''Euphaedra'' is a butterfly
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
in the subfamily
Limenitidinae
The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count, duke, earl, ...
. The species are confined to the
Afrotropical realm mainly in the
Guinean Forests of West Africa
The Guinean forests of West Africa is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International, which includes the belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast of West Africa, running from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west to ...
and the
Congolian forests
The Congolian rainforests are a broad belt of lowland tropical moist broadleaf forests which extend across the basin of the Congo River and its tributaries in Central Africa. They are the only major rainforests which absorb more carbon than they ...
.
Description
''Euphaedra'' are large and showy butterflies. They share a common wing shape. On the basal areas of the upperside of the wings (especially the hindwings) are large suffused patches of metallic green, blue, orange or red. Most species also have a cream or orange subapical bar. The undersides are various shades of yellow or green and marked with black streaks and spots. Many species also have pink patches or streaks on the undersides of the hindwings.
The larvae are green, with yellow and pink markings and bear long and branched lateral spines.
Biology
Green species or forms are found in rain forest, yellow species or forms typically occur in drier and often more patchy forests. This is a
camouflage adaptation to particular forest light patterns.
The larvae of most species feed on
Sapindaceae others on
Anacardiaceae
The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce ...
,
Rutaceae
The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rue[RUTACEAE](_blank)
in BoDD – Botanical Der ...
,
Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae was a family of flowering plant based on the genus ''Sterculia''. Genera formerly included in Sterculiaceae are now placed in the family Malvaceae, in the subfamilies: Byttnerioideae, Dombeyoideae, Helicteroideae and Sterculioideae.
A ...
,
Annonaceae
The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the Ma ...
,
Palmae
The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm tree ...
.
Taxonomy
''Euphaedra'' is a species rich genus. In the most recent
monograph Jacques Hecq listed 180 species later adding 12. In many species the intraspecific variation is as great or greater than the interspecific variation and the
number of species may be smaller.
The
species level taxonomy of these
polymorphic and also
hybridising butterflies is a challenge requiring a synthesis of studies of their
evolutionary taxonomy
Evolutionary taxonomy, evolutionary systematics or Darwinian classification is a branch of biological classification that seeks to classify organisms using a combination of phylogenetic relationship (shared descent), progenitor-descendant relati ...
,
sympatry and
molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
in combination with detailed morphological studies. This is so far only partly achieved.
The
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...
of the genus is ''
Papilio cyparissa''
Cramer Cramer may refer to:
Businesses
* Cramer brothers, 18th century publishers
* Cramer Systems, a software company
* Cramer & Co., a former musical-related business in London
Other uses
* Cramer (surname), including a list of people and fictional ...
.
Species groups
Defining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well-defined genera with a large number of recognized species. ''Euphaedra'' species are so arranged in assemblages called "species groups" but (not
superspecies, but an informal
phenetic
In biology, phenetics ( el, phainein – to appear) , also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary re ...
arrangement). These may or may not be
clades
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
. As
molecular phylogenetic studies continue, lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested, but consistent ranking remains a problem.
Species
Listed alphabetically within species groups:
*
Subgenus ''Proteuphaedra''
Hecq, 1976
**''
Euphaedra adolfifrederici
''Euphaedra adolfifrederici'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Cameroon to the south-western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du ...
''
Schultze, 1920
**''
Euphaedra aubergeri''
Hecq, 1977
**''
Euphaedra aurivillii''
Niepelt, 1914
**''
Euphaedra fucora''
Hecq, 1979
**''
Euphaedra imperialis''
Lindemans, 1910
**''
Euphaedra luperca''
Hewitson, 1864
**''
Euphaedra lupercoides''
Rothschild, 1918
**''
Euphaedra luteofasciata''
Hecq, 1979
**''
Euphaedra marginalis''
Hecq, 1979
**''
Euphaedra rubrocostata''
(Aurivillius, 1898)
**''
Euphaedra symphona''
Bethune-Baker, 1908
*Subgenus ''Medoniana''
Hecq, 1976
**''
Euphaedra medon''
(Linnaeus, 1763)
*Subgenus ''Gausapia''
Hecq, 1976
**The gausapia
species group
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...
***''
Euphaedra calliope''
Hecq, 1981
***''
Euphaedra clio''
Hecq, 1981
***''
Euphaedra ducarmei''
Hecq, 1977
***''
Euphaedra extensa''
Hecq, 1981
***''
Euphaedra gausape''
(Butler, 866
***''
Euphaedra hastiri''
Hecq, 1981
***''
Euphaedra judith''
Weymer, 1892
***''
Euphaedra landbecki''
Rothschild, 1918
***''
Euphaedra melpomene''
Hecq, 1981
***''
Euphaedra ombrophila
''Euphaedra ombrophila'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they a ...
''
Hecq, 1981
***''
Euphaedra plantroui''
Hecq, 1981
**The ''zaddachi'' species group
***''
Euphaedra athena''
Hecq & Joly, 2003
***''
Euphaedra barnsi''
Hecq, 1983
***''
Euphaedra christyi
''Euphaedra christyi'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Uganda
}), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic ...
''
Sharpe, 1904
***''
Euphaedra erici''
Hecq & Joly, 1987
***''
Euphaedra mariaechristinae
''Euphaedra mariaechristinae'', or Marie-Christine's striped forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in eastern Ivory Coast and Ghana
Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country ...
''
Hecq & Joly, 2003
***''
Euphaedra mbamou''
Hecq, 1987
***''
Euphaedra morini''
Hecq, 1983
***''
Euphaedra pallas''
Hecq, 2004
***''
Euphaedra thalie''
Hecq, 1981
***''
Euphaedra zaddachi''
Dewitz, 1879
*Subgenus ''Xypetana''
Hecq, 1976
**The ''xypete'' species group
***''
Euphaedra acuta''
Hecq, 1977
***''
Euphaedra hebes''
Hecq, 1980
***''
Euphaedra hewitsoni''
Hecq, 1974
***''
Euphaedra larseni''
Hecq, 2005
***''
Euphaedra maxima''
Holland, 1920
***''
Euphaedra oremansi''
Hecq, 1996
***''
Euphaedra xypete''
(Hewitson, 1865)
**The ''dargei'' species group
***''
Euphaedra acutoides''
Hecq, 1996
***''
Euphaedra brevis''
Hecq, 1977
***''
Euphaedra dargei''
Hecq, 1975
***''
Euphaedra grandis''
Hecq, 1980
***''
Euphaedra graueri''
Rothschild, 1918
***''
Euphaedra herberti''
(Sharpe, 1891)
***''
Euphaedra karschi''
Bartel, 1905
***''
Euphaedra lata''
Hecq, 1980
***''
Euphaedra ubangui''
Hecq, 1974
**The ''sinuosa'' species group
***''
Euphaedra diffusa''
Gaede, 1916
***''
Euphaedra hollandi
''Euphaedra hollandi'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, western Uganda and western Tanzania. The habitat consists of ...
''
Hecq, 1974
***''
Euphaedra sinuosa''
Hecq, 1974
**The ''mirabilis'' species group
***''
Euphaedra ansorgei''
Rothschild, 1918
***''
Euphaedra caerulescens''
Grose-Smith, 1890
***''
Euphaedra camiadei''
Hecq, 2004
***''
Euphaedra crockeri''
(Butler, 1869)
***''
Euphaedra crossei''
Sharpe, 1902
***''
Euphaedra cuprea''
Hecq, 1980
***''
Euphaedra irangi''
Hecq, 2004
***''
Euphaedra jacqueshecqui''
Bollino, 1998
***''
Euphaedra mirabilis''
Hecq, 1980
***''
Euphaedra mondahensis''
van de Weghe, Oremans & Hecq, 2005
***''
Euphaedra pervaga
''Euphaedra pervaga'', the Cameroon pink forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Cameroon
Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links ...
''
Hecq, 1996
***''
Euphaedra romboutsi
''Euphaedra romboutsi'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informa ...
''
Hecq, 2004
*Subgenus ''Radia''
Hecq, 1976
**''
Euphaedra eusemoides''
(Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1889)
**''
Euphaedra imitans''
Holland, 1893
*Subgenus ''Euphaedra''
**''
Euphaedra cyparissa
''Euphaedra cyparissa'', the true forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
...
''
(Cramer, 775
**''
Euphaedra sarcoptera''
(Butler, 1871)
*Subgenus ''Euphaedrana''
Hecq, 1976
**The ''themis'' species group
***''
Euphaedra aberrans''
Staudinger, 1891
***''
Euphaedra adonina''
(Hewitson, 1865)
***''
Euphaedra apparata''
Hecq, 1982
***''
Euphaedra appositiva''
Hecq, 1982
***''
Euphaedra aureola''
Kirby, 1889
***''
Euphaedra campaspe''
(C. & R. Felder, 867
***''
Euphaedra canui''
Hecq, 1987
***''
Euphaedra centralis''
Hecq, 1985
***''
Euphaedra congo''
Hecq, 1985
***''
Euphaedra controversa''
Hecq, 1997
***''
Euphaedra eberti
''Euphaedra eberti'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and Uganda.
Description
''E. eberti'' Auriv. (44 d) is perhaps only an extreme form of ''themis ...
''
Aurivillius, 1896
***''
Euphaedra exerrata''
Hecq, 1982
***''
Euphaedra janetta
''Euphaedra janetta'', the Janetta Themis forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, the Central African Republic an ...
''
(Butler, 1871)
***''
Euphaedra justicia''
Staudinger, 1886
***''
Euphaedra laboureana''
Toulgoët, 1957
***''
Euphaedra laguerrei''
Hecq, 1979
***''
Euphaedra limbourgi''
Oremans, 2006
***''
Euphaedra minuta''
Hecq, 1982
***''
Euphaedra modesta''
Hecq, 1982
***''
Euphaedra permixtum''
(Butler, 1873)
***''
Euphaedra piriformis''
Hecq, 1982
***''
Euphaedra splendens''
Hecq, 1982
***''
Euphaedra stellata''
Hecq, 1991
***''
Euphaedra temeraria''
Hecq, 2007
***''
Euphaedra themis
''Euphaedra themis'', the common Themis forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria and western Cameroon. Description
''E. themis'' agrees w ...
''
(Hübner, 807
__NOTOC__
Year 807 ( DCCCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire
* Emperor Nikephoros I is forced to sue for peace, ...
***''
Euphaedra ueleana
''Euphaedra ueleana'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informall ...
''
Hecq, 1982
***''
Euphaedra uniformis''
(Neustetter, 1952)
***''
Euphaedra vetusta''
(Butler, 1871)
***''
Euphaedra viridirupta''
Hecq, 2007
**The ''ceres'' species group
***''
Euphaedra afzelii
''Euphaedra afzelii'', the green Ceres forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Sierra Leone. The habitat consists of dense forests. Similar species
Other members of the ''Euphaedra ceres
''Euphaedra ceres'', the Cere ...
''
(C. & R. Felder, 867
***''
Euphaedra ceres
''Euphaedra ceres'', the Ceres forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo.
Description
...
''
(Fabricius, 1775)
***''
Euphaedra compacta''
Hecq, 1997
***''
Euphaedra cottoni
''Euphaedra cottoni'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Cameroon and the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), c ...
''
Sharpe, 1907
***''
Euphaedra dargeana''
Hecq, 1980
***''
Euphaedra delera''
Hecq, 1983
***''
Euphaedra demeter''
Hecq, 1983
***''
Euphaedra densamacula''
Hecq, 1997
***''
Euphaedra fontainei''
Hecq, 1977
***''
Euphaedra francina''
Godart, 824/small>
***'' Euphaedra grilloti'' Hecq, 1983
***'' Euphaedra ignota'' Hecq, 1996
***'' Euphaedra inanum'' (Butler, 1873)
***'' Euphaedra intermedia'' Rebel, 1914
***'' Euphaedra jacksoni'' Hecq, 1980
***'' Euphaedra jolyana'' Hecq, 1986
***'' Euphaedra knoopiana'' Hecq, 1995
***'' Euphaedra luteolucens'' Hecq, 1995
***'' Euphaedra margaritifera'' Schultze, 1920
***'' Euphaedra nigrocilia'' Lathy, 1903
***'' Euphaedra persephona'' Hecq, 1983
***'' Euphaedra phaethusa'' (Butler, 866
***'' Euphaedra phosphor'' Joicey & Talbot, 1921
***'' Euphaedra preussiana'' Gaede, 1916
***'' Euphaedra proserpina'' Hecq, 1983
***'' Euphaedra ravola'' (Hewitson, 1866)
***'' Euphaedra regis-leopoldi'' Hecq, 1996
***'' Euphaedra regularis'' Hecq, 1983
***'' Euphaedra rezia'' (Hewitson, 1866)
***'' Euphaedra sarita'' (Sharpe, 1891)
***'' Euphaedra solida'' Hecq, 1997
***'' Euphaedra subprotea'' Hecq, 1986
***'' Euphaedra tenebrosa'' Hecq, 1983
***'' Euphaedra uganda'' Aurivillius, 1895
***'' Euphaedra velutina'' Hecq, 1997
***'' Euphaedra villiersi'' Condamin, 1964
***'' Euphaedra viridicaerulea'' Bartel, 1905
***'' Euphaedra wojtusiaki'' Hecq, 1993
**The ''preussi'' species group
***'' Euphaedra albofasciata'' Berger, 1981
***'' Euphaedra bergeri'' Hecq, 1974
***'' Euphaedra cinnamomea'' Rothschild, 1918
***'' Euphaedra disjuncta'' Hecq, 1984
***'' Euphaedra fascinata'' Hecq, 1984
***'' Euphaedra fulvofasciata'' Holland, 1920
***'' Euphaedra illustris'' Talbot, 1927
***'' Euphaedra leloupi'' Overlaet, 1955
***'' Euphaedra margueriteae'' Hecq, 1978
***'' Euphaedra mayumbensis'' Hecq, 1984
***'' Euphaedra miranda'' Hecq, 1984
***'' Euphaedra neumanni'' Rothschild, 1902
***'' Euphaedra niveovittata'' Overlaet, 1955
***'' Euphaedra ochrovirens'' Hecq, 1984
***'' Euphaedra olivacea'' Grünberg, 1908
***'' Euphaedra overlaeti'' Hulstaert, 1926
***'' Euphaedra paradoxa'' Neave, 1904
***'' Euphaedra preussi'' Staudinger, 1891
***'' Euphaedra procera'' Hecq, 1984
***'' Euphaedra subprocera'' Hecq, 1984
***'' Euphaedra subviridis'' Holland, 1920
***'' Euphaedra vicina'' Hecq, 1984
***'' Euphaedra xerophila'' Hecq, 1974
**The ''eleus'' species group
***'' Euphaedra alacris'' Hecq, 1978
***'' Euphaedra amieti'' Hecq, 1994
***'' Euphaedra asteria'' Hecq, 1993
***'' Euphaedra bouyeri'' Hecq, 1993
***'' Euphaedra castanoides'' Hecq, 1985
***'' Euphaedra cooksoni'' Druce, 1905
***'' Euphaedra confina'' Hecq, 1992
***'' Euphaedra coprates'' (Druce, 1875)
***'' Euphaedra edwardsii'' (van der Hoeven, 1845)
***'' Euphaedra eleus'' (Drury, 1782)
***'' Euphaedra ferruginea'' Staudinger, 1886
***'' Euphaedra hybrida'' Hecq, 1978
***'' Euphaedra katangensis'' Talbot, 1927
***'' Euphaedra murphyi'' Hecq, 1991
***'' Euphaedra nigrobasalis'' Joicey & Talbot, 1921
