Franco-Moroccan War

The Franco-Moroccan War was fought between France and Morocco in 1844. The principal cause of war was the retreat of Algerian resistance leader Abd al-Qadir into Morocco following French victories over many of his tribal supporters during the French conquest of Algeria.

Background

Abd al-Qadir had begun using northeastern Morocco as a refuge and a recruiting base as early as 1840, and French military movements against him heightened border tensions at that time. France made repeated diplomatic demands to Sultan Abd al-Rahman to stop Moroccan support for Abd al-Qadir, but political divisions within the sultanate made this virtually impossible.

Tensions were heightened in 1843, when French forces chased a column of Abd al-Qadir supporters deep into Morocco. These men included tribesmen from Morocco, and French authorities interpreted their actions as a ''de facto'' declaration of war. While they did not act immediately, French military authorities threatened to march into the sultanate if support for Abd al-Qadir was not withdrawn, and the border between Algeria and Morocco properly demarcated so that defenses against future incursions could be set up.

By early 1844, French troops had constructed a fortification at Lalla-Maghnia, the site of a Muslim shrine near Oujda, and clearly not within territory traditionally claimed by the Ottoman Regency of Algiers. An attempt to dislodge these troops peacefully in late May 1844 failed when Moroccan tribal fighters fired on the French and were eventually driven back to Oujda. Rumours surrounding this incident, including reports that the shrine had been defiled and that French troops had entered Oujda and hanged the governor, fanned the flames of jihad in Morocco. Amid escalating troop buildups and skirmishes in the frontier area, French Marshal Thomas Robert Bugeaud insisted that the border be demarcated along the Kis river, a position further west than the which Morocco considered to be the border.

War

The war began on August 6, 1844 when a French fleet under the command of the Prince de Joinville conducted a naval Bombardment of the city of Tangier. The conflict peaked on August 14, 1844 at the Battle of Isly, which took place near Oujda. A large Moroccan force led by the sultan's son, Sidi Mohammed, was defeated by a smaller French royal force under Marshal Bugeaud.

Essaouira, Morocco's main Atlantic trade port, was attacked in the Bombardment of Mogador and briefly occupied by Joinville on August 16, 1844.

Aftermath

The war formally ended on September 10, 1844 with the signing of the Treaty of Tangier, in which Morocco agreed to officially recognize Algeria as part of the French Empire, reduce the size of its garrison at Oujda, and establish a commission to demarcate the border. The border, which is essentially the modern border between Morocco and Algeria, was agreed in the Treaty of Lalla Maghnia.

See also

* France-Morocco relations
* French conquest of Algeria
*Bombardment of Salé
* Hispano-Moroccan War
*French conquest of Morocco

References

* {{cite book, title=Jihad and its interpretations in pre-colonial Morocco: state-society relations during the French conquest of Algeria, first=Amira, last=Bennison, publisher=Routledge, year=2002, isbn=978-0-7007-1693-7, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhYUPPGRdJYC

External links

Chronology: The July Monarchy 1830 - 1848

French
Conflicts in 1844
Wars involving France
Wars involving Morocco
Morocco
France–Morocco military relations
African resistance to colonialism
Resistance to the French colonial empire