French Verb Morphology

In French, a verb is inflected to reflect its mood and tense, as well as to agree with its subject in person and number. Following the tradition of Latin grammar, the set of inflected forms of a French verb is called the verb's conjugation.

Stems and endings

French verbs have a large number of ''simple'' (one-word) forms. These are composed of two distinct parts: the ''stem'' (or ''root,'' or ''radix),'' which indicates which verb it is, and the ''ending'' (inflection), which indicates the verb's tense (imperfect, present, future etc.) and mood and its subject's person (I, you, he/she etc.) and number, though many endings can correspond to multiple tense-mood-subject combinations. In certain parts of the second conjugation there is also a suffix ''-iss-'' between the stem and the ending, which derives historically from an inchoative suffix.

*In ''parlaient,'' the stem ''parl-'' indicates that the verb is ''parler (to speak)'' and the ending ''-aient'' marks the third-person plural imperfect indicative. "Third person plural" meaning the subject of the verb is "they". The " imperfect indicative" being a tense.
*In ''finissons'', the stem ''fin-'' indicates that the verb is ''finir (to finish),'' the suffix ''-iss-'' follows it, and the inflection ''-ons'' marks the first-person plural present indicative or imperative. The "first-person plural" is the "we" form of a verb. The "present indicative" being a tense and " imperative" being a mood, but in French they are indistinguishable without context.

These verb conjugations are most often coupled with a subject pronoun to reinforce who the subject of the verb is (i.e. ''who'' is doing the action). Note that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish the stem from the ending, especially in irregular verbs such as ''avoir'' (to have), ''aller'' (to go), ''dire'' (to say), ''être'' (to be), ''faire'' (to do, make), ''pouvoir'' (can), ''savoir'' (to know), ''valoir'' (to be worth, to cost), and ''vouloir'' (to want):

*''Il va travailler.'' (He goes to work.)
*''Es-tu là ?'' (Are you there?)
*''Elle a rougi.'' (She blushed.)
In these examples, there is no obvious stem - the verbs conjugate without a stem.

The principle of the fixed stem

The stem normally stays fixed in the first two conjugations:
*''Parler: Je parlerais, tu parlas, qu'ils parlassent, que nous parlions, parlez…''
*''Finir: Je finirais, vous finîtes, qu'ils finissent, finis, que nous finissions…''

In the third it is often modified, sometimes even between persons in the same tense:
*''Vouloir: Je veux, tu veux, il veut, nous voulons, vous voulez, ils veulent.''

But such irregularities apart, the principle is that nothing is removed from the stem. Consequently, verbs ending in ''-guer'' and ''-quer'' keep the ''-gu-'' or ''-qu-'' throughout the conjugation, even where simplifying this combination to ''-g-'' or ''-c-'' would be consistent with the rules of French orthography:
*''Naviguer: nous naviguons, je naviguais, en naviguant…''
*''Provoquer: nous provoquons, je provoquais, en provoquant…''

Adding to the stem to preserve the pronunciation

But although things are generally not removed from the stem, it is permissible to add letters when this is necessary. Certain stems can undergo various orthographic changes (which are not strictly speaking considered to be irregularities) in order to retain the correct pronunciation:

* The ''-c-'' in certain stems receives a cedilla before any ending which would otherwise change its pronunciation:
:''Avancer: j'avance, nous avançons, j'avançais…''
:''Apercevoir: j'aperçois, tu aperçus, nous apercevons…''

* The ''-g-'' in certain stems is followed by a silent ''-e-'' before any ending which would otherwise change its pronunciation:
:''Manger: je mange, nous mangeons, je mangeais, vous mangiez, en mangeant…''

Endings (''terminaisons'')

The ending is a ''suffix'' which tells us:a

* For all verbs, the ''mood'' and the ''tense'';
* For finite verbs, the ''person'' and the ''number''; and
* For the past participle alone, the ''gender'' and the ''number''.

