = , source2 = Rein Posteriur/Hinterrhein , source2_location = Paradies Glacier, Graubünden, Switzerland , source2_coordinates= , so ...
's left bank marked a new phase in history, one in which it still finds itself today, for the imposition of a new administrative system on the French model made the village into an incorporated municipality unencumbered by any
feudal Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was the combination of the legal, economic, military, cultural and political customs that flourished in Middle Ages, medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a wa ...
lord.


Jewish history

Fürfeld had a
Jew Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""Th ...
ish community until about 1938 or 1940. It was established sometime in the 16th to 18th centuries. The earliest record of Jewish inhabitants in Fürfeld comes from 1551, when the old court register listed somebody named Meyer Jud (''Jud'' being a form of the word ''Jude'', meaning "Jew"). Furthermore, in 1553, somebody named Joseph Jud was named. It is likely that at that time at least one of those two had already been buried on the Eichelberg, for in 1572, the court register mentions ''das "jüdische Grap" am Eychelberg'' ("the Jewish grave on the Eichelberg"). In 1633, two local Jews were named who had to pay a toll at the tollgate in Alsenz. In 1722, the Jewish community comprised 31 persons, breaking down into 13 men, 12 women, four boys and two girls. The community included a number of Jews who lived nearby in
Frei-Laubersheim Frei-Laubersheim is an '' Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Bad Kr ...
. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the number of Jewish inhabitants in Fürfeld developed as follows: One member of Fürfeld's Jewish community fell in the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, Alfons Scharff (b. 2 August 1894 in Frei-Laubersheim, d. 30 September 1918). In the way of institutions, the Jewish community had a
synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
, a religious school, a
mikveh Mikveh or mikvah (,  ''mikva'ot'', ''mikvoth'', ''mikvot'', or (Yiddish) ''mikves'', lit., "a collection") is a bath used for the purpose of ritual immersion in Judaism to achieve ritual purity. Most forms of ritual impurity can be purif ...
and a graveyard. A further graveyard was to be found in neighbouring Frei-Laubersheim. To fulfil the community's religious requirements, a teacher of religion was hired who also worked as the shatz and the shochet. The post had a high turnover and was forever appearing in the employment advertisements. The community belonged to the regional rabbinate in Bingen. Two members of Fürfeld's Jewish community fell in the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, Sgt. Salomon Kahn (b. 8 February 1885 in Fürfeld, d. 8 October 1918) and Bernhard Strauß (b. 29 August 1887 in Fürfeld, d. 8 September 1917). About 1924, when there were still 68 persons in the Jewish community (6.0% of all together 1,130), the community heads were Salomon Brück, Joseph Goldschmidt and Ferdinand Strauß from Frei-Laubersheim. Working as teacher, cantor and shochet since 1891 had been Moses Mayer, and he continued in these functions until 1926. In 1923/1924, he taught five children in religion. Among Jewish clubs were the charitable club
Chevra Kadisha The term ''Chevra kadisha'' (Modern Hebrew: חֶבְרָה קַדִּישָׁא) gained its modern sense of "burial society" in the nineteenth century. It is an organization of Jewish men and women who see to it that the bodies of deceased Je ...
(חברה קדישא), led from 1924 to 1932 by Nathan Kahn with 25 members, the Israelite Women's Club (led in 1924 by Hermann Kahn's wife with 10 members, and in 1932 by Nathan Kahn's wife) and the nursing association, led from 1924 to 1932 by Nathan Kahn. In 1932, the community heads were Salomon Bruch (1st), Joseph Goldschmidt (2nd) and Ferdinand Strauß (3rd). By then, Schama Neumann, from
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
, was working as teacher, cantor and shochet in the community. After
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...
and the
Nazis Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Na ...
seized power in 1933, every member of the Jewish community moved away or
emigrated Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country). Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanentl ...
over the next six years in the face of antisemitic laws that stripped Jews of their rights, the economic boycott and other repressive measures. By 1933, there were 56 persons in the Jewish community (4.8% of all together 1,162). According to writer Arnsberg, 15 of the Jews from Fürfeld emigrated to the
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
, four went to
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...
and one each to the
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
, the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
and
Palestine __NOTOC__ Palestine may refer to: * State of Palestine, a state in Western Asia * Palestine (region), a geographic region in Western Asia * Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East ...
. Others moved within Germany, especially to
Frankfurt Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...
and
Mainz Mainz () is the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Mainz is on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite to the place that the Main (river), Main joins the Rhine. Downstream of the confluence, the Rhine flows to the north-we ...
. Schama Neumann, mentioned above, was already locked up in the
Osthofen concentration camp The Osthofen concentration camp (german: KZ Osthofen) was an early Nazi concentration camp in Osthofen, close to Worms, Germany. It was established in March 1933 in a former paper factory. The camp was administered by the People's State of Hes ...
in 1933, but by 1937 he had evidently been released for he then moved to Frankfurt. In early 1939, there were still 15 Jewish inhabitants in Fürfeld, but before this year had ended, all had left the village. According to the ''Gedenkbuch – Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945'' ("Memorial Book – Victims of the Persecution of the Jews under National Socialist Tyranny") and
Yad Vashem Yad Vashem ( he, יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a memorial and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Jews who were murdered; honoring Jews who fought against th ...
, of all Jews who either were born in Fürfeld or lived there for a long time, 26 died in the time of the Third Reich (birthdates in brackets): # Hugo Bach (1882) # Hugo Glas (1897) # Max Glas (1896) # Else Goldschmidt (1920) # Bertha (Betty) Hamburger (1878) # Henriette Hirsch ''née'' Glas (1879) # Alfred Kahn (1891) # Bertha Kahn ''née'' Scheuer (1868) # Emilie Kallmann ''née'' Strauss (1868) # Henrietta Selma Landau (1882) # Nathan Landau (1878) # Rudolf Landau (1885) # Erna Marx (1900) # Heinrich Metzler (1905) # Siegfried Metzler (1907) # Adolf Neuberger # Clemens Neuberger # Else Reinhard (1921) # Marianne (Jenny) Reinhard ''née'' Heimann (1878) # Pauline Reinhard (1872) # Jenny Steiermann ''née'' Strauss (1891) # Leopold Sternheimer (1859) # Adele Strauss ''née'' Reinhard (1907) # Leopold Strauss (1863) # Dora Weichsel ''née'' Wolf (1878) # Berta Wolf (1881)


