''Fianna'' ( , ; singular ''Fian''; gd, Fèinne ) were small warrior-hunter bands in
Gaelic Ireland during the
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age ( Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the Bronze Age ( Chalcolithic). The concept has been mostl ...
and
early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th or early 6th century to the 10th century. They marked the start of the Mi ...
. A ''fian'' was made up of freeborn young males, often
aristocrats, "who had left
fosterage
Fosterage, the practice of a family bringing up a child not their own, differs from adoption in that the child's parents, not the foster-parents, remain the acknowledged parents. In many modern western societies foster care can be organised by th ...
but had not yet inherited the property needed to settle down as full landowning members of the ''
túath
''Túath'' (plural ''túatha'') is the Old Irish term for the basic political and jurisdictional unit of Gaelic Ireland. ''Túath'' can refer to both a geographical territory as well the people who lived in that territory.
Social structure
In ...
''". For most of the year they lived in the wild, hunting, raiding other communities and lands, training, and fighting as mercenaries. Scholars believe the ''fian'' was a
rite of passage
A rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. It involves a significant change of status in society. In cultural anthropology the term is the Anglicisation of ''rite ...
into manhood, and have linked ''fianna'' with
similar young warrior bands in other early European cultures
They are featured in a body of
Irish legends
Irish mythology is the body of myths native to the island of Ireland. It was originally passed down orally in the prehistoric era, being part of ancient Celtic religion. Many myths were later written down in the early medieval era by C ...
known as the
'Fianna Cycle' or 'Fenian Cycle', which focuses on the adventures and heroic deeds of the ''fian'' leader
Fionn mac Cumhaill
Fionn mac Cumhaill ( ; Old and mga, Find or ''mac Cumail'' or ''mac Umaill''), often anglicized Finn McCool or MacCool, is a hero in Irish mythology, as well as in later Scottish and Manx folklore. He is leader of the ''Fianna'' bands of y ...
and his band. In later tales, the ''fianna'' are more often depicted as household troops of the
High Kings.
The ''
Fianna Éireann
Na Fianna Éireann (The Fianna of Ireland), known as the Fianna, is an Irish nationalist youth organisation founded by Constance Markievicz in 1909, with later help from Bulmer Hobson. Fianna members were involved in setting up the Irish Volun ...
'', an
Irish nationalist
Irish nationalism is a nationalist political movement which, in its broadest sense, asserts that the people of Ireland should govern Ireland as a sovereign state. Since the mid-19th century, Irish nationalism has largely taken the form of c ...
youth organisation founded in the 20th century, is named after them.
Historicity
The historical institution of the ''fían'' is known from references in
early medieval Irish law tracts. A ''fían'' (plural ''fíana'' or ''fianna'') was a small band of roving hunter-warriors.
It was made up of landless young men of free birth, often young
aristocrats, "who had left
fosterage
Fosterage, the practice of a family bringing up a child not their own, differs from adoption in that the child's parents, not the foster-parents, remain the acknowledged parents. In many modern western societies foster care can be organised by th ...
but had not yet inherited the property needed to settle down as full landowning members of the ''
túath
''Túath'' (plural ''túatha'') is the Old Irish term for the basic political and jurisdictional unit of Gaelic Ireland. ''Túath'' can refer to both a geographical territory as well the people who lived in that territory.
Social structure
In ...
''".
[McCone, Kim. ''Pagan Past and Christian Present in Early Irish Literature''. 1990. p205.] A member of a ''fían'' was called a ''fénnid''; the leader of a ''fían'' was a ''rígfénnid'' (literally "king-''fénnid''"). The ''fían'' way of life was called ''fíanaigecht'' and involved living in the wild, hunting, raiding, martial and athletic training, and even training in poetry.
They also served as mercenaries.
Wild animals, particularly the wolf and the deer, seem to have been ''fían'' mascots.
Some sources associate ''fianna'' with the outdoor cooking pits known as ''
fulacht fiadh
A burnt mound is an archaeological feature consisting of a mound of shattered stones and charcoal, normally with an adjacent hearth and trough. The trough could be rock-cut, wood-lined or clay-lined to ensure it was watertight. Radiocarbon ...
''.