Apart from a few frequent verbs which are considered totally irregular (mainly ''avoir'', ''être'', ''aller'' and ''faire''), for each tense of each mood a series of six endings (one for each person singular and plural) is associated with a group or subgroup of verbs. Each of these series must now remain fixed throughout a single tense. Consequently, no ending may be modified even when orthographical simplification would be possible:

* For example, when the verb stem ends in a vowel (''crier, fuir, tuer, voir'', etc.), the ''-e-'' of the ending may become silent but must still be written (in the present, future, and conditional):

:''Fuir'' (to flee), present subjunctive: ''que je fuie, que tu fuies, qu'il fuie, que nous fuyions, que vous fuyiez, qu'ils fuient…''
:''Créer'' (to create), future indicative: ''je créerai, tu créeras, il créera, nous créerons, vous créerez, ils créeront…''

* Similarly, the imperfect indicative and present subjunctive endings for the first and second persons plural are ''-ions'' et ''-iez'': for verbs such as ''gagner, voir, rire, briller'', etc., the ''-i-'' of these endings must be retained, even though some speakers pronounce them the same way as the present indicative forms without ''-i-'':

:''Nous gagnions'' (vs. ''gagnons''), ''vous voyiez'' (vs. ''voyez''), ''nous riions'' (vs. ''rions''), ''vous brilliez'' (vs. ''brillez''), …

Formation of simple tenses active

These tenses are not formed with an auxiliary, and their formation is discussed in the following section.

Infinitive (''Infinitif'')

A verb is normally named by its present infinitive (''Infinitif présent''). Starting from this infinitive, the conjugations can be classified into three different groups:

* The first group or first conjugation. This contains the verbs with infinitives ending in ''-er'' /e/ (with the exception of ''aller'', which due to its numerous irregularities is usually classed as being in the third conjugation):
: etc.
::For example, for the verb ''parler'', the stem is ''parl-'' and the ending is ''-er'' .

* The second group or second conjugation. This contains the verbs with infinitives ending in ''-ir'' whose present participle ends in ''-issant'' :
: etc.
::For example, for the verb ''finir'', the stem is ''fin-'' and the ending is ''-ir''.

* The third group or third conjugation. This contains all the other verbs, all considered as to some extent irregular, to wit: the verbs ending in ''-ir'' not belonging to the second conjugation, the verbs ending in ''-oir,'' the verbs ending in ''-re,'' and the verb ''aller'':

: etc.
::Examples:
::: – the stem is ''cour-'' and the ending is ''-ir'' /iʁ/.
::: – the stem is ''dev-'' and the ending is ''-oir'' /waʁ/.
::: – the stem is ''rend-'' and the ending is ''-re'' /ʁ/.
::: – the stem is ''all-'' and the ending is ''-er'' /e/.

Note that the auxiliaries ''être'' and ''avoir,'' although they would naturally seem to belong to the third conjugation, are traditionally classed separately.

Present indicative (''Indicatif présent'')

The present indicative is the form of the verb used to describe an action in the present e.g. ''Je parle'' means "I speak" or "I am speaking".

The stem of the present indicative is not always regular and can vary (especially in the third conjugation) and there are three main sets of endings:
* Verbs ending in ''-er'' (all verbs of the first group): ''-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent,'' pronounced .
* Verbs ending in ''-ir'' (all verbs of the second group and most of the third): ''-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent,'' pronounced . But there are numerous irregularities, especially in the third group.
* Verbs ending in ''-re'' (part of the third group): ''-s, -s, - , -ons, -ez, -ent,'' pronounced .
* Example:

* Verbs of the second group take an -iss- in the plural conjugations.
* Verbs of the third group:
** Verbs ending in -oir : the indicative present stems depend on the verb. The endings are -s, -s, -t, -ons, -ez, -ent. However, verbs , , and have -x, -x, -t in singular (''je peux'', ''tu peux'', , , , ).
** Verbs in -re : endings are the same, stems are equally irregular. There are verbs ''dire'', ''faire'' and ''être'' which have -tes instead of -ez and other irregularities. Verbs with ''-ttre'' have -ts, -ts, -t in singular (''je mets'' for ''mettre'', ''tu bats'' for ''battre''). Verbs with ''-dre'' have endings -ds, -ds, -d in singular (e.g. : ''je prends'', ''tu mouds'', ''il répand'') except verbs in ''-indre'' and ''-soudre'' (Verbs in ''-soudre'' in plural: -solvons, -solvez, -solvent). Verbs ''vaincre'' and ''convaincre'' have -cs, -cs, -c in singular (, , ).
** Verbs in -ir : endings are the same as the second group in singular, and they have regular ending of third group in plural.

Imperfect indicative (''Indicatif imparfait'')

The imperfect indicative is a past tense, where the action either continues into the present or is a repeated action e.g. "je parlais" means "I was speaking" or "I used to speak". It may be used when someone or their action is interrupted e.g. "''je parlais avant que tu m'arrêtes"'' meaning "I was speaking before you stopped me"
*The stem of the imperfect indicative is always invariant for a single verb. It is derived from the first person plural of the present indicative (except for the verb ''être''):
:Verb ''boire'', present indicative: ''je bois, tu bois, il boit, nous buvons, vous buvez, ils boivent.''
:Verb ''boire'', imperfect indicative: ''je buvais, tu buvais, il buvait, nous buvions, vous buviez, ils buvaient.''

* The endings of this tense are for any of the three groups always: ''-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient,'' pronounced .
:For the 1st and 3rd groups, the -i- of the first and second persons plural must always be kept even though it may not be reflected in the pronunciation of certain verbs:
::''Nous travaillions, vous travailliez, nous riions, vous riiez, nous essuyions, vous essuyiez, nous gagnions, vous gagniez, nous tressaillions, vous tressailliez, nous priions, vous priiez...''

* Example:

* In older texts, one can find the endings ''-ois, -ois, -oit, -ions, -iez, -oient'', corresponding to the orthography of Old French. This spelling coexisted with the modern endings ''-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient'' and was not officially abandoned by the Académie française until 1835.Cabinet de curosités
L'histoire de l'imparfait
/ref>
* Example:

* Verb ''être'' : the stem is ét- (/et/), endings are the same.

Past historic (Indicatif passé simple or Indicatif passé défini)

Note that in modern language this tense is used only in formal writing, usually referring to historical, historic events, or in novels; it was replaced by ''passé composé'' in other contexts.
The stem of the past historic tense is not always regular but is always invariant for a single verb. There are four sets of endings for this tense:

* Past historic in ''-a-'': ''-ai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrent''. st group and ''aller''::(pronounced .)
* Past historic in ''-i-'': ''-is, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irent''. nd and 3rd groups::(pronounced .)
* Past historic in ''-u-'': ''-us, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urent''. rd group::(pronounced .)
* Past historic in ''-in-'': ''-ins, -ins, -int, -înmes, -întes, -inrent''. erbs ''venir,'' ''tenir'' and all the verbs which are formed with them (''survenir'', ''maintenir'', etc.)::(pronounced .)

:''Je chantai, je finis, je bus, je vins…''

* Example:

Future (''Indicatif futur simple'')

The future endings correspond to the present indicative of the verb ''avoir''. They are always regular: ''-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont,'' pronounced .

* Between the future stem and these endings the infinitive ending is inserted, though the pronunciation of the ''-er'' infinitive changes from to In other words, to form the future tense these endings are appended to the infinitive:

::''Je finirai, tu parleras, elle sortira, nous travaillerons, vous rougirez, ils partiront.''
:But there are several irregular future stems, especially in the third group.

* Example:

The following verbs have a double ''r'' in future forms: ''envoyer'', ''renvoyer'' (j'enverrai, je renverrai), ''mourir'' (je mourrai), ''courir'' (je courrai), ''choir'' and ''échoir'' (il cherra, il écherra), ''acquérir'' and ''conquérir'' (j'acquerrai, je conquerrai), ''voir'' (je verrai), ''pouvoir'' (je pourrai).