Synagogue

It is believed that originally there was a prayer room for
Jewish Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
worship at a private house. The first
synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
was built about 1760. A precise year is known from the
chuppah A ''chuppah'' ( he, חוּפָּה, pl. חוּפּוֹת, ''chuppot'', literally, "canopy" or "covering"), also huppah, chipe, chupah, or chuppa, is a canopy under which a Judaism, Jewish couple stand during their Jewish wedding, wedding cere ...
stone (wedding stone) that was built into the wall when a new synagogue was built. Even some of the furnishings from the old synagogue were moved into the new one, whose foundation stone was laid on Rathausstraße on 3 July 1894. The plans are believed to have been drawn up by
Wöllstein Wöllstein is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography Location The municipality lies in Rhenish ...
architect Weis. The new synagogue was consecrated with a great parade, a concert and a ball with the Mainz 1888 Infantry Regiment's musical corps participating from 9 to 11 August 1895. The financing for the new building came from, among others, two Jewish families from Fürfeld then living abroad, the family Teutsch and Julius Wolf's family, who lived in
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
(who gave 1,000 and 100 respectively) and Heinrich Strauß who now lived in
Frankfurt Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...
(150 ℳ). In 1928, the synagogue was renovated with the help of funds donated by another expatriate, Hermann Goldschmidt, who now lived in
Los Angeles Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world' ...
. A magazine published by the '' Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens'' (''CV-Zeitung'') reported on 31 August 1928: "Hermann Goldschmidt from Los Angeles (
California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
), an old Fürfelder (Hesse), declared himself ready upon arrival in his old homeland to have the synagogue renovated at his expense in memory of his parents." On
Kristallnacht () or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (german: Novemberpogrome, ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's (SA) paramilitary and (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from ...
(9–10 November 1938), the synagogue was desecrated and vandalized by
Brownshirts The (; SA; literally "Storm Detachment") was the original paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. It played a significant role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s. Its primary purposes were providing protection for Nazi ralli ...
and other
Nazi Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...
supporters. Jewish residents were even forced to participate in the destruction. In 1939, the synagogue building passed into the local agri-business cooperative's ownership and in the years that followed it was used for storage. In 1952, the
Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
church community bought the building. In 1959, it was torn down and a house was built on the lot. An information board is fastened onto it. The synagogue stood at Rathausstraße 13.


