Eubulides Timog

''Eubulides timog'' is a stick insect species from the family of the Heteropterygidae. Although only described in 2023, this species, native to the south and east of the Philippine island Luzón, has been kept and bred in the terrariums of enthusiasts since 2009.

Discovery and occurrence

The first specimens of this species were collected in August 1995 by Oliver Zompro at an altitude of about on the Mount Banahaw in the Philippine province of Quezon. Zompro assigned the two males and one female he collected and described to '' Eubulides igorrote''. Other specimens initially assigned to '' Eubulides alutaceus'' were found by Joachim Bresseel and Thierry Heitzmann in the Quezon National Park in 2009. In April 2010, Isamael Lumawig found specimens in the Sierra Madre Mountains. Bresseel, Heitzmann, Tim Bollens and Rob Krijns found further specimens in Marinfata on the road to Infanta in April of the same year.

''Eubulides timog'' is widespread in the south and east of Luzon and is considered common. Evidence has been found in the provinces of Quezon, Quirino, Albay and Sorsogon. The species has also been found in the south of the island of Leyte.

Description

The females of this medium-sized '' Eubulides'' species reach a length of . At the end of the abdomen is the beak-shaped secondary ovipositor typical of species of the Obriminae, as in all species of the genus, is characteristically curved upwards in a sickle shape. The coloration and pattern of the females are very variable. In addition to uniformly light to dark brown animals, there are occasionally those with brown, light beige to white patterns, as well as those with almost black and white coloration. Animals with a thin, dark longitudinal stripe extending from the head to the end of the abdomen also occur.

Males are more slender and remain significantly smaller, with a length of . They are usually uniformly light or medium brown in color and only rarely show brown or beige patterns in the area of the lateral meso- and metanotum.

In their habit the species is very similar to the slightly larger '' Eubulides lumawigi'' native to northern Luzon. ''E. timog'' can be distinguished from this by the shape of the ventral anal segment, which in the males of ''E. lumawigi'' is clearly two-lobed at the posterior edge, while in those of ''E. timog'' it is hexagonal and shows only a slight bulge at the posterior edge. In the females of ''E. lumawigi'' the ovipositor is elongated and its dorsally located epiproct is twice as long as the anal segment, which is rounded at the posterior edge. In those of ''E. timog'' the posterior edge of the anal segment is indented in the middle and the epiproct is no longer than 1.8 times the length of the anal segment.

In contrast to the much smaller ''Eubulides igorrote'', ''E. timog'', like all other representatives of the genus, lacks spines on the lateral edge of the pronotum and the four large spines on the anterior edge of the mesonotum.

The more slender ''E. timog'' can be distinguished from the almost equally large ''Eubulides alutaceus'' by its body shape. In ''E. alutaceus'', the rear parts of the meso- and metathorax as well as the femur, meso- and metafemurs are significantly enlarged. This feature otherwise only occurs in the significantly larger '' Eubulides taylori'' from Polillo Island.

Lifestyle and reproduction

In the wild, the species has been found in shady to semi-shady biotopes on various Araceae. The projectile-shaped eggs, which are laid in the soil using the curved ovipositor, are typical for the genus. They are about long, wide and high and brown. The lid (operculum) is somewhat darker and sits on the egg at an angle sloping towards the ventral side, creating an opercular angle of about 15 degrees. The micropylar plate is broad, almost rectangular in the upper part and inverted V-shaped at the lower pole in the direction of the micropyle and long. After three to four months, the nymphs hatch, which are about long and uniformly brown in color when they hatch.

Taxonomy

Sarah Bank et al. included five samples of ''Eubulides'' representatives in their study published in 2021 based on genetic analysis to clarify the phylogeny of the Heteropterygidae. While three samples turned out to be conspecific and belonged to ''Eubulides igorrote'', two others did not fit this species. One of them came from a breeding stock and was described in 2023 by Frank H. Hennemann as ''Eubulides timog'' alongside three other species of the genus. The chosen specific name "timog" means "south" or "southern" in Filipino language and refers to the distribution area of the species, which is limited to southern Luzon.