Present conditional (''Conditionnel présent'')

The conditional endings correspond to those of the imperfect indicative. They too are always regular: ''-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient, and in some rare cases, -it,'' pronounced ...

* The conditional stem is always the same as the future stem:

::''Je finirais, tu parlerais, elle sortirait, nous travaillerions, vous rougiriez, ils partiraient.''

:Consequently, if the future stem is irregular, so will the conditional be, and vice versa. Moreover, if the future does not exist (defective verbs) neither will the conditional.

* Example:

Sometimes the past imperfect subjunctive is used to replace the present conditional. This form is called the present conditional second form (''Conditionnel présent deuxième forme''). In contrast the regular conditional is then called present conditional first form (''Conditionnel présent première forme''). This has become very unusual, only in sentences starting with ''Même si'' and the expression ''fût-ce'' this form is still used. The perfective
tense (the past conditional second form (''Conditionnel passé deuxième forme'') is however used very often in literature.

* Example:

Present subjunctive (''Subjonctif présent'')

* The present subjunctive endings are for all three groups (except the verbs ''être'' and ''avoir''): ''-e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent,'' pronounced .
:For the 1st and 3rd groups, the -i- of the first and second persons plural must always be kept even though it may not be reflected in the pronunciation of certain verbs:

::''(Il faut) que nous travaillions, que vous travailliez, que nous riions, que vous riiez, que nous essuyions, que vous essuyiez, que nous gagnions, que vous gagniez, que nous tressaillions, que vous tressailliez, que nous priions, que vous priiez. ''Exceptions:'' que nous ayons, que vous ayez, que nous soyons, que vous soyez...''

* The present subjunctive stem is generally derived from the third person plural of the present indicative (except for the verbs ''aller'', ''avoir'', ''être'', ''faire'', ''falloir'', ''pouvoir'', ''savoir'', ''traire'', ''valoir'', and ''vouloir'', which have irregular stems):
:Verb ''craindre'', present indicative: ''je crains, tu crains, il craint, nous craignons, vous craignez, ils craignent.''
:Verb ''craindre'', present subjunctive: ''(que) je craigne, tu craignes, il craigne, nous craignions, vous craigniez, ils craignent.''
:Verb ''faire'', present indicative: ''je fais, tu fais, il fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils font.''
:Verb ''faire'', present subjunctive: ''(que) je fasse, tu fasses, il fasse, nous fassions, vous fassiez, ils fassent.''

:But sometimes when in the present indicative the stem used for the first and second persons plural differs from that used for the other four persons; the present subjunctive also uses this stem for these two persons:
::Verb ''recevoir'', present indicative: ''je reçois, tu reçois, il reçoit, nous recevons, vous recevez, ils reçoivent.''
::Verb ''recevoir'', present subjunctive: ''(que) je reçoive, tu reçoives, il reçoive, nous recevions, vous receviez, ils reçoivent.''

* Example:

* Irregular endings : (que je sois, que tu sois, qu'il soit, que nous so''y''ons, que vous so''y''ez, qu'il soient) and ''avoir'' (qu'il ait, que nous a''y''ons, que vous a''y''ez, the rest are regular)

Imperfect subjunctive (''Subjonctif imparfait'')

The imperfect subjunctive is always constructed from the past historic; hence, if the past historic does not exist (defective verbs) neither will the imperfect subjunctive. To be more exact, the imperfect subjunctive stem consists of the second person singular of the past historic, except that in the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive the final ''-s-'' of the stem is replaced with a circumflex over the preceding vowel. The stem is otherwise stable for a single verb, and the endings are always: ''-se, -ses, -ˆt, -sions, -siez, -sent,'' pronounced .

