''Flavoparmelia'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

foliose lichen Foliose lichen is one of the morphological classes of lichens, which are complex organisms that arise from the symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner, typically algae. This partnership allows lichen to live in diverse ...

s in the family

Parmeliaceae The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( 822 ...

. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

by American lichenologist

Mason Hale Mason Ellsworth Hale, Jr. (September 23, 1929 – April 23, 1990) was one of the most prolific lichenologists of the 20th century. Many of his scholarly articles focused on the taxonomy of the family Parmeliaceae. Hale was one of the first liche ...

in 1986 to contain 17 former '' Pseudoparmelia'' species with broad lobes,

usnic acid Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933-1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic a ...

in the

cortex Cortex or cortical may refer to: Biology * Cortex (anatomy), the outermost layer of an organ ** Cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the vertebrate cerebrum, part of which is the ''forebrain'' *** Motor cortex, the regions of the cerebral cortex i ...

, and

isolichenan Isolichenan, also known as isolichenin, is a cold-water-soluble alpha glucan, α-glucan occurring in certain species of lichens. This lichen product was first isolated as a component of an extract of Cetraria islandica, Iceland moss in 1813, a ...

in the

cell wall A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mech ...

Description

''Flavoparmelia'' lichens are medium sized

s that are yellow-green in colour, with a

thallus Thallus (plural: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. Many of these organisms wer ...

comprising rounded lobed that measure 2–8 mm wide, which form flat and loosely attached patches that are wide. Older parts of the upper thallus surface are wrinkled, while the newer parts are smooth. There is a black lower surface with simple, unbranched

rhizine In lichens, rhizines are multicellular root-like structures, arising mostly from the lower surface. A lichen with rhizines is termed rhizinate, while a lichen lacking rhizines is termed erhizinate. Rhizines serve only to anchor the lichen to their ...

s, and a distinct bare zone around the margin. The

photobiont A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Trebouxia ''Trebouxia'' is a unicellular green alga.Silverside, A. J. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.bioref.lastdragon.org/Chlorophyta/''Trebouxia''.html It is a photosynthetic organism that can exist in almost all habitats found in polar, tropical, and ...

''. ''Flavoparmelia'' has larger

spores In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...

than other segregate genera of ''Pseudoparmelia''.

Species

Flavoparmelia caperata - lichen - Caperatflechte

*'' Flavoparmelia baltimorensis'' (Gyeln. & Fóriss) Hale (1986) *''

Flavoparmelia caperata ''Flavoparmelia caperata'', the common greenshield lichen, is a foliose lichen that grows on the bark of trees, and occasionally on rock. Identification ''Flavoparmelia caperata'' is a medium to large foliose lichen that has a very distinctive ...

'' (L.) Hale (1986) *'' Flavoparmelia caperatula'' (Nyl.) Elix, O.Blanco & A.Crespo (2010) *'' Flavoparmelia citrinescens'' (Gyeln.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo & Elix (2010) *'' Flavoparmelia diffractaica'' Elix & J.Johnst. (1988) *'' Flavoparmelia ecuadorensis'' T.H.Nash, Elix & J.Johnst. (1987) *''

Flavoparmelia euplecta ''Flavoparmelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was circumscribed by American lichenolog ...

'' (Stirt.) Hale (1986) *''

Flavoparmelia ferax ''Flavoparmelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was circumscribed by American lichenolog ...

'' (Müll.Arg.) Hale (1986) *''

Flavoparmelia haysomii ''Flavoparmelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was circumscribed by American lichenolog ...

'' (C.W.Dodge) Hale (1986) *''

Flavoparmelia haywardiana ''Flavoparmelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was circumscribed by American lichenolog ...

'' Elix & J.Johnst. (1988) *''

Flavoparmelia helmsii ''Flavoparmelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was circumscribed by American lichenolog ...

'' (Kurok. & Filson) Hale (1986) *''

Flavoparmelia kantvilasii ''Flavoparmelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was circumscribed by American lichenolog ...

'' Elix (1993) – New South Wales *''

Flavoparmelia marchantii ''Flavoparmelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was circumscribed by American lichenolog ...

'' Elix, O.Blanco & A.Crespo (2005) – Australia *'' Flavoparmelia norfolkensis'' Elix & Streimann (1989) –

Norfolk Island Norfolk Island (, ; Norfuk: ''Norf'k Ailen'') is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about from Lord Howe Island. Together with ...

*'' Flavoparmelia plicata'' Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2014) – Brazil *'' Flavoparmelia proeuplecta'' Elix & J.Johnst. (1988) *''

Flavoparmelia rutidota ''Flavoparmelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was circumscription (taxonomy), circumsc ...

'' (Hook.f. & Taylor) Hale (1986) *'' Flavoparmelia scabrosina'' Elix & J.Johnst. (1988) *'' Flavoparmelia secalonica'' Elix & J.Johnst. (1988) *''

Flavoparmelia soredians ''Flavoparmelia soredians'' is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. In the late 1990s, an increase in the frequency of ''Flavoparmelia soredians'' was noted in the Netherlands, which, until then, occur ...

'' (Nyl.) Hale (1986) *'' Flavoparmelia springtonensis'' (Elix) Hale (1986) *'' Flavoparmelia subambigua'' (Hale) O.Blanco, A.Crespo & Elix (2010) *'' Flavoparmelia succinprotocetrarica'' Elix & J.Johnst. (1988) *'' Flavoparmelia virensica'' Elix, O.Blanco & A.Crespo (2010)

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5458181 Parmeliaceae Lichen genera Taxa named by Mason Hale Lecanorales genera Taxa described in 1986