The Eumaeini are a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

gossamer-winged butterflies Lycaenidae is the second-largest family of butterflies (behind Nymphalidae, brush-footed butterflies), with over 6,000 species worldwide, whose members are also called gossamer-winged butterflies. They constitute about 30% of the known butterfly ...

(

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Lycaenidae). They are typically placed in the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Theclinae The subfamily Theclinae is a group of butterflies, often referred to as hairstreaks, with some species instead known as elfins or by other names. The group is part of the family Lycaenidae, the "gossamer-winged butterflies". There are many tropi ...

, but sometimes considered a separate subfamily Eumaeinae. Over 1,000 species are found in the

Neotropical realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

Systematics

As not all

have been assigned to tribes, the genus list is preliminary. However, much progress has been made in sorting out the profusion of

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

ous

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

, and at least some degree of stability has been achieved in the early years of the 21st century. While there is no good

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

hypothesis yet for the subfamily, groups of at least apparently related

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

have been delimited. They are sometimes called "sections", but do not correspond to the taxonomic rank of section (the section in which the gossamer-winged butterflies are placed is the

Cossina Cossina is the name for both a section and subsection of Ditrysian insects in the order containing both butterflies and moths having a dorsal heart vessel. The section named Cossina contains two subsections: one also named Cossina (containing mos ...

); if validated as

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

s and assigned taxonomic rank, they would qualify as subtribes.See Brower (2008) and the references in Savela (2008) There is still much work to be done, including the splitting of such notorious " wastebin taxa" as '' Callophrys'', and the establishment of a robust phylogenetic and

evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

ary scenario. Pending this, the groups are listed here in the presumed phylogenetic sequence, while genera are simply sorted alphabetically. ''Eumaeus'' group * ''

Eumaeus In Greek mythology, Eumaeus (; Ancient Greek: Εὔμαιος ''Eumaios'' means 'searching well') was Odysseus' swineherd and friend. His father, Ktesios son of Ormenos was king of an island called Syra (present-day Syros in the Greek islands ...

'' * ''

Mithras Mithraism, also known as the Mithraic mysteries or the Cult of Mithras, was a Roman mystery religion centered on the god Mithras. Although inspired by Iranian worship of the Zoroastrian divinity (''yazata'') Mithra, the Roman Mithras is link ...

'' (including ''Paraspiculatus'') * '' Paiwarria'' (including ''Fasslantonius'') * '' Theorema'' ''Brangas'' group * ''

Brangas Brangas is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The members (species) of this genus are found in the Neotropical realm. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner Jacob Hübner (20 June 1761 – 13 September 1826, in Augsburg) was a G ...

'' * '' Dabreras'' * ''

Enos Enos or Enosh (Hebrew: , Standard ''Enosh'', Tiberian ''ʼĔnôš''; "mortal man”) may refer to: People in religious scripture * Enos (biblical figure), a genealogical figure in the Bible. * The Book of Enos, one of the books that make up the B ...

'' (including ''Chopinia'', ''Falerinota'') * '' Evenus'' (including ''Cryptaenota'', ''Endymion'', ''Ipocia'', etc.) * '' Lamasina'' (= ''Annamaria''Possibly a '' nomen nudum'') * '' Thaeides'' ''Atlides'' group * '' Arcas'' * '' Atlides'' (including ''Riojana'') * '' Pseudolycaena'' * '' Theritas'' (including ''Aveexcrenota'', ''Denivia'', ''Lucilda'', etc.) ''Micandra'' group (formerly in ''Atlides'' group) * '' Brevianta'' * '' Busbiina'' * '' Ianusanta'' * '' Ipidecla'' * '' Johnsonita'' * '' Micandra'' (including ''Egides'') * '' Penaincisalia'' (including ''Abloxurina'', ''Candora'', etc.) * '' Phothecla'' * '' Podanotum'' * '' Rhamma'' (including ''Paralustrus'', ''Pontirama'', ''Shapiroana'') * '' Salazaria'' * '' Temecla'' * '' Timaeta'' (including ''Jagiello'', ''Trochusinus'') ''Thereus'' group * '' Arawacus'' – stripestreaks * '' Contrafacia'' * '' Kolana'' * '' Rekoa'' * '' Thereus'' (including ''Noreena'', ''Pedusa'') ''Satyrium'' group * '' Chlorostrymon'' * '' Magnastigma'' * '' Ocaria'' (including ''Lamasa'', ''Variegatta'') * '' Phaeostrymon'' * '' Satyrium'' (including ''Harkenclenus'', ''Neolycaena'', etc.) ''Callophrys'' group * '' Callophrys'' (including ''Incisalia'', ''Mitoura'', ''Xamia'', etc.) – green hairstreaks and elfins * '' Cyanophrys'' ''Thestius'' group * '' Bistonina'' * '' Megathecla'' (including ''Cupathecla'', ''Gullicaena'') * '' Lathecla'' * ''