"Bawettche"

The
Sprendlingen Sprendlingen is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography Location Sprendlingen lies in Rhenish H ...
–Fürfeld
railway Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a pre ...
line, run by the ''Süddeutsche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft'' (SEG; "South German Railway Company"), known locally as "Bawettche" (apparently after the railway's first passenger), was built between May 1887 and October 1898, with the first stretch of the line, from Sprendlingen by way of
Badenheim Badenheim is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Sprendlingen-G ...
to
Wöllstein Wöllstein is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography Location The municipality lies in Rhenish ...
coming into service on 11 October 1888. The local physical geography thwarted any expansion for a while, until the builders gave up the idea of boring a tunnel through the Hexenkanzel ("Witches’ Pulpit") and instead chose to build the line with a great many curves. This involved five
iron Iron () is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from la, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in f ...
bridges with supporting breadths of up to 20 m and two further brick and concrete bridges. To grade the railway properly, 1 000 m³ of earth had to be moved in the rural cadastral area "Am Schwarzen Kreuz" near Fürfeld. Unfortunately, this process destroyed one of
Rhenish Hesse Rhenish Hesse or Rhine HesseDickinson, Robert E (1964). ''Germany: A regional and economic geography'' (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, p. 542. . (german: Rheinhessen) is a region and a former government district () in the German state of Rhineland- ...
's oldest artistic monuments, the eponymous "Black Cross". On 5 October 1898, trains began running into Fürfeld. The line served to link the quarries near
Frei-Laubersheim Frei-Laubersheim is an '' Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Bad Kr ...
and
Neu-Bamberg Neu-Bamberg is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Bad Kreuzn ...
, to transport
agricultural Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating Plant, plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of Sedentism, sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of Domestication, domesticated species created food ...
products such as
root vegetables Root vegetables are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food. Although botany distinguishes true roots (such as taproots and tuberous roots) from non-roots (such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers, although some contain both hypocotyl a ...
and
wine Wine is an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are m ...
and to carry the Wöllstein brick industry's products. The
railway station Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a pre ...
in Fürfeld was eye-catching with its handsome station building and goods shed with a loading ramp and a
water crane A water crane is a device used for delivering a large volume of water into the tank or tender of a steam locomotive. The device is also called a water column in the United States and Australia. As a steam locomotive consumes large quantities of ...
. A two-track
locomotive A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the Power (physics), motive power for a train. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a multiple unit, Motor coach (rail), motor ...
shed with a repair workshop completed the ferrovial equipment. Fürfeld remained the terminus even though there were plans to extend the railway to join with the
Alsenz Valley Railway The Alsenz Valley Railway (german: Alsenztalbahn) is a line that runs from Hochspeyer via Winnweiler and Alsenz to Bad Munster am Stein in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The line closely follows the Alsenz river from the Enkenbach ...
(''Alsenztalbahn''). SEG transferred ownership to the
state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States * ''Our S ...
of
Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate ( , ; german: link=no, Rheinland-Pfalz ; lb, Rheinland-Pfalz ; pfl, Rhoilond-Palz) is a western state of Germany. It covers and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the ...
in 1953, and the old
Deutsche Bundesbahn The Deutsche Bundesbahn or DB (German Federal Railway) was formed as the state railway of the newly established Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) on 7 September 1949 as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG). The DB remained ...
then ran the service on it, acquiring actual ownership in 1959, whereupon it shut the line down on 31 March of that year. Indeed, the section from Wöllstein to Fürfeld had already been closed and the tracks torn up in late 1958. The stretch from Sprendlingen to Wöllstein, though, remained in service until 31 July 1973.


Population development

Fürfeld's population development since
Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
ic times is shown in the table below. The figures for the years from 1871 to 1987 are drawn from census data:Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz – Regionaldaten
/ref>


Municipality's name

The name "Fürfeld" means "Pinefield" and might originally have described a field with
pine A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The World Flora Online created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accep ...
s in it. Pines form a genus (''Pinus'') of
conifers Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All extan ...
, and the root from which springs the first syllable in Fürfeld's name can be found in almost all
Germanic languages The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. The most widely spoken Germanic language, Engli ...
, including Modern High German (''Föhre'', which still means "pine") and
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
('' fir'', although this has undergone a shift in meaning to the related genus ''Abies''). The German word ''Föhre'' exists alongside the word ''Kiefer'', believed to have originally been a corruption of the word ''Kienföhre'' ("resinuous pine"), which is only recorded as far back as the 16th century.


