A , or , is the German term for a

narrow-gauge A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge narrower than standard . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with tighter curves, smaller structur ...

field railway, usually not open to the public, which in its simplest form provides for the transportation of agricultural,

forestry Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. Th ...

() and industrial raw materials such as wood, peat, stone, earth and sand. Such goods are often transported in tipper wagons, known in German as , hence such a railway is also referred to as a .

Military use

During the First World War, the enormous logistical demands of

trench warfare Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied lines largely comprising military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. Trench warfare became a ...

led to the development of military narrow-gauge railway or networks, also referred to as

trench railways Trench railways represented military adaptation of early 20th-century railway technology to the problem of keeping soldiers supplied during the static trench warfare phase of World War I. The large concentrations of soldiers and artillery at the ...

. Throughout World War I, the British and French also used trench railways, called

War Department Light Railways The War Department Light Railways were a system of narrow gauge trench railways run by the British War Department in World War I. Light railways made an important contribution to the Allied war effort in the First World War, and were used for the ...

and

Decauville Decauville () was a manufacturing company which was founded by Paul Decauville (1846–1922), a French pioneer in industrial railways. Decauville's major innovation was the use of ready-made sections of light, narrow gauge track fastened to steel ...

Railways respectively. However, the German approach was less improvised and more permanent. With each successful advance, the British and French forces faced ever lengthening supply lines, while the Germans retreated deeper towards their homeland. As a result, the was an organic growth of existing agricultural, industrial and mining railways. After the war, much remaining trackage and rolling stock was put to use in more conventional narrow-gauge applications throughout Europe.

General use

In the processing industry, these narrow-gauge railways once held an important role. As a result, ''Feldbahnen'' were frequently associated with refractory clay factories, brickyards, sugar factories and iron and steel mills. They were also used for pulling

canal Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flow un ...

barge Barge nowadays generally refers to a flat-bottomed inland waterway vessel which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion. The first modern barges were pulled by tugs, but nowadays most are pushed by pusher boats, or other vessels ...

s, transporting military materiel and personnel and removing materials from large-scale building sites and the rubble from ruined cities after the Second World War.

Rail gauge In rail transport, track gauge (in American English, alternatively track gage) is the distance between the two rails of a railway track. All vehicles on a rail network must have wheelsets that are compatible with the track gauge. Since many d ...

s were between and . The

track Track or Tracks may refer to: Routes or imprints * Ancient trackway, any track or trail whose origin is lost in antiquity * Animal track, imprints left on surfaces that an animal walks across * Desire path, a line worn by people taking the shorte ...

(

rails Rail or rails may refer to: Rail transport *Rail transport and related matters *Rail (rail transport) or railway lines, the running surface of a railway Arts and media Film * ''Rails'' (film), a 1929 Italian film by Mario Camerini * ''Rail'' ( ...

and

sleepers ''Sleepers'' is a 1996 American legal crime drama film written, produced, and directed by Barry Levinson, and based on Lorenzo Carcaterra's 1995 book of the same name. The film stars Kevin Bacon, Jason Patric, Brad Pitt, Robert De Niro, Dustin H ...

) utilised, ranged from light, rail frames that could be carried and laid by two men and were often laid directly on the ground with no trackbed, to properly laid, ballasted lines for heavy loads and extended use. Tight curves enabled lines to be more easily routed, largely without structures being required, even in difficult terrain. Provisional track laid along the edges of ditches as they were being extended forward, often on soft ground, led occasionally to derailments. As a result, on many , wooden planks and other lifting gear were carried.

Turntables A phonograph, in its later forms also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or since the 1940s called a record player, or more recently a turntable, is a device for the mechanical and analogu ...

were usually operated by hand. Simple and robust vehicles characterised everyday operations.