Many of the first mentions of ''fianna'' are connected with ''
Scoti
''Scoti'' or ''Scotti'' is a Latin name for the Gaels,Duffy, Seán. ''Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge, 2005. p.698 first attested in the late 3rd century. At first it referred to all Gaels, whether in Ireland or Great Britain, but l ...
'' raids in
Britain during the end of the Roman rule.
[Harry Roe, Ann Dooley (editors). '' Tales of the Elders of Ireland''. Oxford University Press, 1999. pp.xi - xiii]
Geoffrey Keating
Geoffrey Keating ( ga, Seathrún Céitinn; c. 1569 – c. 1644) was a 17th-century historian. He was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, and is buried in Tubrid Graveyard in the parish of Ballylooby-Duhill. He became an Irish Catholic priest and a ...
, in his 17th-century ''
History of Ireland
The first evidence of human presence in Ireland dates to around 33,000 years ago, with further findings dating the presence of homo sapiens to around 10,500 to 7,000 BC. The receding of the ice after the Younger Dryas cold phase of the Quaterna ...
'', says that during the winter the ''fianna'' were quartered and fed by the nobility, during which time they would keep order on their behalf, but during the summer/autumn, from
Beltaine
Beltane () is the Gaelic May Day festival. Commonly observed on the first of May, the festival falls midway between the spring equinox and summer solstice in the northern hemisphere. The festival name is synonymous with the month marking th ...
to
Samhain
Samhain ( , , , ; gv, Sauin ) is a Gaelic festival on 1 NovemberÓ hÓgáin, Dáithí. ''Myth Legend and Romance: An Encyclopaedia of the Irish Folk Tradition''. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 402. Quote: "The basic Irish division of the year ...
, they were obliged to live by hunting for food and for pelts to sell. Keating's ''History'' is more a compilation of traditions than a reliable history, but in this case scholars point to references in early Irish literature and the existence of a closed hunting season for deer and wild boar between Samhain and Beltaine in medieval
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...
as corroboration.
Hubert Thomas Knox
Hubert Thomas Knox (1845–1921) was an Irish historian.
He was the third son of Charles Knox of Ballinrobe, who would later be High Sheriff of Mayo in 1860 and was a colonel in the North Mayo Militia. His great-grandfather was James Cuffe, ...
(1908) likened the ''fianna'' to "bodies of
Gallowglass
The Gallowglass (also spelled galloglass, gallowglas or galloglas; from ga, gallóglaigh meaning foreign warriors) were a class of elite mercenary warriors who were principally members of the Norse-Gaelic clans of Ireland between the mid 13t ...
es such as appeared in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but then under command of adventurers who were not inhabitants of the province, Free Companies who sold their services to any one who could raise their wages".
Joseph Nagy writes that the ''fían'' seemingly "served a vital function in siphoning off undesirable elements
..providing an outlet for rambunctious behaviour", and was a
rite of passage
A rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. It involves a significant change of status in society. In cultural anthropology the term is the Anglicisation of ''rite ...
that prepared young men for adult life.
Katharine Simms writes that "While most members eventually inherited land, married and settled down, some passed their lives as professional champions, employed by the rest of the population to avenge their wrongs, collect debts, enforce order at feasts and so forth".
The ''fían'' was a tolerated institution in early Irish secular society, and secular literature continued to endorse it down to the 12th century. However, the institution was not favoured by the church, and it is likely the church was key in the demise of the ''fían''.
Churchmen sometimes referred to them as ''díberga'' (which came to mean 'marauders') and ''maicc báis'' ('sons of death'),
and several
hagiographies
A hagiography (; ) is a biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader, as well as, by extension, an adulatory and idealized biography of a founder, saint, monk, nun or icon in any of the world's religions. Early Christian hagiographies might ...
tell of saints converting them from their "non-Christian and destructive ways".
They are described as having a ''cúlán'' hairstyle: long at the back, with the scalp partly shaved.
Some are also described as having strange or 'devilish' marks on their head; this has been taken to mean
tattoo
A tattoo is a form of body modification made by inserting tattoo ink, dyes, and/or pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of the skin to form a design. Tattoo artists create these designs using several tattooing ...
s.