Religion

As at 30 September 2013, there are 1,546 full-time residents in Fürfeld, and of those, 729 are
Evangelical Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide Interdenominationalism, interdenominational movement within Protestantism, Protestant Christianity that affirms the centrality of being "bor ...
(47.154%), 558 are
Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
(36.093%), 1 belongs to the Alzey Free Religious Community (0.065%), 2 are
Russian Orthodox Russian Orthodoxy (russian: Русское православие) is the body of several churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Church Slavonic language. Most ...
(0.129%), 13 (0.841%) belong to other religious groups and 243 (15.718%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation.


Politics


Municipal council

The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected by personalized
proportional representation Proportional representation (PR) refers to a type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to geographical (e.g. states, regions) and political divis ...
at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results: "WG" means ''Wählergruppe'' – "voters’ group".


Mayor

Fürfeld's mayor is Klaus Zahn.


Coat of arms

The municipality's
arms Arms or ARMS may refer to: *Arm or arms, the upper limbs of the body Arm, Arms, or ARMS may also refer to: People * Ida A. T. Arms (1856–1931), American missionary-educator, temperance leader Coat of arms or weapons *Armaments or weapons **Fi ...
might be described thus: Quarterly, first gules a crown Or garnished vert, second vair in two rows, third Or an Imperial Eagle dimidiated sable armed and langued of the first, and fourth gules three arming buckles flory conjoined in bend argent. The
charge Charge or charged may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Films * '' Charge, Zero Emissions/Maximum Speed'', a 2011 documentary Music * ''Charge'' (David Ford album) * ''Charge'' (Machel Montano album) * ''Charge!!'', an album by The Aqu ...
s seen here in this composition are the same as what was seen in the Fürfeld court seal (example from 1614). The village belonged to the Rhenish Knighthood (''Rheinische Ritterschaft''), which explains the halved ("dimidiated")
Imperial Eagle The eagle is used in heraldry as a charge, as a supporter, and as a crest. Heraldic eagles can be found throughout world history like in the Achaemenid Empire or in the present Republic of Indonesia. The European post-classical symbolism of ...
(and possibly a two-headed one, as one whole head can be seen) in the third field. Fürfeld also belonged to the Iben Estate (''Hof Iben''), where the Marshals of Waldeck, called Ueben, owned a
castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
(the buckles in the fourth field represent this). As for the first and second fields, the castle later passed to the Lords of Kronberg, who bore quarterly arms, too, but with these first and second fields repeated in the third and fourth, alternating with those above.


Town partnerships

Fürfeld fosters partnerships with the following places: * Crissey,
Saône-et-Loire Saône-et-Loire (; Arpitan: ''Sona-et-Lêre'') is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in France. It is named after the rivers Saône and Loire, between which it lies, in the country's central-eastern part. Saône-et-Loire is Bo ...
,
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
since 2002 *
Brachstedt Brachstedt is a village and a former municipality in the district Saalekreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it has been part of the municipality Petersberg Petersberg may refer to: * The Hotel Petersberg near Bonn, the site of ...
,
Saalekreis Saalekreis is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The district seat is Merseburg. Its area is . It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts Kyffhäuserkreis (Thuringia), Mansfeld-Südharz, Salzlandkreis, Anhalt-Bitterfeld, Nords ...
,
Saxony-Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt (german: Sachsen-Anhalt ; nds, Sassen-Anholt) is a state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of and has a population of 2.18 million inhabitants, making it the ...
In the latter case, the partnership was an outgrowth of one that already existed between Fürfeld's and Brachstedt's respective
Evangelical Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide Interdenominationalism, interdenominational movement within Protestantism, Protestant Christianity that affirms the centrality of being "bor ...
church communities.