Locomotives A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a multiple unit, motor coach, railcar or power car; the u ...

were not always available, so it was quite common for individual wagons - even when loaded - to be moved with horses or by human muscle power alone. In tight spaces or where access was difficult, the help of children and youngsters was enlisted to haul tipper wagons. Frequently rolling stock was hand-built or was manufactured to order in small batches. Usually no

signals In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon. Any quantity that can vary over space or time can be used as a signal to share messages between observers. The ''IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing'' ...

were installed, the low speeds enabling trains to be driven by sight. At level crossings on larger roads, temporary bells or light signals were installed, that enabled trains to cross safely. In the munitions depots of the German Federal Navy (), narrow-gauge railways with a rail gauge of were used to move ammunition and materiel. In the depot at Laboe type S 14 () rail profiles were laid and later changed to new S 20 () rails . One type DS 60 locomotive and 18 DIEMA DS 90 locomotives were used. The railway stock there also included a fire fighting train, a

snow blower A snow blower or snow thrower is a machine for removing snow from an area where it is problematic, such as a driveway, sidewalk, roadway, railroad track, ice rink, or runway. The commonly used term "snow blower" is a misnomer, as the snow is ...

and even a rotary snow plough. Three seated coaches were available for the transport of personnel. The line at Aurich depot was closed in 1982 and last operations in Laboe took place in 1993. Finally, in December 1996, the Laboe railway was closed. Its total track length was . A DS 90 locomotive, no. 9, is still in the depot at Laboe as a memorial.

Today's situation

The use of declined dramatically in the late 20th century, as their tasks have been taken on by lorries and electrically driven conveyor belts. They are now used only where the ground conditions (e.g. moorland or peat bogs) or lack of space (mining) render the routine use of other means impractical. The is still widely used in Germany in industrial peat extraction, especially in

Lower Saxony Lower Saxony (german: Niedersachsen ; nds, Neddersassen; stq, Läichsaksen) is a German state (') in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with , and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 ...

and

Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein (; da, Slesvig-Holsten; nds, Sleswig-Holsteen; frr, Slaswik-Holstiinj) is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Sch ...

. In addition they are still used occasionally in brickworks and other industrial premises. As a result, increasing numbers of museums and societies dedicate themselves to the protection of historical railways. This includes efforts in many places to restore closed again and to give them new life as

museum railway A heritage railway or heritage railroad (US usage) is a railway operated as living history to re-create or preserve railway scenes of the past. Heritage railways are often old railway lines preserved in a state depicting a period (or periods) i ...

''Feldbahn'' museums and working lines

Germany

Baden-Württemberg

Bad Wurzach Bad Wurzach (until 1950 Wurzach) is a small spa town in southern Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It is a well known health-resort destination, and home to the oldest bog spa (in German: ''Moorheilbad'') in Baden-Württemberg, as well ...

Buchen Buchen (South Franconian: ''Buche'') is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is situated in the Odenwald low mountain range, 23 km northeast of the regional center Mosbach. Geography Buchen is situated on the seam between the ...

* Mannheim

Technoseum The Technoseum (former name State Museum of Technology and Work, German: ''Landesmuseum für Technik und Arbeit'') is a technology museum in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, with displays covering the industrialisation of the south-western ...

* Neckarbischofsheim *

Spiegelberg Spiegelberg is a municipality in the Rems-Murr district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. History Spiegelberg's name comes from a glassworking manufactory built in the town in 1699 that produced mirrors from 1705 to 1794. Geography The municipal ...

Wiesloch Feldbahn and Industrial Museum The Wiesloch Feldbahn and Industrial Museum (german: Feldbahn- und Industriemuseum Wiesloch, ) is a narrow-gauge railway and industrial heritage open-air museum established in 2001, at Wiesloch, Germany. The museum is centred around the former l ...

Bavaria

Fürstenfeldbruck Fürstenfeldbruck () is a town in Bavaria, Germany, located 32 kilometres west of Munich. It is the capital of the district of Fürstenfeldbruck. it has a population of 35,494. Since the 1930s, Fürstenfeldbruck has had an air force base. Th ...

: Fürstenfeldbruck Model Railway Club *

Hengersberg Hengersberg is a municipality in Bavaria Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area ...

Nuremberg Nuremberg ( ; german: link=no, Nürnberg ; in the local East Franconian dialect: ''Nämberch'' ) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest ...

: ''Feldbahn-Museum 500'' * Rottau am Chiemsee: Bavarian Moor and Peat Museum *

Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in E ...

: Riedlhütte ''Feldbahn'' and ''Waldbahn'', , Length: 1 km * Petersaurach/ Rügland (

Ansbach district Ansbach () is a ''Landkreis'' (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It surrounds – but does not include – the town of Ansbach; nonetheless the administrative seat of the district is located in Ansbach. It is the district with the largest area in B ...

): Franconian Feldbahn Museum

Berlin

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...

– FEZ Wuhlheide: ''Feldbahn'' project at FEZ Wuhlheide *

–

Britzer Garten The Britzer Garten (English: Britzer Garden) is a large park in Berlin, named after Berlin-Britz, Britz, a neighborhood of the borough of Neukölln. It was constructed for the Bundesgartenschau 1985, in order to provide a new landscape park to the ...

: museum railway (built from ''Feldbahn'' components on the former BUGA site, several vehicles are replicas of historic prototypes)

Brandenburg

* Mildenberg: Mildenberg Brickworks Park, 2 clay tipper railways, 500 and 630 mm

Hesse

Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...

: Frankfurt Feldbahn Museum * Eichenberg: Eichenberger Waldbahn * Bad Schwalbacher Kurbahn *

Solms Geography Location Solms lies right in the Lahn valley at the mouth of the eponymous little river Solmsbach and is nestled between the foothills of both the Taunus and Westerwald at heights from 140 to 400 m above sea level. It is about 7&n ...

–Oberbiel: Feldbahn and Fortuna Pit Railway Museum * Bad Orber Light Railway: reactivated in 2002 with a ''Feldbahn'' track

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

* Alt Schwerin: Historical Agriculture Museum * Bad Sülze: salt museum, peat railway

Lower Saxony

Baltrum Baltrum ( nds, Baltrum) is a barrier island off the coast of East Frisia (), in Germany, and is a municipality in the district of Aurich, Lower Saxony. It is located in-between the chain of the seven inhabited East Frisian Islands. Baltrum is th ...

: island railway for luggage transportation, 1949–1985 * Burgsittensen: Burgsittensen Moor Railway * Deinste: German Feldbahn and Kleinbahn Museum * Diepenau: Uchter Moor Railway *

Drochtersen Drochtersen is a municipality in the district Stade, in Lower Saxony (Germany). It is located 45 km Northwest of Hamburg. It belonged to the Archdiocese of Bremen, Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transform ...

– Aschhorn: Moorkieker Moor Railway * Essern: Essern Moor Railway *

Fredenbeck Fredenbeck is a municipality northwest of Hamburg (Germany) in the district of Stade in Lower Saxony. It belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first r ...

Wedel Wedel is a town in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Elbe, approximately south of Elmshorn, and west of Hamburg. History Foundation and Middle Ages The first known mention of ...

: Wedel Feldbahn * Freistatt–Heimstatt: deaconry *

Flögeln Flögeln is a village and a former municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2015 it is part of the town Geestland. History Flögeln belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. T ...

: Ahlenmoor Moor Railway * Goldenstedt-Arkeburg: Nature information centre * Groß-Hesepe: Emsland Moor Museum *

Hildesheim Hildesheim (; nds, Hilmessen, Hilmssen; la, Hildesia) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany with 101,693 inhabitants. It is in the district of Hildesheim, about southeast of Hanover on the banks of the Innerste River, a small tributary of the Lei ...

: Hildesheim Feldbahn Museum *

Minsener Oog Minsener Oog, also Minser Oog or Minsener Oldeoog, is an uninhabited East Frisian island that belongs to the parish of Wangerooge in the north German district of Friesland in the state of Lower Saxony. It has been artificially enlarged through ...

– Minsener Oog Coastal Defence Railway (''Lorenbahn'' for light goods traffic) *

Neustadt am Rübenberge Neustadt am Rübenberge ( nds, Niestadt) is a town in the district of Hannover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. At , it is the 9th largest settlement in Germany by area (following Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne), though only about 45,000 inhabitants live ...

Ostercappeln Ostercappeln is a municipality in the district of Osnabrück, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the Wiehengebirge, approx. 15 km northeast of Osnabrück. The municipality is made up of three villages, Ostercappeln, Venne and Schwa ...

-Hitzhausen: museum for narrow-gauge industrial railways *

Sassenburg Sassenburg is a municipality in the district of Gifhorn, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 7 km northeast of Gifhorn, and 15 km northwest of Wolfsburg Wolfsburg (; Eastphalian: ''Wulfsborg'') is the fifth larges ...

-Westerbeck: moor railway and Euflor Peat Works (part of the moor nature trail at www.moorlehrpfad.de) *

Saterland Saterland (; Saterland Frisian: , ) is a municipality in the district of Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated between the cities of Leer, Cloppenburg, and Oldenburg. It is home to Saterland Frisians, who speak Frisian in addit ...

