An etymological dictionary discusses the

etymology Etymology ()The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the Phonological chan ...

of the words listed. Often, large dictionaries, such as the ''

Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the first and foundational historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a com ...

'' and ''

Webster's ''Webster's Dictionary'' is any of the English language dictionaries edited in the early 19th century by American lexicographer Noah Webster (1758–1843), as well as numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's n ...

'', will contain some etymological information, without aspiring to focus on etymology. Etymological dictionaries are the product of research in

historical linguistics Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: # to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages # ...

. For many words in any language, the etymology will be uncertain, disputed, or simply unknown. In such cases, depending on the space available, an etymological dictionary will present various suggestions and perhaps make a judgement on their likelihood, and provide references to a full discussion in specialist

literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...

. The

tradition A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common examples include holidays or ...

of compiling "derivations" of words is pre-modern, found for example in Indian (''

nirukta ''Nirukta'' ( sa, निरुक्त, , "explained, interpreted") is one of the six ancient Vedangas, or ancillary science connected with the Vedas – the scriptures of Hinduism.James Lochtefeld (2002), "Nirukta" in The Illustrated Encyclope ...

''), Arabic ('' al-ištiqāq'') and also in Western tradition (in works such as the ''

Etymologicum Magnum ''Etymologicum Magnum'' ( grc, Ἐτυμολογικὸν Μέγα, ) (standard abbreviation ''EM'', or ''Etym. M.'' in older literature) is the traditional title of a Greek lexical encyclopedia compiled at Constantinople by an unknown lexicogra ...

''). Etymological dictionaries in the modern sense, however, appear only in the late 18th century (with 17th-century predecessors such as

Vossius Vossius may refer to: * Gerardus Vossius (1577–1649), a Dutch humanist * Dionysius Vossius (1612–1633), a Dutch translator, son of Gerardus Vossius * Isaac Vossius (1618–1689), a Dutch scholar, son of Gerardus Vossius * Vossius Gymnasium ...

' 1662 ''Etymologicum linguae Latinae'' or Stephen Skinner's 1671 ''Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae''), with the understanding of

sound law A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic chang ...

s and

language change Language change is variation over time in a language's features. It is studied in several subfields of linguistics: historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, and evolutionary linguistics. Traditional theories of historical linguistics identify ...

and their production was an important task of the "golden age of

philology Philology () is the study of language in oral and writing, written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defin ...

" in the 19th century.

Print

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

**Robert K. Barnhart & Sol Steinmetz, eds. ''Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology''. Bronx, NY: H. W. Wilson, 1988 (reprinted as ''Chambers Dictionary of Etymology''). **Terry F. Hoad. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. **Ernest Klein. ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language''. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966-67. **C.T. Onions, ed. ''

The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology ''The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology'' is an etymological dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press. The first editor of the dictionary was Charles Talbut Onions, who spent his last twenty years largely de ...

''.

Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...

, 1966. **

Eric Partridge Eric Honeywood Partridge (6 February 1894 – 1 June 1979) was a New Zealand– British lexicographer of the English language, particularly of its slang. His writing career was interrupted only by his service in the Army Education Corps an ...

, ''Origins: A short etymological dictionary of Modern English''. New York: Greenwich House, 1958 (reprint: 1959, 1961, 1966, 2008). *

Albanian Albanian may refer to: *Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular: **Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans **Albanian language **Albanian culture **Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...

**Kolec Topalli. ''Fjalor etimologjik i gjuhës shqipe''. Durrës: Jozef, 2017. **

Vladimir Orel Vladimir Emmanuilovich Orël (russian: Владимир Эммануилович Орëл; 9 February 1952 – 5 August 2007) was a Russian linguist and etymologist. Biography At the Moscow State University he studied theoretical linguistics ( ...

. ''Albanian Etymological Dictionary''. Leiden: Brill, 1998. **Eqrem Çabej. ''Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes''. 7 vols. Tirana: Akademia et Shkencave e Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, 1976–2014. *

Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian Diaspora, Armenian communities across the ...