Culture and sightseeing


Buildings

The following are listed buildings or sites in
Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate ( , ; german: link=no, Rheinland-Pfalz ; lb, Rheinland-Pfalz ; pfl, Rhoilond-Palz) is a western state of Germany. It covers and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the ...
's Directory of Cultural Monuments:Directory of Cultural Monuments in Bad Kreuznach district
/ref> *
Evangelical Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide Interdenominationalism, interdenominational movement within Protestantism, Protestant Christianity that affirms the centrality of being "bor ...
church Church may refer to: Religion * Church (building), a building for Christian religious activities * Church (congregation), a local congregation of a Christian denomination * Church service, a formalized period of Christian communal worship * C ...
, Rathausstraße 21 – Late Baroque- Early Classicist building with hip roof, 1774–1776, former
Gothic Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...
quire tower, extra floors built on before 1840 *
Saint Joseph Joseph (; el, Ἰωσήφ, translit=Ioséph) was a 1st-century Jewish man of Nazareth who, according to the canonical Gospels, was married to Mary, the mother of Jesus, and was the legal father of Jesus. The Gospels also name some brothers of ...
's and
Saint Giles Saint Giles (, la, Aegidius, french: Gilles), also known as Giles the Hermit, was a hermit or monk active in the lower Rhône most likely in the 6th century. Revered as a saint, his cult became widely diffused but his hagiography is mostly lege ...
's
Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
Church (''Kirche St. Josef und St. Aegidius''), Kreuzstraße 18 – Late Baroque
aisleless church An aisleless church (german: Saalkirche) is a single-nave church building that consists of a single hall-like room. While similar to the hall church, the aisleless church lacks aisles or passageways on either side of the nave and separated fr ...
, 1774–1776, architect Peter Reheis,
Eschweiler Eschweiler (, Ripuarian: ) is a municipality in the district of Aachen in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany on the river Inde, near the German-Belgian-Dutch border, and about east of Aachen and west of Cologne. History * Celts (fir ...
* Bennstraße 1 – Catholic rectory, Late Baroque building with hipped
mansard roof A mansard or mansard roof (also called a French roof or curb roof) is a four-sided gambrel-style hip roof characterised by two slopes on each of its sides, with the lower slope, punctured by dormer windows, at a steeper angle than the upper. The ...
, about 1770 * Bennstraße 5 –
school A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compuls ...
, Classicist plastered building, about 1830 * Hochstätter Straße 2 – house, Baroque
timber-frame Timber framing (german: Holzfachwerk) and "post-and-beam" construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden ...
house, partly solid, possibly about 1700 * Hochstätter Straße 10 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, about 1700, gateway with timber-frame storage * Kreuznacher Straße 10 – house,
Gründerzeit (; "founders' period") was the economic phase in 19th-century Germany and Austria before the great stock market crash of 1873. In Central Europe, the age of industrialisation had been taking place since the 1840s. That period is not precisely ...
sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) ...
-framed
clinker brick Clinker bricks are partially-vitrified bricks used in the construction of buildings. Clinker bricks are produced when wet clay bricks are exposed to excessive heat during the firing process, sintering the surface of the brick and forming a shin ...
building, about 1890 * Kreuzstraße 13 – Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, about 1700, former gateway with timber-frame superstructure * Kreuzstraße 21 – Baroque house, marked 1740, essentially possibly about 1600, segmental arch framing about 1770/1780 * Mittlere Bennstraße 2 – Evangelical rectory; Gründerzeit sandstone-block building, about 1895 * Mittlere Bennstraße 5 – estate complex; Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, about 1700 * Rathausstraße 5 – house, Gründerzeit clinker brick building, about 1890 * Rathausstraße 8 – house, Baroque bungalow, about 1700 * Rathausstraße 12 – town hall; Late Classicist plastered building, 1840 * Rathausstraße 15 – four-sided estate; long Late Baroque house, last third of the 18th century * Schulstraße 1 – school; two-winged Late Gründerzeit sandstone-block building, marked 1900–1901 * Near Schulstraße 1 – post-Baroque sandstone
Crucifix A crucifix (from Latin ''cruci fixus'' meaning "(one) fixed to a cross") is a cross with an image of Jesus on it, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself on the cross is referred to in English as the ''corpus'' (Lati ...
, marked 1808 * Hof Iben – former
moat A moat is a deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water, that is dug and surrounds a castle, fortification, building or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. In some places moats evolved into more extensive ...
ed
castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
; Gothic quire of the former castle
chapel A chapel is a Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small. The term has several meanings. Firstly, smaller spaces inside a church that have their own altar are often called chapels; the Lady chapel is a common ty ...
, about 1240; former quire arch walled up, Baroque forms from the mid 18th century, Romanesque access way; Baroque bridge statue, 18th century; former castle house, essentially
mediaeval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
*
Jewish Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
graveyard (monumental zone) – area with 98 gravestones from 1836 to 1936 laid out about 1700/1850 * ''Thalermühle'' (mill), on ''
Landesstraße ''Landesstraßen'' (singular: ''Landesstraße'') are roads in Germany and Austria that are, as a rule, the responsibility of the respective German or Austrian federal state. The term may therefore be translated as "state road". They are roads t ...
'' 410, on the
Appelbach Appelbach is a river of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The Appelbach springs north of Falkenstein. It discharges at Bretzenheim from the right into the Nahe. See also *List of rivers of Rhineland-Palatinate A list of rivers of Rhineland-Pal ...
– 18th and 19th centuries, four-sided complex; Late Baroque building with half-hip roof, about 1770/1780, newer quarrystone and brick buildings