***'' Euphaedra ochracea'' Hecq, 1978
***'' Euphaedra orientalis'' Rothschild, 1898
***'' Euphaedra perseis'' (Drury, 1773)
***'' Euphaedra rattrayi'' Sharpe, 1904
***'' Euphaedra ruspina'' Hewitson, 1865
***'' Euphaedra sangbae'' Hecq, 1996
***'' Euphaedra semipreussiana'' Hecq, 1993
***'' Euphaedra simplex'' Hecq, 1978
***'' Euphaedra subferruginea'' Guillaumin, 1976
***'' Euphaedra variabilis'' Guillaumin, 1976
***'' Euphaedra zampa'' (Westwood, 1850)
**The ''harpalyce'' species group
***'' Euphaedra alava'' Hecq, 2000
***'' Euphaedra alboides'' Hecq, 1984
***'' Euphaedra alternus'' van Someren, 1935
***''Euphaedra dubreka
''Euphaedra dubreka'', the Guinea Themis forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in south-eastern Guinea and western Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone,)]. officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the south ...
'' Collins & Larsen, 2005
***'' Euphaedra eupalus'' (Fabricius, 1781)
***'' Euphaedra harpalyce'' (Cramer, 777
777 may refer to:
* 777 (number), a number
* AD 777, a year of the Julian calendar
* 777 BC, a year in the 8th century BC
* Boeing 777, a commercial jet airliner
:* Boeing 777X, the newer generation of the Boeing 777.
Art and entertainment Alb ...
***'' Euphaedra losinga'' (Hewitson, 1864)
***''Euphaedra luafa
''Euphaedra luafa'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informally ...
'' Oremans, 1998
***'' Euphaedra occulta'' Hecq, 1982
***'' Euphaedra thierrybaulini'' Oremans, 1999
***'' Euphaedra vandeweghei'' Hecq, 2004
**Species group unknown
***'' Euphaedra normalis'' Staudinger, 1891
*Subgenus ''Neophronia'' Hecq, 1985
**'' Euphaedra neophron'' (Hopffer, 1855)
*Subgenus unknown
**'' Euphaedra abri'' Faravel, 2005
**'' Euphaedra castanea'' Berger, 1981
**'' Euphaedra cuypersiana'' Hecq, 2006
**'' Euphaedra mambili'' Hecq, 2001
**'' Euphaedra opulenta'' Hecq & Van de Weghe, 2005
**'' Euphaedra rex'' Stoneham, 1935
**'' Euphaedra sabinae'' Faravel, 2002
**'' Euphaedra sardetta'' Berger, 1981
**'' Euphaedra vulnerata'' Schultze, 1916
**'' Euphaedra wissmanni'' Niepelt, 1906
References
Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 42 et seq.Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Text (in German)
*van Someren, Victor Gurner Logan; & Rogers, K. (1934) The Butterflies of Kenya and Uganda. II, part 1: Euphaedra. ''The Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society'' 12, pp. 8-89
External links
Images representing ''Euphaedra''
at Barcodes of Life
Genus ''Euphaedra'' at EOL
images
''Euphaedra'' types
Royal Museum for Central Africa
The Royal Museum for Central Africa or RMCA ( nl, Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika or KMMA; french: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale or MRAC; german: Königliches Museum für Zentralafrika or KMZA), also officially known as the AfricaMuse ...
images
{{Taxonbar , from=Q1757703
Nymphalidae genera
Limenitidinae
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner