Franco Archibugi (18 September 1926 – 23 November 2020) was an Italian scholar in political, economic and social sciences, university professor in

economic policy The economy of governments covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the e ...

and

spatial planning Spatial planning mediates between the respective claims on space of the state, market, and community. In so doing, three different mechanisms of involving stakeholders, integrating sectoral policies and promoting development projects mark the th ...

. He largely operated in Italy and in international governmental agencies; including in the field of economic development, social welfare and cooperation policy. Archibugi was the author of several works in planning theory and methodology, and was among the theorists and promoters of a new unitary discipline of planning – the “Planology” – aimed at creating a bridge between the theoretical scientific progress in economics and other social sciences with the actual political and administrative efficiency and management. After retiring from academia, he was still an active researcher as President of the Planning Studies Centre. He died in Rome in November 2020 at the age of 94.

Biography

Born in Rome in 1926 and son of the violinist Corrado Archibugi and Adelina Francia, he was the grandson of the art historian Ennio Francia. He participated in the Resistance with small demonstrative actions such as the throwing of leaflets of socialists in cinemas and with the scattering of four-pointed nails on the Via Flaminia in Rome. After the liberation of Rome in 1944, he was one of the leaders of the renewed

Italian Socialist Youth Federation Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

led by Matteo Matteotti, Leo Solari and

Mario Zagari Mario Zagari (14 September 1913–29 February 1996) was an Italian socialist politician, who served in the Italian Parliament and in the European parliament as well as in the Italian governments in various capacities. Early life and education Za ...

, with whom a long association was born together with his pee
Giorgio Ruffolo
In those years, he also contributed to the foundation of the Italian Section of the

Fourth International The Fourth International (FI) is a revolutionary socialist international organization consisting of followers of Leon Trotsky, also known as Trotskyists, whose declared goal is the overthrowing of global capitalism and the establishment of wor ...

, together with Giorgio Ruffolo and

Livio Maitan Livio Maitan (April 1, 1923 – September 16, 2004) was an Italian Trotskyist, a leader of Associazione Bandiera Rossa and of the Fourth International. He was born in Venice. Life and career He graduated in Classics (''lettere classiche'') from ...

. He had his first job at the Ministry of Reconstruction, collaborating closely with the Minister

Meuccio Ruini Meuccio Ruini (14 December 1877 – 6 March 1970) was an Italian jurist and socialist politician who served as the president of the Italian Senate and the minister of the colonies. Biography After graduating in law from the University of Bologna, ...

and with his head of cabinet

Federico Caffè Federico Caffè (born 6 January 1914; disappeared 15 April 1987; declared dead 30 October 1998) was a notable Italian economist from the Keynesian School. Early life Caffè graduated in Business Sciences from the University of Rome La Sapien ...

, representing Italy in Europe for the implementation of the

Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe. The United States transferred over $13 billion (equivalent of about $ in ) in economic re ...

. With Federico Caffè, he maintained a deep friendship until his disappearance. Student of the Institute of Philosophy of the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy of the

Sapienza University of Rome The Sapienza University of Rome ( it, Sapienza – Università di Roma), also called simply Sapienza or the University of Rome, and formally the Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", is a Public university, public research university l ...

, he had as teacher Guido Calogero and as friends and classmates brilliant young people such as

Lucio Colletti Lucio Colletti (8 December 1924, Rome – 3 November 2001, Venturina Terme, Campiglia Marittima, Province of Livorno) was an Italian Western Marxist philosopher. Colletti started to be known outside Italy because of a long interview that Marxi ...

, Emilio Garroni, Tullio Gregory and Gennaro Sasso, writing his thesis on German Enlightenment under the guidance of Carlo Antoni. After the split of the

Italian Socialist Party The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country. Founded in Genoa in 1892, ...

, he joined, together with the entire Socialist Youth Federation, the Italian Liberal Socialist Party (later PSDI) led by

Giuseppe Saragat Giuseppe Saragat (; 19 September 1898 – 11 June 1988) was an Italian politician who served as the president of Italy from 1964 to 1971. Early life Born to Sardinian parents, he was a member of the Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922), Unita ...

