''Fejervarya'' is a

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

frog A frog is any member of a diverse and largely Carnivore, carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order (biology), order Anura (ανοὐρά, literally ''without tail'' in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-f ...

s in the family

Dicroglossidae The frog family Dicroglossidae occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, with most genera and species being found in Asia. The common name of the family is fork-tongued frogs. The Dicroglossidae were previously considered to ...

found in Asia. First proposed in 1915 by István József Bolkay, a Hungarian naturalist, the genus did not see widespread adoption at first. As late as the 1990s it was generally included in ''

Rana Rana may refer to: Astronomy * Rana (crater), a crater on Mars * Delta Eridani or Rana, a star People, groups and titles * Rana (name), a given name and surname (including a list of people and characters with the name) * Rana (title), a histori ...

'', but more recent studies have confirmed its distinctness. These frogs are remarkable for being extremely

euryhaline Euryhaline organisms are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. An example of a euryhaline fish is the molly (''Poecilia sphenops'') which can live in fresh water, brackish water, or salt water. The green crab (''Carcinus maenas'') is an e ...

amphibian Amphibians are tetrapod, four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the Class (biology), class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terres ...

standards. Species such as the

crab-eating frog The crab-eating frog (''Fejervarya cancrivora'') is a frog native to south-eastern Asia including Taiwan, China, the Philippines and more rarely as far west as Orissa in India. It has also been introduced to Guam, and was most likely introduced f ...

(''F. cancrivora'') can thrive in

brackish Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estu ...

water, and its

tadpole A tadpole is the larval stage in the biological life cycle of an amphibian. Most tadpoles are fully aquatic, though some species of amphibians have tadpoles that are terrestrial. Tadpoles have some fish-like features that may not be found i ...

s can even survive in pure

seawater Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has appro ...

Systematics and taxonomy

''Fejervarya'' was first introduced as subgenus of ''

'' and later placed as subgenus as ''

Limnonectes ''Limnonectes'' is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or abse ...

''. It was treated as an independent genus first in 1998. However, ''Fejervarya''

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

was found to be

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

with respect to '' Sphaerotheca''. This issue was eventually resolved in 2011 by splitting some species to the genus '' Zakerana'' (renamed in 2021 as '' Minervarya''). ''Fejervarya'', as now defined, is distributed from eastern India (

Orissa Odisha (English: , ), formerly Orissa ( the official name until 2011), is an Indian state located in Eastern India. It is the 8th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population. The state has the third largest population of S ...

) eastwards through Myanmar to southern China and Indochina to the islands of the Sunda Shelf as well as Japan. In contrast, ''Minervarya'' contains species from southern Asia (

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

and

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a list of the physiographic regions of the world, physiographical region in United Nations geoscheme for Asia#Southern Asia, Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian O ...

including

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

Nepal Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mai ...

, and

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...

). The widespread Cricket Frog (''F. limnocharis'') and some others have also been suspected to be

cryptic species complex In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

es since at least the 1970s, and indeed a few populations have been identified that almost certainly constitute undescribed species.

Species

The following 14 species are recognised in the genus ''Fejerverya'': * ''

Fejervarya cancrivora ''Fejervarya'' is a genera of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae found in Asia. First proposed in 1915 by István József Bolkay, a Hungarian naturalist, the genus did not see widespread adoption at first. As late as the 1990s it was generally i ...

'' (Gravenhorst, 1829) * ''

Fejervarya iskandari ''Fejervarya iskandari'' is a species of frog that is endemic to Java, Indonesia. It is named in honor of Djoko Iskandar, an Indonesian herpetologist. It has been recorded in Bandung and Sukabumi, West Java West Java ( id, Jawa Barat, su, ...

'' Veith, Kosuch, Ohler, and Dubois, 2001 * '' Fejervarya jhilmilensis'' Bahuguna, 2018 * ''

Fejervarya kawamurai ''Fejervarya kawamurai'' is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to Taiwan, Japan (Ryukyu Islands and Honshu), and China. It belongs to the ''Fejervarya limnocharis'' species complex In biology, a species complex is a ...

'' Djong, Matsui, Kuramoto, Nishioka, and Sumida, 2011 * '' Fejervarya kupitzi'' Köhler et al., 2019 * ''

Fejervarya limnocharis ''Fejervarya limnocharis'' is a species of frog found in South East Asia and parts of Indochina. It is known under many common names, including Boie's wart frog, rice field frog, and Asian grass frog. Molecular studies of the species complex (aft ...

'' (Gravenhorst, 1829) * ''

Fejervarya moodiei ''Fejervarya'' is a genera of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae found in Asia. First proposed in 1915 by István József Bolkay, a Hungarian naturalist, the genus did not see widespread adoption at first. As late as the 1990s it was generally i ...

'' (Taylor, 1920) * '' Fejervarya multistriata'' (Hallowell, 1861) * ''

Fejervarya orissaensis ''Fejervarya orissaensis'' (common name: Orissa frog) is a species of frog that is endemic to Orissa state in eastern India. Similar frogs, however, have been found in southwestern Thailand, and it is possible that ''Fejervarya orissaensis'' exis ...

'' (Dutta, 1997) * ''

Fejervarya pulla ''Fejervarya pulla'' is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to Malaysia and only known from its type locality, Penang Hill Penang Hill is a hill resort comprising a group of peaks near the center of Penang Island, ...

'' (Stoliczka, 1870) * '' Fejervarya sakishimensis'' Matsui, Toda, and Ota, 2008 * '' Fejervarya triora'' Stuart, Chuaynkern, Chan-ard, and Inger, 2006 * '' Fejervarya verruculosa'' (Roux, 1911) * ''

Fejervarya vittigera The Luzon wart frog (''Fejervarya vittigera'') is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to the Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ...

'' (Wiegmann, 1834)

Phylogeny

The following phylogeny of ''Fejervarya'' is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). 7 species are included. ''Fejervarya'' is a sister group of '' Minervarya'', which had until recently been included in ''Fejervarya''.

Vocalisation behaviour

File:Fejervarya vocalisation stomach distended - front view.jpg, 1. Preparing to vocalise - front view File:Fejervarya vocalisation -front view.jpg, 2. Vocalising front view File:Fejervarya vocalisation stomach distended - side view.jpg, 3. Preparing to vocalise - side view File:Fejervarya vocalisation - side view.jpg, 4. Vocalising side view

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q518234 Dicroglossidae Amphibians of Asia Amphibian genera