–Ramsloh: moor railway services, Koch Peat Works * Wiesmoor: Peat and Settlers Museum

North Rhine-Westphalia

* Lengerich Lengerich Railway Society * Lage: Feldbahn in the WIM »Lage Brickworks« * Oekoven: Feldbahn museum * Witten-Bommern: Theresia Mine Pit and Feldbahn Museum *

Bochum-Dahlhausen Railway Museum The Eisenbahnmuseum Bochum-Dahlhausen is a railway museum situated south of the city of Bochum in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded by DGEG, the German Railway History Company in 1977 and is based in a locomotive depot ...

* Schermbeck-Gahlen Feldbahn * Eslohe Mechanical and Local History Museum

Rhineland-Palatinate

Bad Ems Bad Ems () is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Rhein-Lahn rural district and is well known as a spa on the river Lahn. Bad Ems is the seat of the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' (administrative community) Bad E ...

: Pit railway in the Ems Mining Museum *

Guldental Guldental is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' Langenlonsheim-S ...

* Ramsen (Pfalz): Waldbahn stub line *

Serrig Serrig is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. History From 18 July 1946 to 6 June 1947 Serrig, in its then municipal boundary, formed part of the Saar Protectorate The Saar Protectorate (german: S ...

: estate * Sondernheim: brickyard museum (Ziegeleimuseum Sondernheim)

Saxony

Herrenleite - Blick auf das Areal des Feldbahnmuseums - geograph

Chemnitz Chemnitz (; from 1953 to 1990: Karl-Marx-Stadt , ) is the third-largest city in the German state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden. It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany a ...

: ''Feldbahn'' in the Saxon Railway Museum * Glossen bei Oschatz: ''Feldbahn'' viewing point * Leipzig-Lindenau: Museum Feldbahn'', * Lindenau (Radebeul): Radebeul-Lindenau sawmill ''Feldbahn'' *

Löbau Löbau ( Upper Sorbian: Lubij) is a city in the east of Saxony, Germany, in the traditional region of Upper Lusatia. It is situated between the slopes of the Löbauer Berg and the fertile hilly area of the Upper Lusatian Mountains. It is the ga ...

: Werner‘s Garden Railway *

Lohmen Lohmen is a municipality in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district, in Saxony, Germany. History Lohmen was first officially recognized as a village in 1292. The village name comes from the Slovak term ''lom'' or "fissure". There were ...

: Herrenleite Feldbahn Museum, Dresden Historic Feldbahn * Niederwürschnitz (bei Chemnitz): "Old Brickworks" Feldbahn

Saxony-Anhalt

Elbingerode Elbingerode is an ''Ortsteil'' of Oberharz am Brocken in the Harz district, in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The former town was incorporated into the newly established municipality on 1 January 2010. Geography It is situated in the eastern ...

: pit railway *

Bennstedt Bennstedt is a village and a former municipality in the district Saalekreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the municipality Salzatal Salzatal is a municipality in the Saalekreis district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany ...

: ''Feldbahn'' under construction * Schlanstedt: Schlanstedt Historic Feldbahn *

Bad Dürrenberg Bad Dürrenberg is a spa town in the Saalekreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the river Saale, approx. 8 km southeast of Merseburg. It is known for its graduation tower, the largest one in Germany. Geography The t ...

: 1836 opening of the Tollwitz–Dürrenberger Feldbahn (4.5 km) with the first German railway tunnel (133 m)

Schleswig-Holstein

Aumühle Aumühle () is a municipality in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany, about 21 km (14 mi) east of Hamburg. Its Friedrichsruh district is home to the family estate and mausoleum of Otto von Bismarck. Geography Aumühle lies on the ...

near Hamburg: ''Feldbahn'' on the terrain of the VVM *

Bad Bramstedt Bad Bramstedt () is a municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approximately 40 km north of Hamburg. It is famous for its statue of Roland and its rheumatism clinic. Geography and transport B ...

* Bad

Malente Malente is a municipality in the district of Ostholstein, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is about 5 km northwest of Eutin and 35 km north of Lübeck. The historian Sigrid Jahns Sigrid Jahns (''née'' Langer) (born on 26 October 1 ...