Origins
Scholars have linked the ''fianna'' with similar young warrior bands in other early European cultures, and suggest they all derive from the *''
kóryos
The ''kóryos'' (Proto-Indo-European: "army, people under arms" or "detachment, war party") refers to the theoretical Proto-Indo-European brotherhood of warriors in which unmarried young males served for several years, as a rite of passage into ma ...
'' which is thought to have existed in
Proto-Indo-European society
Proto-Indo-European society is the reconstructed culture of Proto-Indo-Europeans, the ancient speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, ancestor of all modern Indo-European languages.
Scientific approaches
Many of the modern ideas in this ...
.
Linguist
Ranko Matasović
Ranko Matasović (born 14 May 1968) is a Croatian linguist, Indo-Europeanist and Celticist.
Biography
Matasović was born and raised in Zagreb, where he attended primary and secondary school. In the Faculty of philosophy at the University of ...
, author of the ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'', derives the name ''fíana'' from reconstructed
Proto-Celtic
Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. Proto-Celti ...
''*wēnā'' (a
troop
A troop is a military sub-subunit, originally a small formation of cavalry, subordinate to a squadron. In many armies a troop is the equivalent element to the infantry section or platoon. Exceptions are the US Cavalry and the King's Tr ...
), from
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo- ...
''*weyh'' (to chase, pursue), and says the Irish ethnic name ''
Féni'' is probably related. Kim McCone derives it from Proto-Celtic ''*wēnnā'' < ''*wēd-nā'' (wild ones).
Heinrich Zimmer
Heinrich Robert Zimmer (6 December 1890 – 20 March 1943) was a German Indologist and linguist, as well as a historian of South Asian art, most known for his works, ''Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization'' and ''Philosophies of India ...
(1891), however, suggested that the ''fianna'' tales come from the heritage of the
Norse-Gaels.
He derived the name ''fianna'' from an Irish rendering of Old Norse ''fiandr'' "enemies" > "brave enemies" > "brave warriors".
He also noted Fionn's
Thumb of Knowledge is similar to the Norse tale of
Sigurðr
Sigurd ( non, Sigurðr ) or Siegfried (Middle High German: ''Sîvrit'') is a legendary hero of Germanic heroic legend, who killed a dragon and was later murdered. It is possible he was inspired by one or more figures from the Frankish Merovin ...
tasting
Fáfnir
In Nordic and wider Germanic mythology, Fáfnir (Old Norse pronunciation: fɑːvnər is a mighty dwarf who is the son of Hreidmar, and brother of Regin and Ótr. Once cursed by Andvari's ring and gold, Fafnir slays his father out of greed ...
's heart.
Legendary depiction
The ''fianna'' are the focus of a body of
Irish legends
Irish mythology is the body of myths native to the island of Ireland. It was originally passed down orally in the prehistoric era, being part of ancient Celtic religion. Many myths were later written down in the early medieval era by C ...
known as the
''Fíanaigecht'', 'Fianna Cycle' or 'Fenian Cycle'. Most are about the adventures and heroic deeds of
Finn (or Fionn) mac Cumhaill and his ''fían'' members.
In earlier tales, the various ''fianna'' groups are depicted as roving hunter-warriors, and there are many pagan and magical elements.
Later tales focus on Fionn and his companions, and the ''fianna'' are more often depicted as household troops of the
High Kings.
These later tales usually depict the ''fianna'' as one group with two factions: the Clann Baíscne of
Leinster
Leinster ( ; ga, Laighin or ) is one of the provinces of Ireland, situated in the southeast and east of Ireland. The province comprises the ancient Kingdoms of Meath, Leinster and Osraige. Following the 12th-century Norman invasion of ...
, led by Fionn, and the Clann Morna of
Connacht
Connacht ( ; ga, Connachta or ), is one of the provinces of Ireland, in the west of Ireland. Until the ninth century it consisted of several independent major Gaelic kingdoms ( Uí Fiachrach, Uí Briúin, Uí Maine, Conmhaícne, and Del ...
, led by
Goll mac Morna
Goll mac Morna (or Goal mac Morn) was a member of the fianna and an uneasy ally of Fionn mac Cumhail in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology. He had killed Fionn's father, Cumhal, and taken over the leadership of the fianna, but when Fionn grew up a ...
.