. He started working at

Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions The Confederazione Italiana Sindacati Lavoratori (''CISL''; ''Italian Confederation of Trade Unions'') is an Italian trade union association representing various Catholic–inspired groups linked with Christian Democracy. It was founded on 30 Apr ...

(CISL), collaborating wit
Pietro Merli Brandini
After the death of

Eugenio Colorni Eugenio Colorni (22 April 1909 - 30 May 1944) was an Italian philosopher and anti-fascist activist. Life Born in Milan, Colorni taught philosophy at the University of Trieste, and was active in the anti-fascist Giustizia e Libertà movement. He mar ...

, in 1944, he had a long friendship with

Ernesto Rossi Ernesto Rossi may refer to: * Ernesto Rossi (actor) (1827–1896), Italian actor * Ernesto Rossi (politician) (1897–1967), Italian politician and anti-fascist activist * Ernesto Rossi (gangster) (1903–1931), Italian-American gangster {{hndis, ...

, connected to the joint professional commitment for the Italian economic reconstruction and to the common pro-European ideals. He was later one of the young officials who initiated the process of European integration as Director General of the

European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was a European organization created after World War II to regulate the coal and steel industries. It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembo ...

in the late 1950s. Ideally close to the socialist intellectuals, he had progressively distanced himself from the PSI when

Bettino Craxi Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi ( , , ; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician, leader of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) from 1976 to 1993, and the 45th prime minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987. He was the first PSI membe ...

was appointed secretary, so much so that he supported other lists such as that of the Radical Party in 1987 and that led by Massimo Severo Giannini in 1992. Archibugi was one of the promoters of programming in Italy in the 1960s, collaborating closely with

Antonio Giolitti Antonio Giolitti (12 February 1915 – 8 February 2010) was an Italian politician and cabinet member. He was the grandson of Giovanni Giolitti, the well-known liberal statesman of the pre-fascist period who served as Prime Minister of Italy five ...

and Giorgio Ruffolo. Professor of Urban Planning, he has taught at

University of Calabria The University of Calabria ( it, Università della Calabria, UNICAL) is a state-run university in Italy. Located in Arcavacata, a hamlet of Rende and a suburb of Cosenza, the university was founded in 1972. Among its founders there were Beniamino ...

University of Naples Federico II The University of Naples Federico II ( it, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II) is a public university in Naples, Italy. Founded in 1224, it is the oldest public non-sectarian university in the world, and is now organized into 26 depar ...

and a
National School of Administration (Italy)
Founder in 1963 and President of th
Planning Studies Centre
he was among the supporters (and promoters) of a new unified planning discipline. He contributed to the development of planning techniques in the urban, territorial and economic fields, collaborating with

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and international security, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be ...

, the

European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body o ...

and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and with the Nobel Laureates for Economics

Jan Tinbergen Jan Tinbergen (; ; 12 April 19039 June 1994) was a Dutch economist who was awarded the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969, which he shared with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of ...

Ragnar Frisch Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch (3 March 1895 – 31 January 1973) was an influential Norwegian economist known for being one of the major contributors to establishing economics as a quantitative and statistically informed science in the early 20th ce ...

Wassily Leontief Wassily Wassilyevich Leontief (russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Лео́нтьев; August 5, 1905 – February 5, 1999), was a Soviet-American economist known for his research on input–output analysis and how changes in one ec ...

and

Richard Stone Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (30 August 1913 – 6 December 1991) was an eminent British economist, educated at Westminster School and Gonville and Caius College and King's College at the University of Cambridge. In 1984, he was awarded t ...

. Together with

Jacques Delors Jacques Lucien Jean Delors (born 20 July 1925) is a French politician who served as the 8th President of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995. He served as Minister of Finance of France from 1981 to 1984. He was a Member of the European Par ...

and

Stuart Holland Stuart Kingsley Holland (born 25 March 1940) is a British economist and former politician. As a Member of Parliament for the Labour Party, Holland represented the Vauxhall constituency in Lambeth, London, from 1979 until 1989, when he resigne ...

he proposed to go beyond capitalist planning. In recent years, he had worked hard on a massive trilogy on the programmatic approach, published last year by publisher Palgrave Macmillan.

