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Nomada
With over 850 species, the genus ''Nomada'' is one of the largest genera in the family Apidae, and the largest genus of Kleptoparasitism, kleptoparasitic "cuckoo bees." Kleptoparasitic bees are so named because they enter the nests of a host and lay eggs there, stealing resources that the host has already collected. The name "''Nomada''" is derived from the Greek word ''nomas (wiktionary:νομάς#Ancient Greek, νομάς''), meaning "roaming" or "wandering." ''Nomada'' parasitize many different types of bees as hosts, primarily the genus ''Andrena,'' but also ''Agapostemon, Melitta (bee), Melitta, Eucera'' and ''Exomalopsis''. As parasites, they lack a pollen-carrying Scopa (biology), scopa, and are mostly hairless, as they do not collect pollen to feed their offspring. Like non-parasitic bees, adults are known to visit flowers and feed on nectar. Given the lack of scopa and general behavior, they are considered poor pollinators. Appearance and identification They are ofte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Nomada Species
Below is a list of species in the large bee genus ''Nomada''. {{columns-list, colwidth=22em, * ''Nomada abnormis'' Ducke, 1912 * ''Nomada abtana'' Tsuneki, 1973 * ''Nomada abyssinica'' Meade-Waldo, 1913 * ''Nomada accentifera'' Pérez, 1895 * ''Nomada accepta'' Cresson, 1878 * ''Nomada acutilabris'' Schwarz, 1990 * ''Nomada adducta'' Cresson, 1878 * ''Nomada adusta'' Smith, 1875 * ''Nomada advena'' Smith, 1860 * ''Nomada aethiopica'' Eardley & Schwarz, 1991 * ''Nomada affabilis'' Cresson, 1878 * ''Nomada africana'' Friese, 1911 * ''Nomada agrestis'' Fabricius, 1787 * ''Nomada albidemaculata'' Lozinski, 1922 * ''Nomada alboguttata'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1839 * ''Nomada alboscutellata'' Schwarz, 1990 * ''Nomada aldrichi'' Cockerell, 1910 * ''Nomada algira'' Mocsáry, 1883 * ''Nomada alpha'' Cockerell, 1905 * ''Nomada alpigena'' Schwarz, Gusenleitner & Mazzucco, 1999 * ''Nomada amabilis'' Radoszkowski, 1876 * ''Nomada amamiensis'' Hirashima, 1960 * ''Nomada amoena'' Cresson, 1863 * ''No ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nomada Maculata, Female, Face 2012-06-27-16
With over 850 species, the genus ''Nomada'' is one of the largest genera in the family Apidae, and the largest genus of kleptoparasitic "cuckoo bees." Kleptoparasitic bees are so named because they enter the nests of a host and lay eggs there, stealing resources that the host has already collected. The name "''Nomada''" is derived from the Greek word ''nomas ( νομάς''), meaning "roaming" or "wandering." ''Nomada'' parasitize many different types of bees as hosts, primarily the genus '' Andrena,'' but also ''Agapostemon, Melitta, Eucera'' and ''Exomalopsis''. As parasites, they lack a pollen-carrying scopa, and are mostly hairless, as they do not collect pollen to feed their offspring. Like non-parasitic bees, adults are known to visit flowers and feed on nectar. Given the lack of scopa and general behavior, they are considered poor pollinators. Appearance and identification They are often extraordinarily wasp-like in appearance, with red, black, and yellow colors prev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nomada Succincta
''Nomada succincta'' is a species of bee in the family Apidae. It is known commonly as the yellow-legged nomad-bee. This species is often confused with '' Nomada goodeniana'' and the two names may be listed as synonyms. Molecular analysis confirms that they are separate species. Diestelhorst, O., & Lunau, K. (2008)Beitrag zur Klärung des Artstatus von ''Nomada goodeniana'' (Kirby, 1802) und ''Nomada succincta'' Panzer, 1798 (Hymenoptera, Apidae).''Entomologie heute'', 20, 165-171. Gallery File:Wespenbiene Nomada succincta 2.jpg File:Wespenbiene Nomada succincta 1.jpg File:Wespenbiene Nomada succincta 3.jpg File:Кочёвка (пчела-кукушка) - Nomada succincta - Yellow-legged nomad-bee (26928860965).jpg, A yellow-legged nomad bee on a Dandelion ''Taraxacum'' () is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, which consists of species commonly known as dandelions. The scientific and hobby study of the genus is known as taraxacology. The genus is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exomalopsis
''Exomalopsis'' is a genus of bees in the family Apidae. They occur in the Western Hemisphere (Neotropical and Nearctic realms).Velez-Ruiz, R. I. and A. H. Smith-Pardo. (2013)New species of ''Exomalopsis'' and its associated cleptoparasite ''Nomada'' from Colombia with description of the nest (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila: Apidae).''ISRN Entomology'' 2013 865059 10 pp. Biology Bees of this genus build communal nests. Several examples have been documented in the literature. ''E. aburraensis'', for example, has been known to build its nest alongside the beekeepers' honeybee hives. It excavates a tunnel over a meter deep which then branches into many underground pathways that lead to cells where larvae hatch and develop. The California species ''E. nitens'' enters cracks in dry soil and digs chambers underground. There it creates a pile of food provisions and lays eggs on top. The larvae eat the food pile and then pupate.Rozen, J. G. and R. R. Snelling. (1986)Ethology of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nomadinae
Nomadinae is a subfamily of bees in the family Apidae. They are known commonly as cuckoo bees. This subfamily is entirely kleptoparasitic. They occur worldwide, and use many different types of bees as hosts. As parasites, they lack a pollen-carrying scopa, and are often extraordinarily wasp-like in appearance. All known species share the behavioral trait of females entering host nests when the host is absent, and inserting their eggs into the wall of the host cell; the larval parasite emerges later, after the cell has been closed by the host female, and kills the host larva. The first-instar larvae of nomadines are specially adapted for this, and possess long mandibles they use to kill the host larva, though these mandibles are lost as soon as the larva molts to the second instar, at which point it simply feeds on the pollen/nectar provisions. A behavioral habit shared by adults of various genera with males of many other bee species, who also do not possess a nest to return to, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agapostemon
The genus ''Agapostemon'' (literally "stamen loving") is a common group of Western Hemisphere sweat bees, most of which are known as ''metallic green sweat bees'' for their color. They are members of the family of bees known as Halictidae. Like other sweat bees, they are attracted to human sweat, and they use the salt from the sweat for nutrition. They are generally green or blue, especially the head and thorax. Sometimes the abdomen in females is green or blue although it may be striped, and most males have the yellow-striped abdomen on a black or metallic background. They superficially resemble various members of another tribe, Augochlorini, which are also typically metallic green. Nesting All species of ''Agapostemon'' nest in the ground, sometimes in dense aggregations. Some species are communal such as ''A. virescens''. In this and other communal species, multiple females share the same nest entrance, but beneath the common entrance burrow, construct their own portion of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brood Parasite
Brood parasites are animals that rely on others to raise their young. The strategy appears among birds, insects and fish. The brood parasite manipulates a host, either of the same or of another species, to raise its young as if it were its own, usually using egg mimicry, with eggs that resemble the host's. The evolutionary strategy relieves the parasitic parents from the investment of rearing young. This benefit comes at the cost of provoking an evolutionary arms race between parasite and host as they coevolve: many hosts have developed strong defenses against brood parasitism, such as recognizing and ejecting parasitic eggs, or abandoning parasitized nests and starting over. It is less obvious why most hosts do care for parasite nestlings, given that for example cuckoo chicks differ markedly from host chicks in size and appearance. One explanation, the mafia hypothesis, proposes that parasitic adults retaliate by destroying host nests where rejection has occurred; there is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eucera
''Eucera'' is a genus of bees in the family Apidae, subfamily Apinae, and tribe Eucerini – the long-horned bees. Description As in most members of the tribe Eucerini, the antennae of males are very long. Old World ''Eucera'' can be identified through having five or six maxillary palpomeres, with the first flagellomere shorter than the scape and the clypeus protruding in front of the compound eye by at least the width of the eye in side view. These characteristics are found in both sexes. Additionally, the males have convergent carinae on their sixth ventral abdominal segment ( sternite). ''Eucera'' species nest in the ground.Michener, C. D. (2007) The bees of the world, second edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 953 pp Morphology ''Eucera'' have a thick layer of fur and are dark in color. They have a protuberant clypeus and are typically around 0.4 to 0.7 inches long. The size of bees in the genus ''Eucera'' range from 11–18 mm. When ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kleptoparasitism
Kleptoparasitism (etymologically, parasitism by theft) is a form of feeding in which one animal deliberately takes food from another. The strategy is evolutionarily stable when stealing is less costly than direct feeding, which can mean when food is scarce or when victims are abundant. Many kleptoparasites are arthropods, especially bees and wasps, but including some true flies, dung beetles, bugs, and spiders. Cuckoo bees are specialized kleptoparasites which lay their eggs either on the pollen masses made by other bees, or on the insect hosts of parasitoid wasps. They are an instance of Emery's rule, which states that insect social parasites tend to be closely related to their hosts. The behavior occurs, too, in vertebrates including birds such as skuas, which persistently chase other seabirds until they disgorge their food, and carnivorous mammals such as spotted hyenas and lions. Other species opportunistically indulge in kleptoparasitism. Strategy Kleptoparasitism is a fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apidae
Apidae is the largest family within the superfamily Apoidea, containing at least 5700 species of bees. The family includes some of the most commonly seen bees, including bumblebees and honey bees, but also includes stingless bees (also used for honey production), carpenter bees, orchid bees, cuckoo bees, and a number of other less widely known groups. Taxonomy In addition to its historical classification (honey bees, bumble bees, stingless bees and orchid bees), the family Apidae presently includes all the genera formerly placed in the families Anthophoridae and Ctenoplectridae. Although the most visible members of Apidae are social, the vast majority of apid bees are solitary, including a number of cleptoparasitic species. The old family Apidae contained four tribes (Apinae: Apini, Euglossini and Bombinae: Bombini, Meliponini) which have been reclassified as tribes of the subfamily Apinae, along with all of the former tribes and subfamilies of Anthophoridae and the former f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emery's Rule
In 1909, the entomologist Carlo Emery noted that social parasites among insects (e.g., kleptoparasites) tend to be parasites of species or genera to which they are closely related.Emery, C. "Über den Ursprung der dulotischen, parasitischen und myrmekophilen Ameisen". ''Biologisches Centralblatt'' 29, 352–362 (1909) Over time, this pattern has been recognized in many additional cases, and generalized to what is now known as Emery's rule. The pattern is best known for various taxa of Hymenoptera. For example, the social wasp ''Dolichovespula adulterina ''parasitizes other members of its genus such as ''Dolichovespula norwegica'' and ''Dolichovespula arenaria''. Emery's rule is also applicable to members of other kingdoms such as fungi, red algae, and mistletoe. The significance and general relevance of this pattern are still a matter of some debate, as a great many exceptions exist, though a common explanation for the phenomenon when it occurs is that the parasites may have start ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (sometimes Latinisation of names, Latinized as Johannes Antonius Scopolius) (3 June 1723 – 8 May 1788) was an Italian physician and natural history, naturalist. His biographer Otto Guglia named him the "first anational European" and the "Carl Linnaeus, Linnaeus of the Austrian Empire". Biography Scopoli was born at Cavalese in the Val di Fiemme, belonging to the Prince-Bishopric of Trent, Bishopric of Trent (today's Trentino), son of Francesco Antonio, military commissioner, and Claudia Caterina Gramola (1699-1791), painter from a patrician family from Trentino. He obtained a degree in medicine at University of Innsbruck, and practiced as a doctor in Cavalese and Venice.Newton, Alfred 1881. ''Scopoli's ornithological papers.'' The Willoughby SocietyScanned version/ref> Much of his time was spent in the Alps, Plant collecting, collecting plants and Entomology, insects, of which he made outstanding collections. He spent two years as private secretary to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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