Some legendary depictions of ''fianna'' seem to conform to historical reality: for example, in the
Ulster Cycle
The Ulster Cycle ( ga, an Rúraíocht), formerly known as the Red Branch Cycle, is a body of medieval Irish heroic legends and sagas of the Ulaid. It is set far in the past, in what is now eastern Ulster and northern Leinster, particularly coun ...
the druid
Cathbad
Cathbad () or Cathbhadh (modern spelling) is the chief druid in the court of King Conchobar mac Nessa in the Ulster Cycle of Irish Mythology.
He features in both accounts of Conchobar's birth, in one of which he is the king's father. In the first ...
leads a ''fian'' of 27 men which fights against other ''fianna'' and kills the 12 foster-fathers of the
Ulster
Ulster (; ga, Ulaidh or ''Cúige Uladh'' ; sco, label= Ulster Scots, Ulstèr or ''Ulster'') is one of the four traditional Irish provinces. It is made up of nine counties: six of these constitute Northern Ireland (a part of the United Kin ...
princess
Ness. In response, Ness leads her own ''fian'' of 27 in pursuit of Cathbad.
War cry and mottos
The ''Dord Fian'' or ''Dord Fiansa'' was the
war-cry
A battle cry or war cry is a yell or chant taken up in battle, usually by members of the same combatant group.
Battle cries are not necessarily articulate (e.g. "Eulaliaaaa!", "Alala"..), although they often aim to invoke patriotic or religious ...
of the ''Fianna'', and they often sounded it before and amid battle, either as a mode of communication or to put fear into their enemies. In the legend ''"The Death of Fionn"'',
Fionn raises the ''Dord Fian'' when he sees his grandson
Oscar
Oscar, OSCAR, or The Oscar may refer to:
People
* Oscar (given name), an Irish- and English-language name also used in other languages; the article includes the names Oskar, Oskari, Oszkár, Óscar, and other forms.
* Oscar (Irish mythology) ...
fall in the ''
Battle of Gabhra
''Cath Gabhra'' (English: ''The Battle of Gabhair'' or ''Gowra'') is a narrative of the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology. It tells of the destruction of the fianna and the deaths of most of its warriors in a battle against the forces of High King ...
'' against the armies of
Cairbre Lifechair, and proceeds to strike back at the enemy with great fury, killing many dozens of warriors.
Augusta, Lady Gregory
Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory (''née'' Persse; 15 March 1852 – 22 May 1932) was an Irish dramatist, folklorist and theatre manager. With William Butler Yeats and Edward Martyn, she co-founded the Irish Literary Theatre and the Abbey Theatre ...
- ''Gods and Fighting Men (1904) Chapter - The Death of Fionn'' The ''Battle of Gabhra'' also marked the demise of the Fianna.
They had three
motto
A motto (derived from the Latin , 'mutter', by way of Italian , 'word' or 'sentence') is a sentence or phrase expressing a belief or purpose, or the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group, or organisation. Mot ...
es:
*''Glaine ár gcroí'' (Purity of our hearts)
*''Neart ár ngéag'' (Strength of our limbs)
*''Beart de réir ár mbriathar'' (Action to match our speech)
Notable ''fénnid''
*
Fionn mac Cumhaill
Fionn mac Cumhaill ( ; Old and mga, Find or ''mac Cumail'' or ''mac Umaill''), often anglicized Finn McCool or MacCool, is a hero in Irish mythology, as well as in later Scottish and Manx folklore. He is leader of the ''Fianna'' bands of y ...
: last leader of the Fianna
*
Cumhall
Cumhall (earlier Cumall, pronounced roughly "Coo-al" or "Cool") or Cumhall mac Trénmhoir ("son of Trénmór/Tréanmór" meaning "strong-great") is a figure in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology, a leader of the fianna and the father of Fionn mac ...
: Fionn's father, the former leader
*
Goll mac Morna
Goll mac Morna (or Goal mac Morn) was a member of the fianna and an uneasy ally of Fionn mac Cumhail in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology. He had killed Fionn's father, Cumhal, and taken over the leadership of the fianna, but when Fionn grew up a ...