Private life

Married to the poet

Muzi Epifani Maria Luisa Gabriella Epifani, better known as Muzi Epifani (March 18, 1935 – February 12, 1984), was an Italian writer and poet. Biography Muzi Epifani was born in Benghazi, Libya. She studied literature and philosophy at the Heidelberg U ...

in 1953, he had four children with her
Luca

Daniele Daniele is an Hebrew male given name, the cognate of the English name Daniel. Danièle is a French female given name, an alternative spelling of Danielle. Men with the given name Daniele * Daniele Bracciali (born 1978), Italian tennis player * ...

Francesca Francesca is an Italian female given name, derived from the Latin male name ''Franciscus'' meaning 'the Frenchman' It is widely used in most Romance languages, including Italian language, Italian, French language, French and Catalan language, Cata ...

and Albertina. After the separation, he had a fifth child by Karla Koenig
Mathias
and a sixth child, Alessandro, by his second wife Fulvia Banchi. His house outside Rome at Divino Amore, in addition to hosting - since 1981 - the headquarters of the Planning Studies Centre, has been an intense hub of cultural, musical and social life. The elder brothers of his grandfather's father were Francesco and Alessandro Archibugi, volunteers of the University Battalion of Sapienza and died in defence of the

Roman Republic (1849) ) , capital = Rome , national_anthem = , common_languages = Italian , government_type = Directorial parliamentary republic , official_languages = Italian French Italian , regional_languages = Ge ...

. As great-grandson, Franco kept their memory alive by participating in the commemorations, also as a member of th
National Association of Garibaldi Veterans

Education

1944–1952:

. Degree in History and Philosophy. 1947–1950: ISE- BCI- nstitute of Economic Studies. Rome department 1963–1964:

London School of Economics , mottoeng = To understand the causes of things , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £240.8 million (2021) , budget = £391.1 millio ...

(LSE). One year Diploma in 'Economics and Social Administration'.

Political-professional profile

* From the beginning, Franco Archibugi merged research activities with his political and professional activities. In 1945-1950 (immediately after

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

) he was – before the college degree - junior officer in the governmental administration for the country’s reconstruction and European cooperation policy. t the Ministry of Reconstruction and at the Committee of Ministers for ERP-European Recovery Program, (The “

”) in Rome, and later in Paris at the OECE]. * Between 1951–56, he became an economic and educational consultant of the

(CISL); and from 1956-57 held the position of Chairman of the Economic Committee (of the European Regional Organisation of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) (London-Bruxelles); in such role he participated at the negotiations of the Rome’s Treaties for the creation of

European Economic Community The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organization created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the ''Treaty on the functioning of the European Union'', as renamed by the Lisb ...

. * He later became Chief of the Technical Secretariat of the Comitato dei Ministri per il Mezzogiorno (Committee of Ministries for the South) (1958–59). During 1960-1962 he was Director at the High Authority of the

, for labour, industrial and regional re-conversion questions, in

Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small lan ...

. * In 1962, he returned to Italy (Rome), to open the "Planning Studies Centre" (''Centro di studi e piani economici'', in Italian), together with a multidisciplinary team of colleagues, sponsored by some Italian public agencies. As Director of the Centre, Archibugi dedicated himself to the studies and practical experiences of a unified approach to development analysis and planning - as required in that time by the

; giving technical-scientific support to the implementation of economic programming of the Italian Government (from 1963 to 1975), through an intense cooperation with the Ministry of Budget and Economic Planning. * In the same time Franco Archibugi was also acting as expert in the following international initiatives on integrative socio-economic planning issues, be it technical-scientific or operative: ::For the United Nations, as consultant of the United Nations Center for Housing, Building and Planning (New York City, 1968-73); as project manager of some

UNDP The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)french: Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human dev ...

projects (1971-77); and member of the Senior economic advisers, a steering body of the

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE or UNECE) is one of the five regional commissions under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. It was established in order to promote economic cooperation and i ...