Gremsmühlen * Neritz-Flogensee, chicken farm, , length 300 m * Tolk-Schau in Tolk near Schleswig (Stadt) * Nordstrandischmoor island:

Lüttmoorsiel-Nordstrandischmoor island railway The Lüttmoorsiel-Nordstrandischmoor island railway (german: Halligbahn Lüttmoorsiel–Nordstrandischmoor), also called the Loren Railway ('' Lorenbahn''), is a German, narrow gauge island railway through the North Frisian Wadden Sea from Be ...

* The line to the '' halligs'' of Oland and Langeneß are built to a gauge which is uncommon amongst ''Feldbahnen''. (however the definition of a ''Feldbahn'' is not a question of gauge, but rather of purpose and operation.) * Buchhorster Waldbahn, as museum railway operated remaining line of the former brickworks and matchworks near Lauenburg an der Elbe.

Thuringia

Ilfeld Ilfeld is a village and a former municipality in the district of Nordhausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated at the south foot of the Harz, at the entrance to the Bährethal, north from Nordhausen by the railway to Wernigerode. Since 1 Ja ...

– Netzkater: pit railway *

Ilmenau Ilmenau () is a town in Thuringia, central Germany. It is the largest town within the Ilm district with a population of 38,600, while the district capital is Arnstadt. Ilmenau is located approximately south of Erfurt and north of Nuremberg w ...

: in the Volle Rose Show Mine * Lichtenhain: Waldeisenbahn *

Trusetal Trusetal is a former municipality in the district Schmalkalden-Meiningen, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 December 2011, it is part of the town Brotterode-Trusetal Brotterode-Trusetal is a town in the Schmalkalden-Meiningen district, in Thuringia, ...

: Hühn Pit – pit railway

Austria

* Lower Austria: Freiland in

Türnitz Türnitz is a town in the district of Lilienfeld (district), Lilienfeld in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. Population Climate Mean annual temperature is 8.2 degree Celsius; annual precipitation is 1108.8 mm. Rainfall is at its highes ...

, ''Feldbahn'' and industrial railway museum * Lower Austria:

Schwarzau im Gebirge Schwarzau im Gebirge is a village in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria Lower Austria (german: Niederösterreich; Austro-Bavarian: ''Niedaöstareich'', ''Niedaestareich'') is one of the nine states of Austria, lo ...

, Rotte Naßwald: Naßwald Waldbahn (closed in 2008) * Lower Austria:

Schwechat Schwechat () is a town southeast of Vienna known for the Vienna International Airport and Schwechater beer. The city is home to the refineries of the Austrian national oil company OMV. Geography Schwechat is named after the river Schwechat, whi ...

, Schwechat Railway Museum * Upper Austria: Wels, Scholz Feldbah

* Vienna: Geriatriezentrum Am Wienerwald Feldbahn (closed 2011) * Salzburg: Diabasbahn Saalfelden (closed in 2008 and replaced by a standard-gauge line) * Salzburg: Großgmain Museum Feldbahn (rebuilt in 2009)

Austria/Switzerland

Lustenau Lustenau (; gsw, Luschnou) is a town in the westernmost Austrian state of Vorarlberg in the district of Dornbirn. It lies on the river Rhine, which forms the border with Switzerland. Lustenau is Vorarlberg's fourth largest town. Geography Luste ...

: International Rhine Control Railway (''Bahn der internationalen Rheinregulierung'')

Switzerland

Schinznach-Dorf Schinznach-Dorf is a former municipality in the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Schinznach-Dorf and Oberflachs merged into the new municipality of Schinznach.

: Schinznach Nursery Railway (www.schbb.ch) *

Otelfingen Otelfingen is a municipality in the district of Dielsdorf in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. History Otelfingen is first mentioned in 1044 as ''Otilingun'' though there is some debate about this identification. In 1079 it was mentioned a ...

: Swiss Feldbahn and Werkbahn Society

Belgium

* Pairi Daiza zoo passenger steam train.

Czech Republic

* Kolínská řepařská drážka: sugar beet line (''Rübenbahn'')

Norway

* Kristiansand Kanonmuseum. Former ammunition railroad to ''Marinenküstenbatterie 6./502 "Vara"'' (Norwegian name: Mövik fort). Built around 1941-1942, partially decommissioned around 1960. Restored back to running order in June 2016.