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''Exomalopsis'' is a genus of
New species of ''Exomalopsis'' and its associated cleptoparasite ''Nomada'' from Colombia with description of the nest (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila: Apidae).
''ISRN Entomology'' 2013 865059 10 pp.
Ethology of the bee ''Exomalopsis nitens'' and its cleptoparasite (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae).
''Journal of the New York Entomological Society'' 94(4) 480-88. Both ''E. globosa'' and ''E. similis'' have been noted nesting in dirt roads made of gritty red clay. The gravid female piles food in a terminal cell and then molds it into a neat loaf. She lays an egg on it and then seals the cell to allow the larva to develop within.Raw, A. (1977)
The biology of two ''Exomalopsis'' species (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) with remarks on sociality in bees.
''Rev Biol Trop'' 25(1) 1-11. Several ''Exomalopsis'' are associated with kleptoparasites, especially
''Exomalopsis''.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
*'' Exomalopsis aburraensis''
*'' Exomalopsis aequabilis''
*'' Exomalopsis aequalis''
*''
bee
Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyly, monophyletic lineage within the ...
s in the family Apidae
Apidae is the largest family within the superfamily Apoidea, containing at least 5700 species of bees. The family includes some of the most commonly seen bees, including bumblebees and honey bees, but also includes stingless bees (also used for ...
. They occur in the Western Hemisphere
The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and east of the antimeridian. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere. Politically, the term We ...
(Neotropical
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone.
Definition
In bioge ...
and Nearctic realm
The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface.
The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America t ...
s).Velez-Ruiz, R. I. and A. H. Smith-Pardo. (2013)New species of ''Exomalopsis'' and its associated cleptoparasite ''Nomada'' from Colombia with description of the nest (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila: Apidae).
''ISRN Entomology'' 2013 865059 10 pp.
Biology
Bees of this genus build communal nests. Several examples have been documented in the literature. ''E. aburraensis'', for example, has been known to build its nest alongside the beekeepers' honeybee hives. It excavates a tunnel over a meter deep which then branches into many underground pathways that lead to cells wherelarva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
The ...
e hatch and develop. The California
California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
species ''E. nitens'' enters cracks in dry soil and digs chambers underground. There it creates a pile of food provisions and lays eggs on top. The larvae eat the food pile and then pupa
A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...
te.Rozen, J. G. and R. R. Snelling. (1986)Ethology of the bee ''Exomalopsis nitens'' and its cleptoparasite (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae).
''Journal of the New York Entomological Society'' 94(4) 480-88. Both ''E. globosa'' and ''E. similis'' have been noted nesting in dirt roads made of gritty red clay. The gravid female piles food in a terminal cell and then molds it into a neat loaf. She lays an egg on it and then seals the cell to allow the larva to develop within.Raw, A. (1977)
The biology of two ''Exomalopsis'' species (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) with remarks on sociality in bees.
''Rev Biol Trop'' 25(1) 1-11. Several ''Exomalopsis'' are associated with kleptoparasites, especially
cuckoo bee
The term cuckoo bee is used for a variety of different bee lineages which have evolved the kleptoparasitism, kleptoparasitic behaviour of laying their eggs in the nests of other bees, reminiscent of the behavior of cuckoo birds. The name is perhap ...
s. Kleptoparasitic cuckoo bees of the genera ''Brachynomada
''Brachynomada'' is a genus of cuckoo bees in the family Apidae
Apidae is the largest family within the superfamily Apoidea, containing at least 5700 species of bees. The family includes some of the most commonly seen bees, including bumbleb ...
'', ''Nomada
With over 850 species, the genus ''Nomada'' is one of the largest genera in the family Apidae, and the largest genus of Kleptoparasitism, kleptoparasitic "cuckoo bees." Kleptoparasitic bees are so named because they enter the nests of a host and ...
'', ''Paranomada
''Paranomada'' is a genus of cuckoo bees in the family Apidae. There are at least three described species in ''Paranomada''.
Species
These three species belong to the genus ''Paranomada'':
* ''Paranomada californica'' Linsley, 1945
* ''Paranoma ...
'', and ''Triopasites
''Triopasites'' is a genus of cuckoo bees in the family Apidae. There are at least two described species in ''Triopasites''.
Species
These two species belong to the genus ''Triopasites'':
* ''Triopasites penniger'' (Cockerell, 1894)
* ''T ...
'' have been found using ''Exomalopsis'' nests. The newly described cuckoo bee '' Nomada medellinenses'' moves into the nests of ''E. aburraensis'' and lays its eggs there.
Some species are hosts for parasitoid wasp
Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causin ...
s of the family Mutillidae
The Mutillidae are a family of more than 7,000 species of wasps whose wingless females resemble large, hairy ants. Their common name velvet ant refers to their dense pile of hair, which most often is bright scarlet or orange, but may also be bla ...
. ''E. solani'' is parasitized by the wasp '' Pseudomethoca bethae'' and ''E. fulvofasciata'' is host to at least two species of ''Timulla
''Timulla'' is a genus of velvet ants in the family Mutillidae. There are almost 200 described species in ''Timulla''.
Selected species
* '' Timulla atriceps'' (Smith, 1855)
* '' Timulla barbata''
* '' Timulla barbigera'' Mickel, 1937
* '' T ...
