Franz Xaver Messerschmidt (February 6, 1736 – August 19, 1783) was a German-Austrian
sculptor most famous for his "character heads", a collection of busts with faces contorted in extreme
facial expressions.
Early years
Born February 6, 1736, in the southwestern town of Wiesensteig, located in the region of the Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Messerschmidt grew up in the
Munich home of his uncle, the sculptor
Johann Baptist Straub, who became his first master. He spent two years in
Graz
Graz (; sl, Gradec) is the capital city of the Austrian state of Styria and second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. As of 1 January 2021, it had a population of 331,562 (294,236 of whom had principal-residence status). In 2018, the popul ...
, in the workshop of his other maternal uncle, the sculptor
Philipp Jakob Straub
Philipp Jakob Straub (30 April 1706 (baptism) – 26 August 1774) was an Austrian sculptor from a well-known family of German Baroque sculptors. His father Johann George Straub and his brothers Johann Baptist, Joseph, and Johann Georg Straub were ...
. At the end of 1755 he matriculated at the
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, and became a pupil of Jacob Schletterer. Graduated, he got work at the imperial arms collection. Here, in the building's salon in 1760-63 he made his first known works of art, the bronze busts of the imperial couple and reliefs representing the heir of the crown and his wife. With these works he joined the Late
Baroque
The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
art of courtly representation, which was under the determining influence of Balthasar Ferdinand Moll. To this trend belong two other, larger than lifesize tin statues representing the imperial couple, commissioned by
Maria Theresa of Austria and executed between 1764 and 1766. Besides some other portraits he also made works with a religious subject. A number of statues commissioned by the Princess of Savoy have survived as well.
Maturity
The Baroque period of his oeuvre ended in 1769 with a bust of the court physician
Gerard van Swieten, commissioned by the Empress. At the same time his first early
Neo-Classic works appeared, made—characteristically—for the academy. To these and later works he applied many experiences gained in 1765 during a study trip to Rome. One of these early, severe heads from the years 1769–70, influenced by Roman republican portraits, represents the well-known doctor
Franz Anton Mesmer. At about the same time, in 1770-72 Messerschmidt began to work on his so-called character heads, which it has been argued (notably by
Ernst Kris) were connected with certain
paranoid ideas and
hallucinations from which, at the beginning of the seventies, the master began to suffer. Messerschmidt found himself increasingly at odds with his milieu. His situation worsened to such an extent, that in 1774, when he applied for the newly-vacant office of a leading professor at the academy, where he had been teaching since 1769, instead of getting it he was expelled from teaching. In a letter to the Empress,
Count Kaunitz
Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg (german: Wenzel Anton Reichsfürst von Kaunitz-Rietberg, cz, Václav Antonín z Kounic a Rietbergu; 2 February 1711 – 27 June 1794) was an Austrian and Czech diplomat and statesman in the Habsburg mona ...
praised Messerschmidt's abilities, but suggested that the nature of his illness (referred to as a "confusion in the head") would make such an appointment detrimental to the institution.
Later years
Bitter, he left
Vienna, moved to his native village, Wiesensteig, and from there in the same year, following an invitation, to Munich. Here he waited two years for a promised commission and for a permanent employment at the Court. In 1777 he went to Pressburg (now
Bratislava
Bratislava (, also ; ; german: Preßburg/Pressburg ; hu, Pozsony) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Slovakia. Officially, the population of the city is about 475,000; however, it is estimated to be more than 660,000 — approxim ...
) where his brother, Johann Adam worked as a sculptor. Here he spent the last six years of his life almost in retirement, on the outskirts of the town. He dedicated himself primarily to his character heads.
Character heads (''Charakterköpfe'' )
In 1781, German author
Friedrich Nicolai visited Messerschmidt at his studio in Pressburg and subsequently published a transcript of their conversation. Nicolai's account of the meeting is a valuable resource, as it is the only contemporary document that details Messerschmidt's reasoning behind the execution of his character heads. Messerschmidt devised a series of pinches he administered to his right
lower rib. Observing the resulting facial expressions in a mirror, Messerschmidt then set about recording them in marble and bronze. His intention, he told Nicolai, was to represent the
64 "canonical grimaces" of the human face using himself as a template.
During the course of the discussion, Messerschmidt went on to explain his interest in
necromancy and the
arcane, and how this also inspired his character heads. Messerschmidt was a keen disciple of
Hermes Trismegistus (Nicolai noted that among the few possessions that littered Messerschmidt's workshop was a copy of an illustration featuring Trismegistus) and abided by his teachings regarding the pursuit of "universal balance": a forerunner to the principles of the
Golden ratio. As a result, Messerschmidt claimed that his character heads had aroused the anger of "the Spirit of Proportion", an ancient being who safe-guarded this knowledge. The spirit visited him at night, and forced him to endure humiliating tortures. One of Messerschmidt's most famous heads (''The Beaked
was apparently inspired by one of these encounters.
File:Emotions X.jpg, ''The Laughter Kept Back''
File:Emotions III.jpg, ''A Grievously Wounded Man''
File:Franz xaver messerschmidt, il satirico, testa caricaturata n. 26, 1770-80 ca..JPG, ''The Satirist''
File:Messerschmidt, Yawning.jpg, ''The Yawner''
File:Franz Xaver Messerschmidt 003.JPG, ''A Hypocrite and Slanderer''
File:Franz Xaver Messerschmidt Charakterkopf.jpg, ''The Ultimate Simpleton''
File:Franz xaver messerschmidt, il costipato, testa caricaturata n. 30, 1770-80 ca..JPG, ''Afflicted with Constipation''
File:Franz Xaver Messerschmidt - Charakterkopf 02.jpg, ''An Intentional Wag''
Sources
*
* Michael Krapf, Almut Krapf-Weiler, ''Franz Xaver Messerschmidt'', Hatje Cantz Publishers, , 2003.
*
* Maria Pötzl-Malíková.
Messerschmidt, Franz Xaver. In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online, (accessed January 10, 2012; subscription required).
* Maria Pötzl Malikova, ''Franz Xaver Messerschmidt'', Jugend and Volk Publishing Company, 1982. . Translation into English: Herb Ranharter, 2006
* Theodor Schmid, ''49 Köpfe'', Theodor Schmid Verlag, , 2004.
* ''Franz Xaver Messerschmidt 1736-1783. From Neoclassicism to Expressionism'', edited by Maria Pötzl Malikova and Guilhem Scherf, Officina Libraria/Neue Galerie/Musée du Louvre, , 2010.
* Eric R. Kandel,''The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present'', Random House Publishing Group, , 2012.
* Michael Yonan, ''Messerschmidt's Character Heads: Maddening Sculpture and the Writing of Art History'', Routledge, , 2018
External links
Entry for Franz Xaver Messerschmidton the
Union List of Artist Names
Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, A Documentary Film by Hakan TopalCollection of busts held in Slovak national galleryfrom the
Web Gallery of Art
Website concerning Messerschmidtwith extended bibliography
Forbes article on Messerschmidt at the Getty Museum Information on the 2010-11 exhibition of Messerschmidt's work at the Neue Galerie and the Louvre
{{DEFAULTSORT:Messerschmidt, Franz Xaver
1736 births
1783 deaths
18th-century German sculptors
18th-century German male artists
German male sculptors
18th-century Austrian people
18th-century Hungarian people
Austrian sculptors
Austrian male sculptors
Austrian people of German descent
Hungarian people of German descent
People from Göppingen (district)
Artists from Bratislava
People with schizophrenia
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni