Euryzygomatomyinae
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Euryzygomatinae is a subfamily of rodents, proposed in 2017, and containing three extant genera of spiny
Echimyidae Echimyidae is the family of neotropical spiny rats and their fossil relatives. This is the most species-rich family of hystricognath rodents. It is probably also the most ecologically diverse, with members ranging from fully arboreal to terr ...
: '' Clyomys'', '' Euryzygomatomys'', and ''
Trinomys The Atlantic spiny rats are all found in the genus ''Trinomys''. They are a group of South American spiny-rats in the family Echimyidae. Extant species of ''Trinomys'' Based on Natureserve.InfoNatura: Animals and Ecosystems of Latin America Members_of_this_echimyid_subfamily_all_share_an_origin_in_the_eastern_part_of_Brazil,_close_to_the_ Members_of_this_echimyid_subfamily_all_share_an_origin_in_the_eastern_part_of_Brazil,_close_to_the_Atlantic_Forest">e_...
''. Members_of_this_echimyid_subfamily_all_share_an_origin_in_the_eastern_part_of_Brazil,_close_to_the_Atlantic_Forest.


__Morpho-anatomy_

The_teeth_of_Euryzygomatomyines_are_characterized_by_several_features: *_elongate_lower_and_upper_incisor_roots_; *_five_lophids_on_the_lower_deciduous_premolars_4_; *_either_four_lophids_in_''Trinomys'',_or_three_lophids_in_''Clyomys''_and_''Euryzygomatomys'',_on_the_lower_molars_1_; *_well-connected_Molar_(tooth)#Lophodont.html" ;"title="Atlantic_Forest.html" ;"title="e ...
''. Members of this echimyid subfamily all share an origin in the eastern part of Brazil, close to the Atlantic Forest">e ...
''. Members of this echimyid subfamily all share an origin in the eastern part of Brazil, close to the Atlantic Forest.


Morpho-anatomy

The teeth of Euryzygomatomyines are characterized by several features: * elongate lower and upper incisor roots ; * five lophids on the lower deciduous premolars 4 ; * either four lophids in ''Trinomys'', or three lophids in ''Clyomys'' and ''Euryzygomatomys'', on the lower molars 1 ; * well-connected Molar (tooth)#Lophodont">lophs on the cheek teeth ; * three molar roots anchoring the upper molars. Their zygomatic arch is reduced with a slightly concave dorsal margin, and the jugal bone is ventrally expanded with much reduced, scarcely salient inferior process.


Molecular signatures

At the protein level, one amino acid replacement from
leucine Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α- amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α- ...
to proline yields a shared derived character state that is diagnostic for defining the Euryzygomatomyinae: the amino-acid proline at position homologous to site 294 of the human GHR.


Phylogeny

Within Euryzygomatomyinae, '' Clyomys'' is the sister group to '' Euryzygomatomys''. In turn, these two fossorial genera are the sister group to the terrestrial ''
Trinomys The Atlantic spiny rats are all found in the genus ''Trinomys''. They are a group of South American spiny-rats in the family Echimyidae. Extant species of ''Trinomys'' Based on Natureserve.InfoNatura: Animals and Ecosystems of Latin America e ...
''. In the phylogeny of the family Echimyidae, Euryzygomatomyinae is the sister group to a large assemblage comprising ''Carterodon'' and the family Capromyidae. These phylogenetic relationships, based on the comparison of complete mitochondrial DNA genomes and nuclear DNA exons, disagree with analyses of craniodental characters which cluster together the fossorial genera ''Clyomys'', ''Euryzygomatomys'' and ''Carterodon''.


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q48837034 Echimyidae Mammal subfamilies