Fasciola Gigantica

''Fasciola gigantica'' is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, which causes tropical fascioliasis. It is regarded as one of the most important single platyhelminth infections of ruminants in Asia and Africa. Estimates of infection rates are as high as 80–100% in some countries. The infection is commonly called fasciolosis.

The prevalence of ''F. gigantica'' often overlaps with that of ''Fasciola hepatica'', and the two species are so closely related in terms of genetics, behaviour, and morphological and anatomical structures that distinguishing them is notoriously difficult. Therefore, sophisticated molecular techniques are required to correctly identify and diagnose the infection.

Distribution

''Fasciola gigantica'' causes outbreaks in tropical areas of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The geographical distribution of ''F. gigantica'' overlaps with ''F. hepatica'' in many African and Asian countries and sometimes in the same country, although in such cases, the ecological requirement of the flukes and their snail hosts are distinct. Infection is most prevalent in regions with intensive sheep and cattle production. In Egypt, ''F. gigantica'' has existed in domestic animals since the times of the pharaohs.

Lifecycle

The lifecycle of ''F. gigantica'' is: Eggs (transported with feces) → egg hatch → miracidium → miracidium infect snail intermediate host → (parthenogenesis in 24 hours) sporocyst → redia → daughter redia → cercaria → (gets outside the snail) → metacercaria → infection of the host → adult stage produces eggs.

Intermediate hosts

As with other trematodes, ''Fasciola'' spp. develop in a molluscan intermediate host. Species of the freshwater snails from the family Lymnaeidae are well known for their role as intermediate hosts in the lifecycle of ''F. gigantica''; however, throughout the years, an increasing number of other molluscan intermediate hosts of ''F. gigantica'' have been reported. The lymnaeid intermediate hosts of ''F. gigantica'' are distinguishable from those of ''F. hepatica'', both morphologically and as to habitat requirement. The species of ''Fasciola'' can become adapted to new intermediate hosts under certain conditions at least based on laboratory trials. The most important intermediate host for ''F. gigantica'' is '' Radix auricularia''. However, other species are also known to harbour the fluke, including '' Lymnaea rufescens'' and ''Lymnaea acuminata'' in the Indian subcontinent; '' Radix rubiginosa'' and ''Radix natalensis'' in Malaysia and Africa, respectively; and the synonymous '' Lymnaea cailliaudi'' in East Africa. Other snails also serve as natural or experimental intermediates, such as ''Austropeplea ollula'', ''Austropeplea viridis'', ''Radix peregra'', ''Radix luteola'', ''Pseudosuccinea columella'', and ''Galba truncatula''. The Australian '' Lymnaea tomentosa'' (host of ''F. hepatica'') was shown to be receptive to miracidia of ''F. gigantica'' from East Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

Definitive hosts

''F. gigantica'' is a causative agent (together with ''F. hepatica'') of fascioliasis in ruminants and in humans worldwide.

The parasite commonly infects cattle and buffalo, and can also be seen regionally in goats and sheep, and in nonruminants (donkeys).

Infection and pathogenicity

Infection with ''Fasciola'' spp. occurs when metacercariae are accidentally ingested on raw vegetation. The metacercariae exist in the small intestine, and move through the intestinal wall and peritoneal cavity to the liver, where adults mature in the biliary ducts of the liver. Eggs are passed through the bile ducts into the intestine, where they are then passed in the feces.

Diagnosis

Despite the importance to differentiate between the infection by either fasciolid species, due to their distinct epidemiological, pathological, and control characteristics, unfortunately, coprological (excretion-related) or immunological diagnoses are difficult. Especially in humans, specific detection by clinical, pathological, coprological, or immunological methods are unreliable. Molecular assays are the only promising tools, such as PCR- RFLP assay, and the very rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).

Treatment

Triclabendazole is the drug of choice in fasciolosis, as it is highly effective against both mature and immature flukes. Artemether has been demonstrated ''in vitro'' to be equally effective. Though slightly less potent, artesunate is also useful in human fasciolosis.

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from references.Onocha P. & Otunla E. (2008). "Biological activities of extracts of ''Pycnanthus angolensis'' (Welw.) Warb". ''African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines'', Abstracts of the world congress on medicinal and aromatic plants, Cape Town, November 2008
abstract

Further reading

*
*
*

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2566614

Fasciola
Animal diseases
Veterinary helminthology
Animals described in 1855
Taxa named by Thomas Spencer Cobbold