:''(Il fallait) que je chantasse, que tu finisses, qu'il bût, que nous vinssions, que vous parlassiez, qu'elles rougissent…''

* Example:

Imperative (''Impératif'')

Recall two unusual features of the imperative: it exists only in three persons (second singular, first plural and second plural) and its subject pronoun is always omitted.

* Most often, the present imperative (''Impératif présent'') is copied from the indicative present (this is always true for verbs from the first two groups). Thus when the present indicative has two alternate forms, so does the present imperative:
:''Asseoir: assieds (assois), asseyons (assoyons), asseyez (assoyez).''
:''Payer: paie (paye), payons, payez.''

* The imperatives of ''avoir'' and ''être'' are based on the present subjunctive, and those of ''savoir'' and ''vouloir'' are irregular:
:''Aie, ayons, ayez.''
:''Sois, soyons, soyez.''
:''Sache, sachons, sachez.''
:''Veuille, veuillons, veuillez.''

* Note that the singular of verbs ending in ''-e'' or in ''-a'' in the imperative has no final ''-s''. This applies to all verbs from the 1st group and to some from the 3rd (''assaillir, couvrir, cueillir, défaillir, offrir, ouvrir, souffrir, tressaillir'' and verbs derived from them, as well as the verbs ''aller, avoir, savoir'' et ''vouloir''):
:''Parle, cueille, va, aie, sache, veuille, finis, sors...''

* However, for euphonic reasons this ''-s'' reappears if the imperative is immediately followed by one of the indirect object pronouns ''en'' and ''y'':
:''Cueille (cueilles-en). Pense (penses-y)...''

* Example:

Present participle and gerundive

The present participle (''le participe présent'') is typically formed from the first-person plural of the present indicative by replacing ''-ons'' with ''-ant''. There are exceptions to this, as with ''avoir'', ''être'', and ''savoir'' (whose present participles are ''ayant'', ''étant'', and ''sachant'', respectively), but in all cases the present participle ends in ''-ant''.

The gerundive (''le gérondif'') consists of the preposition ''en'' together with the present participle; for example, the present participle of ''faire'' is ''faisant'', so its gerundive is ''en faisant''.

The present participle and the gerundive are both invariable; that is, they do not change form to agree with any other part of a sentence.

Past participle

Past participles, unlike present participles and gerundives, may be inflected to show gender and number by adding ''-e'' and ''-s'', as with a normal adjective. Hence, "un fruit ''confit''", "une poire confit''e''", "des fruits confit''s''", and "des poires confit''es''." As they are passive participles, this inflection only occurs with transitive verbs, and with certain reflexive verbs.

The plain (masculine singular) form of a past participle may end in ''-é'' (1st group verbs, naître 'né'' être 'été''and aller 'allé'', ''-i'' (2nd group; sortir 'sorti'' partir 'parti'' etc.), ''-u'' (entendre 'entendu'' boire 'bu'' lire 'lu'' etc. and savoir 'su'' voir 'vu'' pouvoir 'pu'', ''-is'' (mettre 'mis'' prendre 'pris'' etc.), ''-us'' (inclure 'inclus''and reclure 'reclus''and only these verbs), ''-it'' (maudire, 'maudit'' dire 'dit'' etc.),''-t'' (verbs in ''-indre'' : peindre 'peint'', ''-ert'' (ouvrir 'ouvert'' couvrir 'couvert'' offrir 'offert''and souffrir 'souffert'', or ''eu'' (avoir 'eu''.

Verbal adjective (''Adjectif verbal'')

*For most verbs, the verbal adjective is nearly the same as the present participle, however the verbal adjectif is inflected as an adjective, e.g. le garçon sautant (''the jumping boy''), la fille sautante (''the jumping girl''), les garçons sautants (''the jumping boys''), les filles sautantes (''the jumping girls''). This is called the Present verbal adjective (''Adjectif verbal présent''). The past participle can act as the Past verbal adjective (''Adjectif verbal passé'') (e.g. la fille sauvée (''the girl that has been rescued'')).
*However some verbs are irregular, their verbal adjective slightly differs from their present participle (most of these irregular verbs have a verbal adjective ending on ent instead of ant). A relative construction is almost always preferred to the present verbal adjective (e.g. ''les garçons qui sautent'' preferred to ''les garçons sautants''), especially when there is a risk of orthographic confusion in some irregular cases (e.g. adj. ''résident'' vs. verb. adj. ''résidant'', pronounced exactly the same, with only a slightest distinction of meaning).

