A flour dresser is a mechanical device used in grain mills for bolting or

flour extraction Flour extraction is the common process of refining Whole Grain Flour first milled from grain or grist by running it through sifting devices, often called flour dressers. Definition For centuries, much of the flour milled for human consumption ...

which is the process of separating the finished

flour Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. Flours are used to make many different foods. Cereal flour, particularly wheat flour, is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many culture ...

from the other grain components following milling. The milling of grain into flour has been termed the oldest continuously conducted industry in the world. Flour dressers appear in water-powered mills in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

dating to the 17th century and their use continued into the 20th Century in the UK and other countries as the grain milling industry converted from water power to steam and other forms of power to drive mill machinery.

Processing milled grain

Grain to be processed into flour is first ground, typically in one or more steps, then the bran is separated from the flour produced by grinding the grain. The flour produced from the grain is further separated by size through sifting (or bolting). A centrifugal reel or flour dresser is used to perform this separation, producing the finished flour and a number of byproducts, such as bran and dust. A centrifugal reel is a cylinder which a cloth filter is stretched. Inside of the cloth-covered cylinder are beaters which stir and toss the ground grain against the cloth. A brush moving across the outside of the cylinder removes the flour and keeps the cloth functioning. A flour dresser is constructed similarly to the centrifugal reel, but lacks the beaters. A typical mill process involves passing the flour coming off the millstones through successive dressers so as to achieve the desired separation of flour from bran and germ components of the grain.

Bolting cloth

Bolting cloth is a transparent fabric that is fine, stiff, and transparent in appearance. It is typically made of silk. The cloth was primarily used for sifting purposes. The structure of the bolting cloth is stiffer and closer than the voile fabric. Mesh is classified into four different grades. Bolting cloth was also used in stencil making, and in dress trimmings.

Historical development of the flour dresser

Separating the bran and other parts of the grain from the desired flour was historically a difficult and time-consuming process to carry out manually. Efforts to automate the process began early on. Edmund Brunt filed a provisional patent on a 'bolting machine' in 1614. John Milne patented a machine in 1765 which used several grades of wire mesh or cloth to separate flour from bran. A machine for manufacturing bolting cloth, used to filter the flour from bran and other parts of the grain, was patented in 1783 by Benjamin Blackmore. And in 1850, James Bell devised a means of separating flour by pushing the feedstock (or 'stock') against a vertical cloth ('bolting sleeve') while Joseph Foot patented a means of making the filter sleeve from silk instead of wool. Development continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, increasing the speed and efficiency of the process through improvements such as the addition of beaters and brushes to force the fine flour through the filters and to continuously clean the filters as they rotated.

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Processing milled grain

Bolting cloth

Historical development of the flour dresser

References

See also