Elefant

The ''Elefant'' (German for "elephant") was a heavy tank destroyer used by German Wehrmacht Panzerjäger during World War II. Ninety-one units were built in 1943 under the name Ferdinand, after its designer Ferdinand Porsche, using VK 45.01 (P) tank hulls produced for the Tiger I tank design abandoned in favour of a Henschel design.

In January to April 1944, ''Ferdinands'' received modifications and upgrades. They were renamed ''Elefant'' in May 1944. The official German designation was ''Panzerjäger Tiger'' (P)Not to be confused with either the ''Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf. H'' or ''Ausf. E'' versions of the Tiger I, or the ''Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. B'' (Tiger II) and the ordnance inventory designation was ''Sd.Kfz.'' 184.

Development history

Porsche GmbH had manufactured about 100 chassis for their unsuccessful proposal for the Tiger tank, the " Porsche Tiger", in the Nibelungenwerk factory in Sankt Valentin, Austria. Both the successful Henschel proposal and the Porsche design used the same Krupp-designed turret—the Henschel design had its turret more-or-less centrally located on its hull, while the Porsche design placed the turret much closer to the front of the superstructure. Since the competing Henschel Tiger design was chosen for production, the Porsche chassis were no longer required for the Tiger tank project. It was therefore decided that the Porsche chassis were to be used as the basis of a new heavy panzerjäger, ''Ferdinand'', mounting Krupp's newly developed ''Panzerjägerkanone 43/2'' (PaK 43)D 2030 – 8,8 cm Panzerjägerkanone 43/2 (L/71), Beschreibung, 28.1.1944. Berlin. anti-tank gun. This precise long-range weapon was intended to destroy enemy tanks before they came within their own range of effective fire.

The ''Ferdinand'' was intended to supplant previous light ''panzerjäger''s, such as the ''Marder II'' and ''Marder III'', in the offensive role. A similar gun was used in the lightly armored ''Hornisse'' (later known as ''Nashorn'') tank destroyer, built at the same time.

Design

Chassis

The petrol–electric transmission made it much easier to relocate the engines than would be the case on a mechanical-transmission vehicle (the engines can be mounted anywhere, and only the length of the power cables needs to be altered, as opposed to re-designing the driveshafts and locating the engines for the easiest routing of powershafts to the gearbox), so without the forward-mounted turret of the Porsche Tiger prototype, the twin engines were relocated to the front, where the turret had been, leaving room ahead of them for the now-isolated driver and assistant-driver only. The now empty rear half of the hull was covered with a heavily armored, full five-sided casemate with slightly-sloped upper faces and armored solid roof, and turned into a crew compartment, mounting a single 8.8 cm Pak 43 cannon in the forward face of the casemate. The initial ''Ferdinand'' conversions were thus among the first physical examples of what became known as the dedicated ''Jagdpanzer'' tank destroyers, all of which had completely enclosed casemates, but most of which were designed with the casemate as an integral component of the vehicle's hull armor from the start; the Ferdinand was more of a cross between the earlier, thinly armored, high-profile, "three-side" (open-top/rear) ''Panzerjäger'' and the later, more heavily armored, lower-profile, rear-engined ''Jagdpanzer''. The driver and assistant driver were in a separate compartment at the front. As the engines were placed in the middle, the assistant driver and the driver were isolated from the rest of the crew and could be addressed only by intercom.

Add-on armor of 100 mm was bolted to the front plates, increasing the plate's thickness to 200 mm and adding another 5 tonnes of weight.

Drive

The two Porsche air-cooled engines in each vehicle were replaced by two 300 PS (296 hp; 221 kW) Maybach HL120 TRM engines. The engines drove a single Siemens-Schuckert 500 kVA generator each, which powered two Siemens 230 kW (312.7 PS) individual-output electric motors, one each connected to each of the rear sprockets. The electric motors also acted as the vehicle's steering unit. This "petrol-electrical" drive delivered 0.11 km/L (909 litres/100 km or 0.26 miles per gallon) off-road and 0.15 km/L (667 litres/100 km or 0.35 mpg) on road at a maximum speed of 10 km/h off-road and 30 km/h on road. In addition to this high fuel consumption and poor performance, the vehicle was maintenance-intensive; the sprockets needed to be changed every 500–900 km. Porsche had experience of this form of petrol-electric transmission extending back to 1901, when he designed a car that used it.

Suspension for the "slack track" equipped ''Ferdinand'' consisted of six twin bogies (three per side) with longitudinal torsion bars, without any overlapping wheels or return rollers. There are sprockets at both ends of the vehicle. The drive sprockets are at the rear, while the front pair contain a drum brake system.

Armament

The vehicle was fitted with an 88 mm ''Panzerjägerkanone'' 43/2 gun (early designation ''8,8 cm Stu.K. 43/1''). This 71 caliber-long gun had originally been developed as a replacement for the well-known 88 mm anti-aircraft gun that had been used against Allied tanks in the Western Desert Campaign and on the Eastern Front. It had a much longer barrel than the L/56 guns, which gave it a higher muzzle velocity, and fired a different, longer cartridge. These improvements gave the 88 mm L/71 significantly improved armor penetration ability over the earlier 88 mm. Although it lost the competition to the 8.8 cm Flak 41 and never became an anti-aircraft weapon, it was turned into the very successful Pak 43 anti-tank gun.

As fitted, the gun was capable of 28° traverse and -8° and +14° depression/elevation.

Production

Ninety-one existing "Porsche Tiger" chassis were converted (chassis number 150010 to 150100). The work was completed in just a few months from March to May 1943. Three Bergepanzer Ferdinands (the recovery vehicle variant of the Ferdinand tank destroyer) were produced at the Nibelungenwerke in summer 1943.

Combat history

Kursk

''Ferdinands'' first saw combat in the Battle of Kursk, where eighty-nine were committed, the largest deployment of the vehicle during its service.

The ''Ferdinand'' was optimized for destroying Soviet T-34 tanks and 76.2 mm anti-tank guns from behind the front lines with its 88 mm gun at a range of over 3 kilometres, a role which it performed well. Its most significant problem at Kursk was mine damage and mechanical failure. Any damage to the tracks or suspension negated the protection of the armor, as crews were forced to dismount and attempt repairs. The immense weight of the ''Ferdinand'' made towing difficult: the standard armored recovery vehicle in German service at the time was the '' Bergepanzer IV'', a variant of the ''Panzer IV'' that could tow a single ''Panzer'' IV without assistance. It was insufficient for larger vehicles, with a Tiger I heavy tank requiring three Bergepanzer IVs to be towed, and the ''Ferdinand'' requiring five linked in tandem to pull the vehicle off the field.

In addition, the ''Ferdinand'' was hampered by flaws such as the lack of peripheral vision blocks, or a machine gun as secondary defensive armament. Apocryphal reports say that Soviet infantry, quickly recognizing this flaw, could easily hide in their trenches until the ''Ferdinand'' advanced through their lines, then swarm the vehicle with grenades and Molotov cocktails from the sides. However, losses to Soviet infantry are disputed in after-action reports. On the other hand, Heinz Guderian himself complained that the ''Elefant'', much as other failed designs, suffered from lack of close-range protection against infantry assaults.

In the initial stages of the Kursk battle, when the Germans were on the offensive, heavy vehicles could be recovered and repaired with relative peace at night; this at first allowed the majority of knocked-out ''Ferdinands'' to be rescued, repaired and returned to duty. However, once the tide of battle had turned against the Germans and they fell back on the defensive, with fewer vehicles to spare, functional ''Ferdinands'' with minor damage to their tracks or suspensions had little hope of recovery, and crews were usually forced to destroy the vehicle to prevent a mostly intact ''Jagdpanzer'' from falling into the hands of the Soviets.

The units were deployed at a company level, sometimes sub-divided into platoons, with infantry or tanks in accompaniment to protect the flanks and rear of the vehicles. On the attack, this ''Jagdpanzer'' was a first-strike vehicle; while in defence, they often comprised a mobile reserve used to blunt enemy tank assaults.

Post-Kursk modifications

The surviving ''Ferdinands'' fought various rear-guard actions in 1943 until they were recalled to be modified and overhauled, partially based on battle experience gained in the Battle of Kursk. Returned to the Nibelungenwerke factory in Austria, on 2 January 1944, upgrades commenced on 48 of the 50 surviving vehicles. The most visible exterior upgrades were 1) the addition of a ball-mounted MG 34 in the hull front, 2) a new commander's cupola (modified from the standard StuG III cupola) for improved vision, 3) re-designed armored engine grates (for better bullet and shrapnel protection) and 4) the application of ''Zimmerit'' anti-magnetic mine paste.

The first eleven complete and updated ''Ferdinand''s were ready in February 1944. They were
issued to the 1st company of 653rd Heavy Panzerjäger Battalion (German: ''schwere Panzerjäger-Abteilung 653'', ''sPzJgrAbt 653''), which was immediately deployed in Italy in response to the Allied landing at Anzio-Nettuno. The remaining 37 vehicles were completed in April, issued to the 2nd and 3rd companies of ''sPzJgrAbt'' 653, and sent by train to the Tarnopol battles in Ukraine.