Economy and infrastructure


Winegrowing

Fürfeld belongs to the "Bingen
Winegrowing Viticulture (from the Latin word for ''vine'') or winegrowing (wine growing) is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes. It is a branch of the science of horticulture. While the native territory of ''Vitis vinifera'', the common grape vine, ran ...
Area" within the Rhenish Hesse wine region. In business in the village are 15 winegrowing operations, and the area of
vineyard A vineyard (; also ) is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture. Vineyards ...
planted is 57 ha. Some 64% of the wine grown here (as at 2007) is
white wine White wine is a wine that is Fermentation in winemaking, fermented without skin contact. The wine color, colour can be straw-yellow, yellow-green, or yellow-gold. It is produced by the alcoholic fermentation of the non-coloured Juice vesicles, ...
varieties. In 1979, there were still 48 winegrowing operations, and the vineyard area, at 66 ha, was slightly more than what it is now.


Transport

Fürfeld lies on ''
Bundesstraße ''Bundesstraße'' (German for "federal highway"), abbreviated ''B'', is the denotation for German and Austrian national highways. Germany Germany's ''Bundesstraßen'' network has a total length of about 40,000 km. German ''Bundesstraßen'' ...
'' 420. Northeast of the village runs the
Autobahn The (; German plural ) is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany. The official German term is (abbreviated ''BAB''), which translates as 'federal motorway'. The literal meaning of the word is 'Federal Auto(mobile) Track'. ...
A 61. The
railway station Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a pre ...
in Fürfeld was the end of the line running from
Sprendlingen Sprendlingen is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography Location Sprendlingen lies in Rhenish H ...
to Fürfeld. It was closed in 1960. Serving nearby Hochstätten is a railway station on the
Alsenz Valley Railway The Alsenz Valley Railway (german: Alsenztalbahn) is a line that runs from Hochspeyer via Winnweiler and Alsenz to Bad Munster am Stein in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The line closely follows the Alsenz river from the Enkenbach ...
(''Alsenztalbahn'').


Famous people


Sons and daughters of the town

* Ludwig Baum (1800–after 1871), Grand-Ducal Hessian mayor at Fürfeld (1845–1871), Member of the second chamber of the ''Landstände'' (parliament) of the Grand Duchy of Hesse at
Darmstadt Darmstadt () is a city in the States of Germany, state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Area, Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it th ...
(1856–1862) * Heinrich Steitz (1907–1998),
Evangelical Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide Interdenominationalism, interdenominational movement within Protestantism, Protestant Christianity that affirms the centrality of being "bor ...
theologian


Famous people associated with the municipality

* Franz Josef Brunck (1787–1848), Grand-Ducal Hessian mayor at Fürfeld (1814–1836), Member of the second chamber of the ''Landstände'' of the Grand Duchy of Hesse at Darmstadt (1826–1848), Member of the
Frankfurt Parliament The Frankfurt Parliament (german: Frankfurter Nationalversammlung, literally ''Frankfurt National Assembly'') was the first freely elected parliament for all German states, including the German-populated areas of Austria-Hungary, elected on 1 Ma ...
(1848)


Further reading

* Alexander Thon: ''Fürfeld.'' In: Jürgen Keddigkeit (Hrsg.): ''Pfälzisches Burgenlexikon.'' Institut für Pfälzische Geschichte und Volkskunde, Kaiserslautern 2002, (''Beiträge zur pfälzischen Geschichte.''Bd. 12/2), S. 162. * Hans-Joachim Oesterle: ''Fürfeld. Geschichte eines rheinhessischen Weindorfes.'' Rhein-Mosel-Verlag, Briedel 1997, .


References


External links


Municipality's official webpage

Fürfeld in the collective municipality's webpages

Fürfeld's history at regionalgeschichte.net
{{DEFAULTSORT:Furfeld Rhenish Hesse Bad Kreuznach (district) Holocaust locations in Germany