Hrachia Acharian Hrachia Acharian ( hy, Հրաչեայ Աճառեան, reformed spelling: Հրաչյա Աճառյան ; 8 March 1876 – 16 April 1953) was an Armenian linguist, lexicographer, etymologist, and philologist. An Istanbul Armenian, Acharian stu ...

''Հայերեն արմատական բառարան''
ictionary of Armenian Root Words 4 vols. Yerevan: Yerevan State University, 1971. ** Guevorg Djahukian
''Հայերեն ստուգաբանական բառարան''
rmenian Etymological Dictionary Yerevan: International Linguistic Academy, 2010. ** Hrach K. Martirosyan. ''Etymological dictionary of the Armenian inherited lexicon''. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2010. *

Breton Breton most often refers to: *anything associated with Brittany, and generally ** Breton people ** Breton language, a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken in Brittany ** Breton (horse), a breed **Ga ...

**Albert Deshayes. ''Dictionnaire étymologique du breton''. Douarnenez: Le Chasse-Marée, 2003. *

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of ...

**Axel Schuessler. ''ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007. *

Czech Czech may refer to: * Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe ** Czech language ** Czechs, the people of the area ** Czech culture ** Czech cuisine * One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus' Places * Czech, ...

**Holub, J., Kopečný, F. ''Etymologický slovník jazyka českého''. Prague: Státní nakladatelství učebnic (1952) 933**Machek, Václav. ''Etymologický slovník jazyka českého''. Prague: NLN, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny (2010

971 Year 971 ( CMLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Battle of Dorostolon: A Byzantine expeditionary army (possibly 30–40,000 men) ...

957**Holub, J. & S. Lyer. ''Stručný etymologický slovník jazyka českého se zvláštním zřetelem k slovům kulturním a cizím''. Prague: SPN (1992) 967**Rejzek, Jiří. ''Český etymologický slovník''. Voznice: LEDA (2012 001 *

Danish Danish may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark People * A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark * Culture of Denmark * Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish a ...

** ** *

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

**Marlies Philippa, Frans Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim, & Nicoline van der Sijs, eds. ''Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands'' (EWN). 4 vols. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2003–09. **Jan de Vries. ''Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek'' (NEW), 4th edn. Leiden: Brill, 1997 (1st edn. 1971). *

Finnish Finnish may refer to: * Something or someone from, or related to Finland * Culture of Finland * Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland * Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people * Finnish cuisine See also ...

** ''Suomen sanojen alkuperä'' he Origin of Finnish Words 3 vols.

Helsinki Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...

: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus /

Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura The Finnish Literature Society ( fi, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura ry or fi, SKS) was founded in 1831 to promote literature written in Finnish. Among its first publications was the ''Kalevala'', the Finnish national epic A national epic ...

, 1992–2000 (vol. 1, A–K 1992; vol. 2, L–P 1995; vol. 3, R–Ö 2000). * French **Alain Rey, ed. ''Dictionnaire historique de la langue française'', 4th edn. 2 vols. Paris: Le Robert, 2016 (1st edn. 1992). **Emmanuèle Baumgartner & Philippe Ménard. ''Dictionnaire étymologique et historique de la langue française''. Paris: Livre de Poche, 1996. **. ''Dictionnaire étymologique du français''. Paris: Le Robert, 1971. **Albert Dauzat, Jean Dubois, & Henri Mitterand. ''Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique et historique'', 2nd edn. Paris: Larousse, 1964 (1st edn. 1938). **Oscar Bloch & Walther von Wartburg. ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française'', 2nd edn. Paris: PUF, 1950 (1st edn. 1932). **

Walther von Wartburg Walther von Wartburg (-Boos) (18 May 1888; Riedholz – 15 August 1971; Basel) was a Swiss philologist and lexicographer. He was the editor-in-chief of the '' Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (FEW). After studying at the universiti ...

& Hans-Erich Keller, eds. ''Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch: Eine Darstellung des gallormanischen Sprachschatzes'' (FEW). 25 vols. Bonn: Klopp; Heidelberg: Carl Winter; Leipzig–Berlin: Teubner; Basel: R. G. Zbinden, 1922–67 (some vols. have since been revised). *

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

Elmar Seebold Elmar Seebold (born September 28, 1934) is a German philologist who specializes in Germanic philology. From 1971 to 1983, Seebold was Professor of Germanic philology at the University of Fribourg. He then transferred to the Ludwig Maximilian Univ ...

, ed. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache'' Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_German_Language_.html" ;"title="Etymological Dictionary of the German Language"> Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_German_Language">Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_German_Language__26th_edn._Originally_by_Friedrich_Kluge.html" ;"title="Etymological Dictionary of the German Language ">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language 26th edn. Originally by Friedrich Kluge">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language ">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language">Etymological Dictionary of the German Language 26th edn. Originally by Friedrich Kluge. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2013 (1st edn. 1883). **Wolfgang Pfeifer, ed. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen'', 7th edn. Munich: dtv, 2004 (1st edn., 1995). **Gunther Drosdowsi, Paul Grebe, et al., eds. ''Duden, Das Herkunftswörterbuch: Etymologie der deutschen Sprache'', 5th edn. Berlin: Duden, 2013. **Sabine Krome, ed. ''Wahrig, Herkunftswörterbuch'', 5th edn. Originally by Ursula Hermann. Gütersloh–Munich: Wissenmedia, 2009. *

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

Georgios Babiniotis Georgios Babiniotis ( el, Γεώργιος Μπαμπινιώτης; born 6 January 1939) is a Greek linguist and philologist and former Minister of Education and Religious Affairs of Greece. He previously served as rector of Athens University. A ...

. ''Ετυµολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας'' Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Greek Language 2 vols. Athens: Κέντρο λεξικογραφίας, 2010. **; Ancient Greek ***

Robert S. P. Beekes Robert Stephen Paul Beekes (; 2 September 1937 – 21 September 2017) was a Dutch linguist who was emeritus professor of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at Leiden University and an author of many monographs on the Proto-Indo-European langu ...

. ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek''. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2010. ***

Pierre Chantraine Pierre Louis Chantraine (; 15 September 1899 – 30 June 1974) was a French linguist. He was born in Lille and died in Paris. A student of, among others, Antoine Meillet, Joseph Vendryes and Paul Mazon, Chantraine became one of the most renown ...

. ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque: Histoire des mots'', revised 2nd edn. 2 vols. Revised by Jean Taillardat,

Olivier Masson Olivier Masson (3 April 1922, Paris - 23 February 1997, Paris) was a French linguist interested in Greek, Cypriot and Phoenician epigraphy, especially with the Cypriot syllabary and Cypriot archaeology in general. He was professor of Greek philolo ...

, & Jean-Louis Perpillou. Paris: Klincksieck, 2009 (2nd edn. 1994; 1st edn. 1968–80 in 4 vols.). ***Hjalmar Frisk. ''Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch''. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1960–72. * Hittite **Alwin Kloekhorst. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon''. Leiden–Boston: Brill, 2008. ** Jaan Puhvel. ''Hittite Etymological Dictionary''. 10 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1984–present. * Hungarian **Zaicz Gábor. ''Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete''. Budapest: TINTA, 2006. **András Róna-Tas & Árpád Berta. ''West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian''. 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011. **István Tótfalusi. ''Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár''. Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001. * Icelandic ** Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon, '' Íslensk orðsifjabók'' *

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

**Alberto Nocentini. ''L’Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana''. With the collaboration of Alessandro Parenti. Milan: Mondadori, 2010. **Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli. ''Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana'' (DELIN), 2nd edn. Bologna: Zanichelli, 2004 (1st edn. 5 vols., 1979-1988). *

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

**Michiel de Vaan. ''Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages''. Leiden: Brill, 2008. **Alois Walde. ''Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'', 3rd edn. 2 vols. Revised by Johann Baptist Hofmann. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1938–54 (1st edn. 1906). **Alfred Ernout & Antoine Meillet. ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: Histoire des mots'' (DELL), 4th rev. edn. 2 vols. Revised by Jacques André. Paris: Klincksieck, 1985 (4th edn. 1959–60; 1st edn. 1932). * Latvian **Konstantīns Karulis. ''Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca''. Rīga: Avots, 1992. * Lithuanian **Ernst Fraenkel, Annemarie Slupski, Erich Hofmann, & Eberhard Tangl, eds. ''Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (LitEW). 2 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962–65. **Wolfgang Hock et al. ''Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterburch'' (ALEW). 3 vols. Hamburg: Baar Verlag, 2015. *

Old Church Slavonic Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic () was the first Slavic languages, Slavic literary language. Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine Empire, Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with Standard language, standardizing the lan ...

**''Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského'' (ESJS). 18 vols. (A–zakonъ). Prague: Academia, 1989– . . *

Old Irish Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic ( sga, Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ga, Sean-Ghaeilge; gd, Seann-Ghàidhlig; gv, Shenn Yernish or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive writt ...

** ''

Sanas Cormaic ''Sanas Cormaic'' (or ''Sanas Chormaic'', Irish for "Cormac's narrative"), also known as ''Cormac's Glossary'', is an early Irish glossary containing etymologies and explanations of over 1,400 Irish words, many of which are difficult or outdated. ...

'', encyclopedic dictionary, 9th or 10th century **

Joseph Vendryes Joseph Vendryes or Vendryès (; 13 January 1875, Paris – 30 January 1960) was a French Celtic linguist. After studying with Antoine Meillet, he was chairman of Celtic languages and literature at the École Pratique des Hautes Études. He found ...

, E. Bachellery, & Pierre-Yves Lambert. ''Lexique étymologique de l'irlandais ancien'' (LÉIA). 7 vols. Dublin:

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS) ( ga, Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a statutory independent research institute in Ireland. It was established in 1940 on the initiative of the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, in Dub ...

; Paris: CNRC Éditions, 1959–1996 (incomplete). *

Old Prussian Old Prussian was a Western Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European languages, which was once spoken by the Old Prussians, the Baltic peoples of the Prussian region. The language is called Old Prussian to avoid con ...

** Vytautas Mažiulis, ''Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas'' (1988–1997),

Vilnius Vilnius ( , ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 (according to the state register) or 625,107 (according to the municipality of Vilnius). The population of Vilnius's functional urb ...

. *

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, w ...

Aleksander Brückner Aleksander Brückner (; 29 January 1856 – 24 May 1939) was a Polish scholar of Slavic languages and literatures (Slavistics), philologist, lexicographer and historian of literature. He is among the most notable Slavicists of the late 19th ...

, ''

Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego ''Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego'' (''Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language'') is an etymological dictionary first published in 1927. It was compiled by Aleksander Brückner and served through the 20th century as a principal Pol ...

'', 1st edn.

Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...

: Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza, 1927 (9th edn. -

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

: Wiedza Powszechna, 2000). ** Wiesław Boryś, ''Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego'', 1st edn.

: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2005. *

Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...

**J.P. Machado. ''Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa'', 3rd edn. 5 vols. Lisbon, 1977 (1st edn. 1952). **Antonio Geraldo da Cunha. ''Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa''. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1982. *

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

. ''Russian Etymological Dictionary''. 4 vols. Edited by Vitaly Shevoroshkin & Cindy Drover-Davidson. Calgary, Canada: Octavia Press (vols. 1-3) & Theophania Publishing (vol. 4), 2007-2011. **Terence Wade. ''Russian Etymological Dictionary''. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1996. **Max Vasmer. ''Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch''. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1953-58. *

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...

Manfred Mayrhofer Manfred Mayrhofer (26 September 1926 – 31 October 2011) was an Austrian Indo-Europeanist who specialized in Indo-Iranian languages. Mayrhofer served as professor emeritus at the University of Vienna. He is noted for his etymological dictionar ...

. ''Kurzgefaßtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen'' (KEWA). 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1956–1976. **Manfred Mayrhofer. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen'' (EWAia). 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1992/1998/2001. * Sardinian **Max Leopold Wagner. ''Dizionario etimologico sardo'' (DES). 2 vols. Revised by Giulio Paulis. Nuoro: Ilisso, 2008 (1st edn. 3 vols., Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1960–4). **Massimo Pittau. ''Dizionario della lingua sarda fraseologico ed etimologico'' (DILS). 2 vols. Cagliari: E. Gasperini, 2000–03. * Scots **

John Jamieson John Jamieson (3 March 1759 – 12 July 1838) was a Scottish minister of religion, lexicographer, philologist and antiquary. His most important work is the ''Dictionary of the Scottish Language''. Life He was born in Glasgow in March 1759 the ...

, ''An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language'' (1808), revised 1879–97. *

Serbo-Croatian Serbo-Croatian () – also called Serbo-Croat (), Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and ...

**Alemko Gluhak. ''Hrvatski etimološki rječnik''. Zagreb: August Cesarec, 1993. ** Petar Skok. ''Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika'' tymological Dictionary of the Croatian or the Serbian Language 4 vols.

Zagreb Zagreb ( , , , ) is the capital (political), capital and List of cities and towns in Croatia#List of cities and towns, largest city of Croatia. It is in the Northern Croatia, northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slop ...

: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, 1971–4. * Slovene **

France Bezlaj France Bezlaj (September 19, 1910 – April 27, 1993) was a Slovenian linguist. He was born in Litija.Jakopin, Franc. 1987. France Bezlaj. ''Enciklopedija Slovenije'', vol. 1. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, pp. 258–259. He received a degree in ...

. ''Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika''. Ljublana:

SAZU The Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts ( sl, Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti (SAZU)) is the national academy of Slovenia, which encompasses science and the arts and brings together the top Slovene researchers and artists as members o ...

, 1977. (), **

Marko Snoj Marko Snoj (born 19 April 1959) is an Indo-Europeanist, Slavist, Albanologist, lexicographer, and etymologist employed at the Fran Ramovš Institute for Slovene Language of the Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Ar ...

. ''Slovenski etimološki slovar''. Ljublana: Založba Modrijan, 2003. (), *

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

Joan Corominas Joan Coromines i Vigneaux (; also frequently spelled ''Joan Corominas''; Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, by Joan Corominas icand José Antonio Pascual, Editorial Gredos, 1989, Madrid, . Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 1 ...

. ''Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico'' (DCECH). 6 vols. Madrid: Gredos, 1980–91 () **

Guido Gómez de Silva Guido is a given name Latinised from the Old High German name Wido. It originated in Medieval Italy. Guido later became a male first name in Austria, Germany, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, Spain, Portugal, Latin America and Switzerland. The mea ...

. ''Elsevier's Concise Spanish Etymological Dictionary''. Amsterdam–NY: Elsevier Sciences, 1985. () **Edward A. Roberts. ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words Based on Indo-European Roots'', 2 vols. (vol. 1: A-G; 2: H-Z). Xlibris, 2014. *

Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...

**Elof Hellquist. ''Svensk etymologisk ordbok''.

Lund Lund (, , ) is a city in the southern Swedish provinces of Sweden, province of Scania, across the Øresund, Öresund strait from Copenhagen. The town had 91,940 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 121,510 . It is the seat of Lund Municipali ...

: Gleerups, 1922-1980. () **Birgitta Ernby. ''Norstedts etymologiska ordbok''.

Stockholm Stockholm () is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, largest city of Sweden as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 980,000 people liv ...

: Norstedts Förlag, 2008. () * Turkish **

Sevan Nişanyan Sevan Nişanyan ( hyw, Սեւան Նշանեան; born 21 December 1956) is a Turkish-Armenian writer and linguist. An author of a number of books ("The Wrong Republic", "The Etymological Dictionary" and others), Nişanyan was awarded the Ayşe N ...

. ''Sözlerin soyağacı: çağdaş Türkçenin etimolojik sözlüğü''. Beyoğlu (Istanbul): Adam, 2002. ** Gerard Leslie Makins Clauson. ''An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish''. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Language families

Afro-Asiatic The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic su ...

& Olga V. Stolbova. ''Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction''. Leiden: Brill, 1995. *

Altaic Altaic (; also called Transeurasian) is a controversial proposed language family that would include the Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families and possibly also the Japonic and Koreanic languages. Speakers of these languages are ...

**Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, & Oleg Mudrak. '' Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages''. Leiden: Brill, 2003. *

Celtic Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to: Language and ethnicity *pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia **Celts (modern) *Celtic languages **Proto-Celtic language * Celtic music *Celtic nations Sports Fo ...

Ranko Matasović Ranko Matasović (born 14 May 1968) is a Croatian linguist, Indo-Europeanist and Celticist. Biography Matasović was born and raised in Zagreb, where he attended primary and secondary school. In the Faculty of philosophy at the University of ...

. ''Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic''. Leiden: Brill, 2009. * Dravidian **Thomas D. Burrows & Murray Barnson Emeneau. ''A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary'' (DED), 2nd edn. Oxford: Munshirm Manoharlal / Clarendon Press, 1984 (1st edn. 1961). * Germanic **Guus Kroonen. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic''. Leiden: Brill, 2013. **

. ''A Handbook of Germanic Etymology''. Leiden: Brill, 2003. **Frank Heidermanns. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive'' (EWgA). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993. *

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-E ...

**George E. Dunkel. ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme'' (LIPP). Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 2014. **Dagmar S. Wodtko, Britta Irslinger, & Carolin Schneider. ''Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon'' (NIL). Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 2008. **

Helmut Rix Helmut Rix (4 July 1926, in Amberg – 3 December 2004, in Colmar) was a German linguist and professor of the Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar of Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany. He is best known for his research into Indo-Euro ...

. ''

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben The ''Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben'' (''LIV'', ''"Lexicon of the Indo-European Verbs"'') is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verb. The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix. A second edition follow ...

: Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen'' (LIV²), 2nd edn. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2001. **

Julius Pokorny Julius Pokorny (12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was an Austrian-Czech linguist and scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He held academic posts in Austrian and German universities. Early life a ...

. ''

Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch The ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (''IEW''; "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny. It is an updated and slimmed-down ...

'' (IEW), 2 vols. Tübingen–Berne–Munich: A. Francke, 1957/1969 (reprint 2005). *** Reworking of: Alois Walde & Julius Pokorny. ''Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen''. 3 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1927–32 (reprint 1973). **

Carl Darling Buck Carl Darling Buck (October 2, 1866 – February 8, 1955), born in Bucksport, Maine, was an American philologist. Biography He graduated from Yale in 1886, was a graduate student there for three years, and studied at the American School of Classica ...

. ''A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages''.

University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chicago is consistently ranked among the b ...

Press, 1949 (paperback edition 1988). * Slavic **

Rick Derksen Rick Derksen (born 1964) is a Dutch linguist and Indo-Europeanist at the University of Leiden. He is specialist in Balto-Slavic historical linguistics with an emphasis on accentology and etymology. He's a contributor to Leiden-based Indo-Euro ...

. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon''. Leiden: Brill, 2008. **'' Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages: Proto-Slavic Lexical Stock'' (ESSJa). 40 vols. (A-*pakъla). Moscow: Nauka, 1974–present. **

Franz Miklosich Franz Miklosich (german: Franz Ritter von Miklosich, also known in Slovene as ; 20 November 1813 – 7 March 1891) was a Slovene philologist. Early life Miklosich was born in the small village of Radomerščak near the Lower Styrian town of Lju ...

. ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen''. Vienna: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1886. 547 pp. *

Uralic The Uralic languages (; sometimes called Uralian languages ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian (w ...

**Károly Rédei, ed. ''Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (UEW). 3 vols. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1986-91.
Zaicz, Gábor. ''Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete
' (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó; second, revised, expanded edition published in 2021:
The first edition, published in 2006, is available online.

Online

Indo-European languages

– Croatian Etymological Dictionary

– An Online Etymological Dictionary of the English language compiled by Douglas Harper

– Ancient Greek Etymological Dictionary by H. Frisk

– An Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon by Alwin Kloekhorst

– Indo-European Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

– Gaelic Etymological Dictionary by A. MacBain

– Gothic Etymological Dictionary by Andras Rajki

– Nepali Etymological Dictionary by R. L. Turner

– Romanian Etymological Dictionary

– Russian Etymological Dictionary by

Max Vasmer Max Julius Friedrich Vasmer (; russian: Максимилиан Романович Фа́смер, translit=Maksimilian Romanovič Fásmer; 28 February 1886 – 30 November 1962) was a Russo-German linguist. He studied problems of etymology in In ...

Heidelberg Heidelberg (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: ''Heidlberg'') is a city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914 ...

(1962), 4 volumes

– Swedish Etymological Dictionary by Elof Hellquist

Afroasiatic languages

– Afroasiatic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

– Arabic Etymological Dictionary by Alphaya, LTD

– Arabic Etymological Dictionary by Andras Rajki

– Hebrew Etymological Dictionary by Isaac Fried

Altaic languages

– Altaic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

– Chuvash Etymological Dictionary by M. R. Fedotov

– Gagauz Etymological Dictionary

– Mongolian Etymological Dictionary

– Turkish Etymological Dictionary by

"Sözlerin Soyağacı – Çağdaş Türkçe'nin Etimolojik Sözlüğü" (Third ed. Adam Y. Istanbul 2007)

Austronesian languages

– Austronesian Comparative Dictionary by R. A. Blust

– Indonesian Etymological Dictionary by S. M. Zain

– Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary by E. Tregear

– A Concise Waray Dictionary (Waray-Waray, Leytese-Samarese) with etymologies and Bicol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan and Tagalog cognates

Bantu languages

– Bantu Etymological Dictionary

– Swahili Etymological Dictionary

– Swahili Etymological Dictionary by World Loanword Database

Creole languages and conlangs

– Bislama Dictionary with etymologies by Andras Rajki

– Esperanto Etymological Dictionary

– Morisyen Etymological Dictionary

– Volapük Dictionary

Uralic languages

– Uralic Etymological Database ''(Uralonet)''

– Uralic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

– Estonian Etymological Dictionary by Iris Metsmägi, Meeli Sedrik, Sven-Erik Soosaar

– Finnish Etymological Dictionary

– Gábor Zaicz, Zaicz, Gábor. ''Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete'' (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, , first edition. *:Its second, revised, expanded edition published in 2021
is only available in print ().

– István Tótfalusi, Tótfalusi, István. ''Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár'' (’Hungarian Comprehensive Dictionary of Etymology’). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001; Arcanum DVD Könyvtár,

– Hungarian Dictionary with etymologies by Andras Rajki

– Saami Etymological Dictionary

Other languages and language families

– Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask

– Basque Etymological Dictionary

– Dravidian Etymological Dictionary by T. Burrow

– Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary by G. A. Klimov

– Mayan Etymological Dictionary by T. Kaufman and J. Justeson

– Mon-Khmer Etymological Dictionary

– Munda Etymological Dictionary

– Munda Etymological Dictionary by D. Stampe & al.

– North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.

–

Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus The ''Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus'' (commonly abbreviated ''STEDT'') was a linguistics research project hosted at the University of California at Berkeley. The project, which focused on Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics, st ...

– Thai Etymological Dictionary by M. Haas

External links

Etymological Bibliography
of Take Our Word For It, the only Weekly Word-origin Webzine
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED)
at

Leiden University Leiden University (abbreviated as ''LEI''; nl, Universiteit Leiden) is a Public university, public research university in Leiden, Netherlands. The university was founded as a Protestant university in 1575 by William the Silent, William, Prince o ...

Internet Archive Search: Etymological Dictionary
Etymological Dictionaries in English at the

Internet archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...

Internet Archive Search: Etymologisches Wörterbuch
Etymological Dictionaries in German at the

Online Etymology Dictionary
(see also its Wikipedia article) * {{Authority control

Dictionaries A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, p ...

Dictionaries by type