The Focke-Achgelis Fa 330 ''Bachstelze'' ( en, Wagtail) was a type of rotary-wing kite, known as a rotor kite. They were towed behind German U-boats during World War II to allow a lookout to see further.

Development

Because of their low profile in the water, submarines could not see more than a few miles over the ocean. To solve this, the German admiralty considered a number of different options, including a folding seaplane (

Arado Ar 231 The Arado Ar 231 was a lightweight floatplane, developed during World War II in Germany as a scout plane for submarines by Arado. The need to be stored inside the submarine necessitated compromises in design that made this single-seat seaplane ...

). In the end, they chose the Fa 330, a simple, single-seat autogyro kite with a three-bladed rotor. The Fa 330 could be deployed to the deck of the submarine by two people and was tethered to the U-boat by a 150 m (500 ft) cable. The airflow on the rotors as the boat motored along on the surface would spin them up. The kite would then be deployed behind the U-boat with its observer-pilot aboard, raising him approximately 120 meters above the surface and allowing him to see much farther — about 25 nautical miles (46 km), compared to the 5 nautical miles (9 km) visible from the conning tower of the U-boat. If the U-boat captain were forced to abandon it on the surface, the tether would be released and the Fa 330 would descend slowly to the water. When not in use, the Fa 330 was stowed in two watertight compartments aft of the conning tower. In calm weather and sea, the assembly and disassembly steps could each be completed in approximately four minutes. In heavier weather, recovering (winching the Fa 330 back to the deck), dismantling, and stowing the Fa 330 took approximately 20 minutes and was a difficult operation. Focke-Achgelis proposed a powered version of the Fa 330, the Fa 336, but the design never made it to the hardware phase.

Operational history

As Allied air cover in other theatres of the war was considered too much of a threat, only U-boats operating in the far southern parts of the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean used the Fa 330. Despite its advantages, the use of the Fa 330 resulted in only a single sinking when used one to spot, intercept and sink the Greek steamer ''Efthalia Mari'' on 6 August 1943. The Allies came into possession of an Fa 330 in May 1944 when they captured the intact. After the war, the British government did successful experiments towing Fa 330s behind ships and jeeps, but the development of the helicopter quickly occupied the attention of the military. U-boats that deployed Fa 330 kites included at least ''U-177'', , and ''U-852''. Otto Giese wrote, "Our boat was rigged with a ''Bachstelze''. This was a small, single, piloted helicopter attached to a long steel cable and lifted into the air by the speed of the boat while the cable was gradually reeled out. From his position aloft, the pilot had a 360-degree view and could report any vessels."Giese, O., 1994, Shooting the War, Annapolis: United States Naval Institute,

Legacy and influence

The Fa 330 directly inspired

Igor Bensen Igor Vasilevich Bensen (russian: И́горь Васи́льевич Бенсен; April 1, 1917 – February 10, 2000) was a Russian-American engineer. He founded Bensen Aircraft, a US company which produced a successful line of gyrogliders ...

's interest in small autogyros which culminated in the Bensen B-8 and other modern autogyros. In February 2013, '' Aviation Week and Space Technology'' reported that L-3 Communications was testing its Valkyrie, an unpowered, tethered autogyro that weighs 210 lb (95 kg), which is intended to serve as a cheap alternative to a shipborne helicopter. Valkyrie is designed to hover as high as 5,000 feet (1,524 meters) but is envisioned to operate typically at 500 to 1,000 feet (152 to 305 meters), offering a 28- to 39-mile (45- to 63-kilometer) field of view. L-3 stated that naval vessels could easily be retrofitted with this system.

Surviving aircraft

Denmark

*100032 – On static display at Egeskov Castle in Kvaerndrup, Faaborg-Midtfyn.

France

*100150 – On static display at the Le musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Paris. This airframe was restored using parts from Wk. Nr. 100115 or Wk. Nr. 100145.

Germany

*100042 – On static display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. *100345 – On static display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin. *100406 – On static display at the Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg in Bückeburg.

United Kingdom

*100143 – On static display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in Duxford. *100503 – On static display at the RAF Museum Cosford in Cosford. *100509 – On static display at the Science Museum at Wroughton in Swindon. *100545 – On static display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Ilchester. *100549 – Awaiting restoration at the Lashenden Air Warfare Museum in Ashford.

United States

*60133 – On static display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. *100463 – On static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.

Specifications

References

External links

The FA 330 at NASM
* *

, Allied Intelligence Report
Video of the assembly and operation of a Focke-Achgelis Fa 330 aboard a German U-boat on YouTube
{{RLM aircraft designations Focke-Achgelis aircraft 1940s German military reconnaissance aircraft Rotor kites Submarine-borne aircraft