''.
Taxonomy
As of 2007 there were nearly 90 described species in the genus. There are many more species known that are still undescribed. Species include:Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
*'' Exomalopsis aburraensis''
*'' Exomalopsis aequabilis''
*'' Exomalopsis aequalis''
*''Exomalopsis affabilis
''Exomalopsis'' is a genus of bees in the family Apidae. They occur in the Western Hemisphere (Neotropical and Nearctic realms).Velez-Ruiz, R. I. and A. H. Smith-Pardo. (2013)New species of ''Exomalopsis'' and its associated cleptoparasite ''Noma ...
''
*''Exomalopsis alexanderi
''Exomalopsis'' is a genus of bees in the family Apidae. They occur in the Western Hemisphere (Neotropical and Nearctic realms).Velez-Ruiz, R. I. and A. H. Smith-Pardo. (2013)New species of ''Exomalopsis'' and its associated cleptoparasite ''Noma ...
''
*''Exomalopsis amoena
''Exomalopsis'' is a genus of bees in the family Apidae. They occur in the Western Hemisphere (Neotropical and Nearctic realms).Velez-Ruiz, R. I. and A. H. Smith-Pardo. (2013)New species of ''Exomalopsis'' and its associated cleptoparasite ''Noma ...
''
*''Exomalopsis analis
''Exomalopsis'' is a genus of bees in the family Apidae. They occur in the Western Hemisphere (Neotropical and Nearctic realms).Velez-Ruiz, R. I. and A. H. Smith-Pardo. (2013)New species of ''Exomalopsis'' and its associated cleptoparasite ''Noma ...
''
*'' Exomalopsis apicalis''
*'' Exomalopsis arcuata''
*'' Exomalopsis atlantica''
*'' Exomalopsis aureosericea''
*'' Exomalopsis auropilosa''
*'' Exomalopsis badioventris''
*'' Exomalopsis bahamica''
*'' Exomalopsis bakeri''
*'' Exomalopsis bartschi''
*'' Exomalopsis bechteli''
*'' Exomalopsis bicellularis''
*'' Exomalopsis binotata''
*'' Exomalopsis birkmanni''
*'' Exomalopsis boharti''
*'' Exomalopsis bomanii''
*'' Exomalopsis bruesi''
*'' Exomalopsis byersi''
*'' Exomalopsis callura''
*'' Exomalopsis campestris''
*'' Exomalopsis collaris''
*'' Exomalopsis comitanensis''
*'' Exomalopsis compta''
*'' Exomalopsis dasypoda''
*'' Exomalopsis digressa''
*'' Exomalopsis dimidiata''
*'' Exomalopsis diminuta''
*'' Exomalopsis fernandoi''
*'' Exomalopsis fulvihirta''
*'' Exomalopsis fulvipennis''
*'' Exomalopsis fulvofasciata''
*'' Exomalopsis fumipennis''
*'' Exomalopsis heteropilosa''
*'' Exomalopsis hurdi''
*'' Exomalopsis iridipennis''
*'' Exomalopsis jenseni''
*'' Exomalopsis limata''
*'' Exomalopsis lissotera''
*'' Exomalopsis mellipes''
*'' Exomalopsis mexicana''
*'' Exomalopsis minor''
*'' Exomalopsis morelosensis''
*'' Exomalopsis mourei''
*'' Exomalopsis neglecta''
*'' Exomalopsis nigrihirta''
*'' Exomalopsis nigrior''
*'' Exomalopsis notabilis''
*'' Exomalopsis otomita''
*'' Exomalopsis paitensis''
*'' Exomalopsis paraguayensis''
*'' Exomalopsis pilosa''
*'' Exomalopsis planiceps''
*'' Exomalopsis pubescens''
*'' Exomalopsis pueblana''
*'' Exomalopsis pulchella''
*'' Exomalopsis robertsi''
*'' Exomalopsis rufipes''
*'' Exomalopsis rufitarsis''
*''Exomalopsis similis
''Exomalopsis'' is a genus of bees in the family Apidae. They occur in the Western Hemisphere (Neotropical and Nearctic realms).Velez-Ruiz, R. I. and A. H. Smith-Pardo. (2013)New species of ''Exomalopsis'' and its associated cleptoparasite ''Noma ...
''
*'' Exomalopsis snowi''
*'' Exomalopsis solani''
*'' Exomalopsis solidaginis''
*'' Exomalopsis solitaria''
*'' Exomalopsis sororcula''
*'' Exomalopsis spangleri''
*'' Exomalopsis subtilis''
*'' Exomalopsis tarsalis''
*'' Exomalopsis tepaneca''
*'' Exomalopsis testacea''
*'' Exomalopsis testaceinervis''
*'' Exomalopsis tibialis''
*'' Exomalopsis tomentosa''
*'' Exomalopsis trifasciata''
*'' Exomalopsis vernoniae''
*'' Exomalopsis vincentana''
*'' Exomalopsis ypirangensis''
References
Further reading
Timberlake, P. H. ''Review of North American'' Exomalopsis ''(Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae)''. University of California Press. 1980. {{Taxonbar, from=Q4038441 Apinae Bee genera Hymenoptera of North America Hymenoptera of South America Insects of Central America Insects of Canada Insects of Mexico Insects of the United States