*
Caílte mac Rónáin
Caílte (or Modern Irish Caoilte) mac Rónáin was a nephew of Fionn mac Cumhaill, a warrior and a member of the fianna in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology. He is described as being able to run at remarkable speed and communicate with animals, ...
*
Conán mac Morna
*
Diarmuid Ua Duibhne
Diarmuid Ua Duibhne (Irish pronunciation: ) or Diarmid O'Dyna, also known as Diarmuid of the Love Spot, was a demigod, son of Donn and one of the Fianna in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology (traditionally set in the 2nd to 4th century). He ...
: a warrior of the Fianna who ran off with Fionn's intended bride
Gráinne
Gráinne (), sometimes anglicised Grania, is the daughter of king Cormac mac Airt in the Fianna Cycle of Irish mythology. She is one of the central figures in the Middle Irish text ''Finn and Gráinne'', as well as the 17th-century tale '' The ...
and was finally killed by a giant
boar
The wild boar (''Sus scrofa''), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania. The species is ...
on the heath of
Benn Gulbain. Foster son of
Aengus.
*Lughaid Lámhfhada:
sorcerous warrior, nephew of Fionn, one of the four who could have untied the knots Diarmuid bound the sea-kings with, but refused to do so. Lover of Aífe, daughter of
Manannán
*
Oisín
Oisín ( ), Osian, Ossian ( ), or anglicized as Osheen ( ) was regarded in legend as the greatest poet of Ireland, a warrior of the Fianna in the Ossianic or Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology. He is the demigod son of Fionn mac Cumhaill and of ...
, son of Fionn (
Macpherson's Ossian)
*
Oscar
Oscar, OSCAR, or The Oscar may refer to:
People
* Oscar (given name), an Irish- and English-language name also used in other languages; the article includes the names Oskar, Oskari, Oszkár, Óscar, and other forms.
* Oscar (Irish mythology) ...
, son of Oisín
*
Cael Ua Neamhnainn
Modern use of the term
In more recent history, the name ''
Fianna Éireann
Na Fianna Éireann (The Fianna of Ireland), known as the Fianna, is an Irish nationalist youth organisation founded by Constance Markievicz in 1909, with later help from Bulmer Hobson. Fianna members were involved in setting up the Irish Volun ...
'' has been used, as ''Fianna Fáil'' ("the ''Fianna'' of Ireland", or
Inis Fáil
INIS may refer to:
*International Nuclear Information System
*Iraqi National Intelligence Service
*iNiS Corporation
*Institut national de l'image et du son
*Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service
*INIS character set
See also
*
* Innis (di ...
i.e. "the isle of destiny", and hence sometimes rendered "the soldiers of destiny") has been used: as a sobriquet for the
Irish Volunteers
The Irish Volunteers ( ga, Óglaigh na hÉireann), sometimes called the Irish Volunteer Force or Irish Volunteer Army, was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists and republicans. It was ostensibly formed in respon ...
, on the cap badge of the
Irish Army
The Irish Army, known simply as the Army ( ga, an tArm), is the land component of the Defence Forces of Ireland.The Defence Forces are made up of the Permanent Defence Forces – the standing branches – and the Reserve Defence Forces. The A ...
, the name in Irish of the
Army Ranger Wing
, image =
, caption = Shoulder flash and insignia of the Army Ranger Wing
, dates = – present
, country =
, branch =
, command_structure = Defence Forces
, garrison = DFTC, Curragh Camp, County Kildare
, size = Classified
, typ ...
(''Sciathán Fiannóglaigh an Airm''), in the opening line of the Irish-language version of
the Irish national anthem, and as the name of the
Fianna Fáil
Fianna Fáil (, ; meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party ( ga, audio=ga-Fianna Fáil.ogg, Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a conservative and Christia ...
political party.
See also
*
Kóryos
The ''kóryos'' (Proto-Indo-European: "army, people under arms" or "detachment, war party") refers to the theoretical Proto-Indo-European brotherhood of warriors in which unmarried young males served for several years, as a rite of passage into ma ...
* ''
Irish Fairy Tales
Irish may refer to:
Common meanings
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the isle
** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...
'', a 1920 book by
James Stephens containing many tales of the Fianna
References
{{italic title
Fenian Cycle
Medieval Ireland
Military units and formations of the Middle Ages