(in

Geneva Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevra ; rm, Genevra is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaki ...

) (1970- 75). ::For the European Economic Community (later

Union Union commonly refers to: * Trade union, an organization of workers * Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets Union may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Union (band), an American rock group ** ''Un ...

), he has been member and reports-writer of several Committees of analysis and evaluation, concerning economic urban and regional policies and, after the “ Maastricht act”, social cohesion policies; and has been director of several multi-year projects within “EU Research Framework Programme”, in more than one edition. ::For the

OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate e ...

and the

Council of Europe The Council of Europe (CoE; french: Conseil de l'Europe, ) is an international organisation founded in the wake of World War II to uphold European Convention on Human Rights, human rights, democracy and the Law in Europe, rule of law in Europe. ...

, he has been speaker in several inter-governmental Seminars on innovations in the socio-economic policies.

Research and academic activities

Franco Archibugi has constantly accompanied his technical-professional activities and experiences by research activities (which in their turn resulted in a systematic and scientific concept of planning methodology). After the decline of the experiences of

economic planning Economic planning is a resource allocation mechanism based on a computational procedure for solving a constrained maximization problem with an iterative process for obtaining its solution. Planning is a mechanism for the allocation of resources b ...

in Italy (but also elsewhere, in the 1960s and 1970s, whether in developed or developing countries and in the UN activities), Franco Archibugi focused more intensively his attention and energy on the introduction of a unified approach to planning in the educational and academic world; he has been Full Professor at some Italian Universities and finally at the “Scuola Superiore della Pubblica Amministrazione” ostgraduate School of Public Administrationin Rome. He has been also active in an international networking of scholars who pursue the same intellectual path towards the integrative, socio-economic, unified planning; and for a new scientific experience – the “planology” (never implemented in its appropriate terms), and which he tried to illustrate like new disciplinary field, autonomous and free from its components disciplines (economics, sociology, physical planning, and so on) in a real meta-disciplinary approach: the ‘planological’ (or ‘programming’) approach. Franco Archibugi has been member of the Association of European Schools of Planning and active in several of its Congresses, and also at the World Planning Schools Congress (WPSC) and in the activities of the GPEAN (Global Planning Education Association Network). He has also been associate at the EAEPE (

European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy The European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE) is a pluralist forum of social scientists that brings together institutional and evolutionary economists broadly defined. EAEPE members are scholars working on realistic approa ...

) participating in some of its Congresses. He was also a member of other academic Italian associations like SIEDS (Società Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica) and SGI, (Società Geografica Italiana); of which he was honorary member, and many others. In his works, Archibugi has often expressed openly his intellectual debt and his derivations of thinking to some great scholars such as

Gunnar Myrdal Karl Gunnar Myrdal ( ; ; 6 December 1898 – 17 May 1987) was a Swedish economist and sociologist. In 1974, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences along with Friedrich Hayek for "their pioneering work in the theory of money a ...

and

. (Of the last three, he has also benefited from friendly personal relations). He believed he followed in their traces, tried to relaunch their thinking (never rightly known and understood); and he hoped to have updated, completed and made explicit the meaning of their work in some way.

Publications

Over the last years of his life, he completed a trilogy which summarize his own work and ideals, and published in 2019.
''The Programming Approach and the Demise of Economics. Volume I: A Revival of Myrdal, Frish, Tinberger, Johansen and Leontief''
(

Palgrave Macmillan Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden. Its programme includes textbooks, journals, monographs, professional and reference works in print and online. It maintains off ...