Of the specimens collected on April 10, 2011, in Marinfanta, one female is deposited as holotype and another female and two males as paratypes in the Museum of Natural Sciences in Brussels. A male collected in April 2010 in the Sierra Madre Mountains and two females from Mt. Palakong, a male from Atimonan and a female from Mount Banahaw, which were collected there from April 11 to 14, 2011, are also deposited there as paratypes. Hennemann's specimen collection contains a further 30 paratypes, including 2 juvenile animals, as well as 50 eggs.

In terraristics

The first specimens reached Europe were all referred to as ''Eubulides igorrote''. The adult specimens that Bresseel brought back to Belgium from a collecting trip in 2009 accepted various food plants, such as '' Hosta''. Heitzmann sent eggs to Krijns to the Netherlands. The nymphs that hatched from these proved to be finicky and only accepted '' Spathiphyllum'' as food plant. In the end, only two female animals remained. Krijns supplemented these with two males, also the only remaining ones, which he received from Oskar V. Conle. Krijns brought more animals back from his trip to the Philippines in 2010 and bred them on Araceae such as ''Spathiphyllum'', '' Dieffenbachia'' and '' Philodendron''. The Belgians Kristien Rabaey and Rob Simoens were also able to breed the species successfully from Heitzmann's eggs.
As early as 2012, the species was no longer bred as a sexual strain. The parthenogenetic stock that has been available since then goes back to eggs that Heitzmann sent to Holger Dräger in Germany. From these, only one female hatched, which became an adult. The resulting breeding stock must correctly be called ''Eubulides timog'' 'Quezon'.

The species is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under the PSG number 311, initially referred to as ''Eubulides igorrote'' and from 2019 to 2024 as ''Eubulides alutaceus''.

The current breeding stock is easy to keep and to breed. Temperatures of are sufficient for breeding. In addition to leaves from Araceae such as '' Epipremnum'', bramble and other Rosaceae as well as hazel, oaks and salal are suitable as food plants. A slightly moist layer of soil or sand should cover the ground for laying eggs.

Gallery

Eubulides timog (PSG 311) eggs.jpg, Eggs in different views
Eubulides timog (PSG 311) L1 nymph.jpg, Freshly hatched nymph
Eubulides timog (PSG 311) female nymph.jpg, Female nymph
Eubulides timog (PSG 311) dark female.jpg, Dark colored female
Eubulides timog (PSG 311) female sagittal.jpg, Female in the lateral view

References

Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021).
Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)
', Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472

Hennemann, F. H. (2023).
A taxonomic review, including new species and new records of Philippine Obrimini stick insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae: Obriminae)
', Faunitaxys, 2023, 11 (71), pp. 42–44 & 61–67.

Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.:
Phasmida Species File Online
' (accessdate 23 June 2024)

''Eubulides timog'' at Phasmatodea.com
by Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V., Kneubühler, B. and Valero, P.

Zompro, O. (1996). ''Beiträge zur Kenntnis der philippinischen Phasmiden, I'', Entomologische Zeitschrift (1996) 106 (4): pp. 161–164.

Krijns, R. (2011). ''Speciesreport 41: Eubulides igorrote Rehn & Rehn, 1939'', Phasma Werkgroep, Jaargang 21, nummer 81, Juni 2011, pp. 6–8,

Dräger, H. (2012). ''Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1896 (Phasmatodea) – ein Überblick über bisher gehaltene Arten.'' Teil 3: ''Die Unterfamilie Obriminae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, Triben Miroceramiini und Eubulidini Zompro, 2004.'' In: ''ZAG Phoenix.'' Nr. 6, Juni 2012 Jahrgang 3(2), , pp. 2–21.

Phasmid Study Group Culture List
/ref>

Büscher, T. H. (2019). ''PSG 311 Name Update'', The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter No. 142, June 2019, p. 9,

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q126906053

Phasmatodea
Phasmatodea of Asia
Insects described in 2023
Insects of the Philippines