''Expédition Particulière'' (English: Special Expedition) was the codename given by the
Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France ( fro, Reaume de France; frm, Royaulme de France; french: link=yes, Royaume de France) is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period ...
for the plan to sail French land forces to North America to support the
colonists
A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established a permanent residence there, often to colonize the area.
A settler who migrates to an area previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited may be described as a pioneer.
Settl ...
against Britain in the
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of ...
. Numbering 5,500 troops, the Expedition arrived in America on 11 July 1780, led by the
Comte de Rochambeau.
Another 2,500 men were intended to join the war effort, but could not escape the British
blockade
A blockade is the act of actively preventing a country or region from receiving or sending out food, supplies, weapons, or communications, and sometimes people, by military force.
A blockade differs from an embargo or sanction, which ar ...
of
Brest. After remaining inactive for almost a year, Rochambeau marched his troops south to rendezvous with
George Washington's
Continental Army for a planned attack on
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the U ...
. At Rochambeau's urging, Washington abandoned the planned attack and instead they moved into
Virginia
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography an ...
to join with the French fleet of Admiral François
de Grasse to trap
Lord Cornwallis's British army at
Yorktown; the subsequent Franco-American siege ended in British surrender in October 1781, which hastened negotiations towards a peace treaty ending the war.
Background
France had been in contact with
American Patriots as early as 1774, and by 1776 was sending
large amounts of covert financial aid and military supplies to their cause. Following the
loss of a British army during the
Saratoga Campaign
The Saratoga campaign in 1777 was an attempt by the British high command for North America to gain military control of the strategically important Hudson River valley during the American Revolutionary War. It ended in the surrender of the British ...
of 1777, France signed a
Treaty of Alliance in February 1778 recognising American independence. The subsequent
Franco-American Alliance
The Franco-American alliance was the 1778 alliance between the Kingdom of France and the United States during the American Revolutionary War. Formalized in the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, it was a military pact in which the French provided many su ...
legitimised the American cause while securing direct French aid in the war. Shortly thereafter, a French fleet under
Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing sailed out to coordinate with American allies against the British, with the aim of helping bring a swift end to the war.
The initial attempts to seek victory were beset by problems. An
operation against Newport miscarried in 1778; the following year, the Franco-American
Siege of Savannah
The siege of Savannah or the Second Battle of Savannah was an encounter of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) in 1779. The year before, the city of Savannah, Georgia, had been captured by a British expeditionary corps under Lieutena ...
ended in defeat. D'Estaing and his ships then sailed for home, with relations between the allies severely strained.
Expedition
On 2 May 1780, Admiral
Ternay d'Arsac departed Brest with a seven-ship and three-frigate squadron, escorting 36 transports carrying troops to support the
Continental Army in the
War of American Independence. The squadron comprised the 80-gun
''Duc de Bourgogne'', under Ternay d'Arsac (admiral) and
Médine (
flag captain
In the Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by Kingdom of England, English and Kingdom of Scotland, Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime en ...
); the
74-gun
The "seventy-four" was a type of two- decked sailing ship of the line, which nominally carried 74 guns. It was developed by the French navy in the 1740s, replacing earlier classes of 60- and 62-gun ships, as a larger complement to the recently-de ...
''Neptune'', under
Sochet Des Touches, and
''Conquérant'', under
La Grandière; and the 64-gun
''Provence'' under
Lombard,
''Ardent'' under
Bernard de Marigny,
''Jason'' under
La Clocheterie
LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States.
La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Music
* La (musical note), or A, the sixth note
* "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figure ...
and
''Éveillé'' under
Le Gardeur de Tilly, and the frigates
''Surveillante'' under
Villeneuve Cillart,
''Amazone'' under
La Pérouse, and
''Bellone''. ''Amazone'', which constituted the vanguard of the fleet, arrived at Boston on 11 June 1780.
Organization
The Special Expedition contained four regiments of foot:
[Selig, Robert (2007). ''March to Victory.'' U.S. Army Center of Military History. Special Publications
CMH Pub 70-104-1, p. 3.]
*
Régiment de Bourbonnais
*
Régiment de Soissonnais
The Régiment de Soissonnais has a long history in the French armed forces. They fought at the Battle of Fontenoy
The Battle of Fontenoy was a major engagement of the War of the Austrian Succession, fought on 11 May 1745 near Tournai in mo ...
*
Régiment de Saintonge
*
Régiment de Royal–Deux–Ponts
One battalion of artillery:
[
* Second Battalion, Régiment d'Auxonne
One combined-arms legion:][
* ]Lauzun's Legion
The 5th Hussar Regiment (''5e régiment de hussards'' or ''5e RH'') was a French Hussar regiment.
Formation under the Ancien Régime
The 5th Hussar Regiment was formed under the Ancien Régime. It was the last regiment created under the monarch ...
Yorktown Campaign
In July 1781, Rochambeau's army left Rhode Island
Rhode Island (, like ''road'') is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh-least populous, with slightly fewer than 1.1 million residents as of 2020, but i ...
and marched across Connecticut
Connecticut () is the southernmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its cap ...
to join Washington's army on the Hudson River
The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the New York Harbor between Ne ...
at Dobbs Ferry, New York. From there the combined forces marched overland to Virginia. During this time, Admiral de Grasse managed to defeat a British fleet sent from New York City to evacuate British General Charles Cornwallis
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, (31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805), styled Viscount Brome between 1753 and 1762 and known as the Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792, was a British Army general and official. In the United ...
at the Battle of the Chesapeake
The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes or simply the Battle of the Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American Revolutionary War that took place near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 17 ...
on September 5, trapping Cornwallis on the Yorktown peninsula. On September 22, Rochambeau and Washington combined forces with those of Marquis de Lafayette
Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), known in the United States as Lafayette (, ), was a French aristocrat, freemason and military officer who fought in the American Revoluti ...
and began the siege of Yorktown
The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the surrender at Yorktown, or the German battle (from the presence of Germans in all three armies), beginning on September 28, 1781, and ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virg ...
. The siege ended with the surrender of Cornwallis on October 19, 1781.
Departure to the West Indies
Rochambeau's force spent the winter in Virginia. The following year they moved north towards New England
New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian province ...
. Washington again tried to interest Rochambeau in an attack on New York City, Charleston
Charleston most commonly refers to:
* Charleston, South Carolina
* Charleston, West Virginia, the state capital
* Charleston (dance)
Charleston may also refer to:
Places Australia
* Charleston, South Australia
Canada
* Charleston, Newfoundlan ...
or Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tota ...
but the Frenchman rejected the proposals. Orders instead arrived for his expedition to go to the West Indies
The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Great ...
and in late 1782 it sailed from Boston for Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince ( , ; ht, Pòtoprens ) is the capital and most populous city of Haiti. The city's population was estimated at 987,311 in 2015 with the metropolitan area estimated at a population of 2,618,894. The metropolitan area is defin ...
. However, by then the Peace of Paris had been agreed and the planned 1783 campaign in the Caribbean never took place. In late April the French sailed for home, reaching Brest and Toulon
Toulon (, , ; oc, label=Provençal, Tolon , , ) is a city on the French Riviera and a large port on the Mediterranean coast, with a major naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, and the Provence province, Toulon is the ...
in June and July 1783.
Legacy
The Expedition has been described as the only substantial force of foreign allies ever to serve on United States soil for an extended period.[Scott p.3]
Notes, citations, and references
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
External links
The Expédition Particulière in Rhode Island.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Expedition Particuliere
1780 in the United States
1781 in the United States
1780 in France
1781 in France
Military operations of the American Revolutionary War