, London, 2019).
''The Programming Approach and the Demise of Economics. Volume II: Selected Testimonies on the Epistemological 'Overturning' of Economic Theory and Policy''
(

, London, 2019).
''The Programming Approach and the Demise of Economics. Volume III: The Planning Accounting Framework (PAF)''
(

, London, 2019). Here there is an essential selection of the most significant works by Franco Archibugi in the four different, but interwoven fields on which he got some attention and influence:

Epistemology of social sciences and “Planology”

1992. Towards a New Discipline of Planning. Palermo, “First World Conference on the Planning Sciences”; republished in “Socio-economic Planning Sciences, An International Journal”, vol.30 (1996) N.
Full Text
1996. Program Indicators: Their Role and Use in the Integrated Social or Community Programming (Papers from the First World-Wide Conference on Planning Science,) ( Social Indicator Research, vol.39, N.3, 1996
Full Text
1999. The “programming’ approach”: methodological considerations based on the contributions of Frisch, Tinbergen and Leontief. In Saggi di politica economica in onore di Federico Caffè (a cura di N.Acocella et alii,). Franco Angeli, Milano 199
English Version
2000- Introduction to Planology: the paradigm shift in social sciences, PSC publisher, 200

2008. Planning Theory, from the Political Debate to the Methodological Reconstruction, Springer, 2008

Forthcoming. The programming approach and the dissolution of economics. A manifesto against determinism in the social sciences.

Analysis of the structural change and the future of the Welfare State

1956. Perspective of the industrial relations in the age of automation. Panorama delle relazioni industriali nell’epoca dell’automatismo. onsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR.1957. nly in Italian. 1969 Income policies and planning policy: criteria and models. ed. with F.Forte olitica dei redditi e pianificazione . Criteri e Modelli. (a cura). Etas-Kompass, 1969. nly in Italian 1979. Toward the planning’s collective bargaining: evolutionary aspects of relationship between planning and collective bargaining. SC publ.; only ital. 1993. Insight into European Cohesion. A contribution to the Study of a Policy for the Strengthening of Socio-economic Cohesion in Europe. (Only in English). [PSC publ.)
Summary
2000. The Associative Economy: Insights beyond the Welfare State and into Post-Capitalism, (Macmillan, 2000). 2008. Between neo-capitalism and post-capitalism: a challenging turn of societal reform (Testo completo in “International Review of Sociology”, Vol.18, No.3, 200
Testo Completo
Forthcoming: Between neo-capitalism and post-capitalism: a challenging turn of societal reform (PSC publ.)

Spatial planning, territorial and urban

1966 - City-region in Italy: cultural premises and programmed hypotheses. nly in ItalianBoringhieri 1966
Summary
1979. Principles of Regional Planning: 1.Methods and Objectives; 2. Programs and Budgeting. nly in Ital. Franco Angeli editore.
Summari in English
1989 Economy and Ecology. Towards Sustainable Development (eds. with P. Nijkamp). Kluwer Academic Publ. SBN, 0-7923-0477-2(only English
Summary and Index
1994. Theory of Urbanistics: Lessons on a Reappraisal of the Foundations of Urban Planning PSC publ

1997. The Ecological City and the City Effect, Ashgate, 199

1998 - The Future of Urban Quality in Europe. Towards a New European Urban Systems: Concepts and strategy. European Commission 1998

1999. Urban Ecosystems in Italy. A proposal for balanced urban, territorial and environmental re-organization at regional-national scale. nly in Ital.Gangemi Editore, Roma]
Summary
2005- Rome: a new urban planning strategy, Routledge, 2005

Strategic planning in the public and non profit domain

2002. Introduction to strategic planning in the public domain. PSC, Rom

2004. Compendium of strategic planning for the Public Administrations, Alinea Firenze (Only in Italian

2004. Strategic planning and environmental governance . An international Symposium. nly Ital.(edited with A.Saturnino). Alinea, Firenze, . 2005. Introduction to strategic planning in the public domain. nly in ItalianAlinea 2005. 2008. From bureaucrat to manager: past, present and future of strategic planning in Italy nly Ital. Rubbettino, 2008. 2008. From bureaucrat to manager: past, present and future of strategic planning in Italy nly Ital. Rubbettino, 2008.
Summary

Notes and references

External links

Franco Archibugi

Planning Studies Centre
{{DEFAULTSORT:Archibugi, Franco 1926 births 2020 deaths 20th-century Italian economists Italian business theorists Writers from Rome Academic staff of the University of Calabria Academic staff of the University of Naples Federico II