Irregular verbs:
**Present Infinitive (''Infinitif présent'') - Verbal adjective (''Adjectif verbal'') - present participle (''Participe présent'') - Translation
**adhérer - adhérent - adhérant - to adhere
**affluer - affluent - affluant - to rush
**coïncider - coïncident - coïncidant - to coincide
**communiquer - communicant - communiquant - to communicate
**confluer - confluent - confluant - to meet (for rivers)
**convaincre - convaincant - convainquant - to persuade
**converger - convergent - convergeant - to converge
**déléguer - délégant - déléguant - to delegate
**déterger - détergent - détergeant - to wash
**différer - différent - différant - to differ
**diverger - divergent - divergeant - to diverge
**exceller - excellent - excellant - to excel
**équivaloir - équivalent - équivalant - to equal
**fatiguer - fatigant - fatiguant - to wear, to tire
**influer - influent - influant - to affect
**intriguer - intrigant - intriguant - to intrigue
**naviguer - navigant - naviguant - to navigate
**négliger - négligent - négligeant - to neglect
**précéder - précédent - précédant - to precede
**provoquer - provocant - provoquant - to provoke
**suffoquer - suffocant - suffoquant - to suffocate
**vaincre - vaincant - vainquant - to conquer
**valoir - valent - valant - to be worth
**violer - violent - violant - to assault
**vaquer - vacant - vaquant - to take a break

Verbal adverb (''Adverbe verbal'')

Out of the present verbal adjectif, a present verbal adverb (''adverbe verbal présent'') can be formed for every verb by replacing nt with :
*courir - courant - couramment - to run
*précéder - précédent - précédemment - to precede
Out of the past verbal adjectif, a past verbal adverb (''adverbe verbal passé'') can be formed for some verbs by adding ment:
*assurer - assuré - assurément - to ascertain

Defective verbs

Some verbs have incomplete conjugations: they do not have forms for certain tenses, moods, or persons. Such verbs are said to be ''defective''. They include:

* some archaic verbs that survive only in very narrow contexts, such as ''accroire'', ''choir'', ''clore'', ''ester'', ''férir'', ''gésir'', ''occire'', ''ouïr'', ''poindre'', and ''quérir''. Hence, we have "Ci-''gît'' un homme irremplaçable", "''Oyez'', ''oyez'', braves gens !", and "Je l'ai obtenu sans coup ''férir''."
* necessarily impersonal verbs, such as ''falloir'', ''pleuvoir'', ''s'agir'', and ''importer''. Hence, we have "Il ''fallait'' que tu viennes", "Il ''tonne''", and "Il ''s'agit'' de réussir."
* some other verbs for which certain forms are useless, such as ''barrir'', ''éclore'', and ''pulluler''. Hence, we have "Les moustiques ''pullulent''", "Les fleurs ''éclosent''", and "L'âne ''brait''."

See also

* French grammar
* French verbs
*French conjugation

Notes

References

*This article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the French Wikipedia, accessed 21 April 2005.
*{{cite book
, title=The Sounds of French: An Introduction
, isbn=0-521-31510-7
, first=Bernard
, last=Tranel
, location=Cambridge, New York
, publisher=Cambridge University Press
, year=1987
, url-access=registration
, url=https://archive.org/details/soundsoffrenchin0000tran

External links

A Two-Page PDF Reference Guide of the 681 Most Common French/English Verbs9000 French verb conjugationsOpen source database of French verb conjugation rules

Verb morphology
Linguistic morphology
Indo-European verbs