Thestius In Greek mythology, Thestius (; Ancient Greek: Θέστιος) was a king of Pleuronians in Aetolia. He is not to be confused with Thespius, who was sometimes referred to as "Thestius". The patronymic "Thestias" may refer to one of his daughters, ...

'' ''Allosmaitia'' group * '' Allosmaitia'' * '' Janthecla'' * '' Laothus'' ''Lamprospilus'' group ( groundstreaks and allies) * '' Arumecla'' * '' Calycopis'' (including ''Calystryma'', ''Femniterga'', etc.) * '' Camissecla'' * '' Electrostrymon'' (including ''Angulopis'') * '' Lamprospilus'' * '' Ziegleria'' (including ''Kisutam'') ''Strymon'' group ( scrub hairstreaks) * '' Strymon'' (including ''Eiseliana'') ''Tmolus'' group * '' Exorbaetta'' * '' Gargina'' * '' Ministrymon'' * '' Nicolaea'' * '' Ostrinotes'' * '' Siderus'' * '' Strephonota'' (including ''Dindyminotes'', ''Letizia'', etc.) * '' Theclopsis'' (including ''Asymbiopsis'') * '' Tmolus'' ''Panthiades'' group * '' Beatheclus'' Bálint & Dahners, 2006 * ''

Ignata ''Ignata'' is a Neotropical genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae Lycaenidae is the second-largest family of butterflies (behind Nymphalidae, brush-footed butterflies), with over 6,000 species worldwide, whose members are also call ...

'' * '' Michaelus'' * '' Oenomaus'' * ''

Olynthus Olynthus ( grc, Ὄλυνθος ''Olynthos'', named for the ὄλυνθος ''olunthos'', "the fruit of the wild fig tree") was an ancient city of Chalcidice, built mostly on two flat-topped hills 30–40m in height, in a fertile plain at the he ...

'' * ''

Panthiades ''Panthiades'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Neotropical realm. Species *'' Panthiades aeolus'' (Fabricius, 1775) *'' Panthiades bathildis'' (C. & R. Felder, 1865) *'' Panthiad ...

'' (including ''Cycnus'') * '' Parrhasius'' * '' Porthecla'' * '' Thepytus'' ''Hypostrymon'' group * '' Apuecla'' * '' Aubergina'' * '' Balintus'' * '' Celmia'' (including ''Cyclotrichia'') * '' Dicya'' (including ''Caerofethra'') * '' Hypostrymon'' * ''

Iaspis IASPIS, ''The International Artists Studio Program in Stockholm'', is a cultural exchange program financed by the Swedish Government. IASPIS facilitates a creative dialogue between visual artist The visual arts are art forms such as paintin ...

'' * '' Marachina'' * '' Nesiostrymon'' * '' Terenthina'' * '' Trichonis'' ''Erora'' group * '' Erora'' * '' Chalybs'' * '' Semonina'' * '' Symbiopsis'' Unplaced (TOL) * '' Badecla''

Footnotes

References

* (2008): Tree of Life Web Project &ndash
Eumaeini
Version of 2008-APR-24. Retrieved 2008-NOV-11. * (2008)

Version of 2008-SEP-05. Retrieved 2008-NOV-11. {{Taxonbar, from=Q996517 Theclinae Taxa named by Henry Doubleday Butterfly tribes