On 1 May 1944, German Army High Command, Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) issued an order to formally change the panzerjäger's name from "Ferdinand" to "Elefant". This order forbade future use of ''Ferdinand'' and even directed units in the field to edit their records. This is contrary to popular belief that the name change was linked to the January–April mechanical upgrades to the ''Ferdinand'' panzerjäger; the name change was purely administrative in nature.

Three ''Bergepanzer Elefant'' armoured recovery vehicles were converted from Ferdinand/Elefant hulls and issued with the 2nd and 3rd companies of sPzJgrAbt 653 to the East in the summer of 1944.

Although the modifications improved the vehicles, some problems could never be fully fixed. In 1944, the ''Ferdinand/Elefants'' served on the Italian front, but were rather ineffective as their weight of nearly 70 tonnes did not allow them to use most Italian roads and bridges. As at Kursk, most losses were not as a direct result from combat, but resulted when mechanical breakdowns and lack of spare parts compelled their crews to destroy and abandon them. One company of ''Elefants'' saw action during the Soviets' January 1945 Vistula–Oder offensive in Poland, and the last surviving vehicles were in combat at Zossen during the Battle of Berlin.

Conclusions

The ''Ferdinand''/''Elefant'' may have been the most successful mass produced tank destroyer employed during the war in kills per loss, reaching an average claimed ratio of approximately 10:1. During the Battle of Kursk, sPzJgrAbt 653 claimed to have knocked out 320 enemy tanks, for the loss of 13 ''Ferdinands''. This impressive average ratio was due to its superior firepower and protection, which gave it an enormous advantage when used in head-on combat or a static defensive role (however note that ''claimed'' tank kills are well-proven to invariably greatly exceed ''actual'' kills, and different organizations have different standards of defining a 'kill'). However, poor mobility and mechanical unreliability greatly diminished its operational capability.

The ''Elefant'' and ''Nashorn'' were both superseded by the ''Jagdpanther''. All three vehicles mounted the same gun, with only some minor differences between them. The ''Jagdpanther''—a true ''jagdpanzer''—was a successor to the other two, combining acceptable mobility and good, sloped armour while retaining the excellent gun, mostly solving the reliability, mobility, and/or protection problems that the earlier vehicles had.

Survivors

Only two of these vehicles survived the war.

One ''Ferdinand'' was captured by Soviet forces at Kursk, and it was sent to NII BT testing facility in Kubinka, Moscow for testing. It was on display at the Kubinka Tank Museum outside Moscow. Its gun mantlet was painted red. Its chassis number was unknown, either No. 150090 or No. 501.

An ''Elefant'', numbered "102" of sPz. Jgr. Abt 653, was captured at Anzio by the Americans, and is now part of the United States Army Ordnance Training Support Facility's collection at Fort Lee, VA. The example at Fort Lee was restored to display condition in 2007–2008, as documented on the show '' Tank Overhaul'', but not in its original paint scheme. The Fort Lee ''Elefant'' was loaned to the Bovington Tank Museum in Dorset, UK as part of the museum's "Tiger Collection" display from April 2017 until January 2019, and later returned to the United States. This display brought all the members of the Tiger family together in one place for the first time.

File:Elefant USAOM-02.jpg, The United States Army Ordnance Training Support Facility's restored ''Elefant''
File:Elefant USAOM-003.jpg, The United States Army Ordnance Training Support Facility's restored ''Elefant'' from the front
File:Ferdinand in the Kubinka.jpg, ''Ferdinand'' in Kubinka Tank Museum
File:Sau "Ferndinand" 1943-"Elefant" (4581674226).jpg, ''Ferdinand'' front in Kubinka Tank Museum. This Ferdinand had its gun mantlet painted red.

See also

* SU-152 and ISU-152, a Soviet self-propelled heavy howitzer which earned the nickname ''Zveroboy'' ("beast killer") for its ability to knock out Elefants, as well as Tigers and Panther tanks.

Notes

References

External links

Information about the Panzerjäger Tiger(P) "Ferdinand/Elefant" at Panzerworld

Ferdinand in Kubinka tank museum

World War II Vehicles

Photogallery


(grayknight.narod.ru)

''Elefant'' at Aberdeen Proving Ground photos @ 5 Star General site


* ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqoFbkdEnpw The Tank Museum (UK) "Tank Chat #42 – Elefant" Video

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World War II tank destroyers of Germany
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944