Ery River
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Yeru or Eru (Ы ы; italics: ''Ы'' ''ы''), usually called Y in modern Russian or Yery or Ery historically and in modern
Church Slavonic Church Slavonic (, , literally "Church-Slavonic language"), also known as Church Slavic, New Church Slavonic or New Church Slavic, is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzeg ...
, is a letter in the Cyrillic script. It represents the close central unrounded vowel (more rear or upper than i) after non-palatalised (hard) consonants in the
Belarusian Belarusian may refer to: * Something of, or related to Belarus * Belarusians, people from Belarus, or of Belarusian descent * A citizen of Belarus, see Demographics of Belarus * Belarusian language * Belarusian culture * Belarusian cuisine * Byelor ...
and
Russian alphabet The Russian alphabet (russian: ру́сский алфави́т, russkiy alfavit, , label=none, or russian: ру́сская а́збука, russkaya azbuka, label=none, more traditionally) is the script used to write the Russian language. I ...
s, and after any consonant in most of
Rusyn Rusyn may refer to: * Rusyns, Rusyn people, an East Slavic people ** Pannonian Rusyns, Pannonian Rusyn people, a branch of Rusyn people ** Lemkos, a branch of Rusyn (or Ukrainian) people ** Boykos, a branch of Rusyn (or Ukrainian) people * Rusyn l ...
standards, where it represents the unrounded close-mid back unrounded vowel sound. The letter is usually
romanised Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and ...
into English and most other West European languages as :
Krylov Krylov (masculine; russian: Крылов) and Krylova (feminine; russian: Крылова) is a Russian surname, derived from the word "''крыло́"'' (wing). Alternative spellings are Krilov, Kryloff, Kriloff (masculine) and Krilova (feminine). ...
(
family name In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of a person's full name ...
, ). That spelling matches
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
, which uses to represent a very similar sound. Russian is used to transliterate Polish into Cyrillic: (). However, Latin may be used for other purposes as well (such as for , or as part of digraphs, e.g. ). In most Turkic languages that use
Cyrillic , bg, кирилица , mk, кирилица , russian: кириллица , sr, ћирилица, uk, кирилиця , fam1 = Egyptian hieroglyphs , fam2 = Proto-Sinaitic , fam3 = Phoenician , fam4 = G ...
, represents the close back unrounded vowel /ɯ/, like in
Kazakh Kazakh, Qazaq or Kazakhstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kazakhstan *Kazakhs, an ethnic group *Kazakh language *The Kazakh Khanate * Kazakh cuisine * Qazakh Rayon, Azerbaijan *Qazax, Azerbaijan *Kazakh Uyezd, administrative dis ...
,
Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan *Kyrgyz people *Kyrgyz national games *Kyrgyz language *Kyrgyz culture *Kyrgyz cuisine *Yenisei Kirghiz *The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China ...
, etc.


Origin

Like many other Cyrillic letters, it was originally from a ligature (which is represented in Unicode as Yeru with Back Yer), formed from
Yer A yer is either of two letters in Cyrillic alphabets, ъ (ѥръ, ''jerŭ'') and ь (ѥрь, ''jerĭ''). The Glagolitic alphabet used, as respective counterparts, the letters (Ⱏ) and (Ⱐ). They originally represented phonemically the "ult ...
and (formerly written either dotless or with two dots) or Izhe ( which formerly resembled ). In Medieval manuscripts, it is almost always found as or . The modern form first occurred in South Slavic manuscripts following the loss of palatalization of word-final and preconsonantal consonants, so the letters and became confused; since the end of the 14th century, came to be used in East Slavic manuscripts.


Usage

While vowel letters in the Cyrillic alphabet may be divided into iotated and non-iotated pairs (for example, and both represent , the latter denoting a preceding palatalised consonant), is more complicated. It appears only after hard consonants, its phonetic value differs from , and there is some scholarly disagreement as to whether or not and denote different phonemes.


In Russian

There are no native Russian words that begin with (except for the specific verb : "to say the -sound"), but there are many proper and common nouns of non-Russian origin (including some geographical names in Russia) that begin with it:
Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un (; , ; born 8 January 1982) is a North Korean politician who has been Supreme Leader of North Korea since 2011 and the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) since 2012. He is a son of Kim Jong-il, who was North Korea's sec ...
() and Eulji Mundeok (), a Korean military leader; and Ytyk-Kyuyol (), Ygyatta (), a village and a river in
Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far Eas ...
respectively.


In Ukrainian

In the Ukrainian alphabet, yery is not used since the language lacks the sound .Larysa Pavlenko
Historical grammar of the Ukrainian language (Історична граматика української мови)
'. The editorial and publishing department of the Volyn National University of Lesia Ukrainka. Lutsk, 2010. pages 47-48
In the Ukrainian alphabet, yery merged with and was phased out in the second half of the 19th century. According to the Ukrainian academician Hryhoriy Pivtorak, the letter was replaced with so called " Cyrillic i" , which in Ukrainian represents the sound , which appeared by the merger of the earlier sounds and Ukrainian also had newly developed the sound from various origins, which is represented by (" Cyrillic dotted i"). Yery could be found in several earlier versions of the Ukrainian writing system that were introduced in the 19th century among which were "Pavlovsky writing system", "Slobda Ukraine (New) writing system", and " Yaryzhka".


In Rusyn

In
Rusyn Rusyn may refer to: * Rusyns, Rusyn people, an East Slavic people ** Pannonian Rusyns, Pannonian Rusyn people, a branch of Rusyn people ** Lemkos, a branch of Rusyn (or Ukrainian) people ** Boykos, a branch of Rusyn (or Ukrainian) people * Rusyn l ...
, it denotes a sound that is a bit harder than and similar to the
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...
sound ''î'', which is also written ''â''. In some cases, the letter may occur after palatalised consonants ( "blue", which never happens in Russian), and it often follows , , and .


In Turkic languages

The letter is also used in Cyrillic-based alphabets of several
Turkic Turkic may refer to: * anything related to the country of Turkey * Turkic languages, a language family of at least thirty-five documented languages ** Turkic alphabets (disambiguation) ** Turkish language, the most widely spoken Turkic language * ...
and Mongolic languages (see the list) for a darker vowel . The corresponding letter in Latin-based scripts are ( dotless I), and
I with bowl , (''I with bowl'') is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet. It was introduced in 1928 into the reformed Yañalif, and later into other alphabets for Soviet minority languages. The letter was designed specifically to represent the non-fron ...
(Ь ь). In Tuvan, the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.


Related letters and other similar characters

*И и : Cyrillic letter I *Й й : Cyrillic letter Short I *Ъ ъ : Cyrillic letter Yer *Ь ь : Cyrillic letter Soft sign *Ҍ ҍ : Cyrillic letter semisoft sign *Ѣ ѣ : Cyrillic letter ''yat'' *I ı : Latin letter Dotless I *Ь ь : Latin letter I with bowl *Ư ư : Latin letter U with horn, the 26th letter of the Vietnamese alphabet. *Y y : Latin letter Y


Computing codes


References


Russian: An interactive online reference grammar
by Dr Robert Beard


External links

* *{{Wiktionary-inline, ы Cyrillic ligatures