ar, جبهة التحرير الإريترية
it, Fronte di Liberazione Eritreo
, war = the
Ethiopian Civil War
The Ethiopian Civil War was a civil war in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea, fought between the Ethiopian military junta known as the Derg and Ethiopian-Eritrean anti-government rebels from 12 September 1974 to 28 May 1991.
The Derg overthrew ...
,
Eritrean War of Independence
The Eritrean War of Independence was a war for independence which Eritrean independence fighters waged against successive Ethiopian governments from 1 September 1961 to 24 May 1991.
Eritrea was an Italian colony from the 1880s until the ...
and the
Eritrean Civil Wars
The Eritrean Civil Wars were two conflicts that were fought between competing organizations for the liberation of Eritrea.
The First Eritrean Civil War was fought from 1972 to 1974. The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) tried to suppress dissid ...
, image =
![Flag of Eritrea (1952-1961)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281952-1961%29.svg)
, caption = Flag of the ELF adopted from the flag of the Eritrean-Ethiopian federation
, active = 1961–present
, leaders = Idris Mohammed Adem
(1961–1975)Ahmed Mohammed Nasser
Ahmed Mohammed Nasser was an Eritrean politician who was the chairman of the Eritrean Liberation Front and a key figure during the Eritrean War of Independence.
Life
Ahmad Mohammad Nasser was born in 1946 in a village called Ayromale located in ...
(1975–1982)Abdella Idris
(1982–2011)Mohamed Ali Lubab
(1983-2015)Hussein Kelifah
(2011–present)
, clans =
, headquarters =
Khartoum
Khartoum or Khartum ( ; ar, الخرطوم, Al-Khurṭūm, din, Kaartuɔ̈m) is the capital of Sudan. With a population of 5,274,321, its metropolitan area is the largest in Sudan. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile, flowing n ...
,
Sudan
, area =
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...
(1961–1991),
Eritrea (1991–present)
, size =
, predecessor =
, successor =
, splinter groups =
Eritrean People's Liberation Front
The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), colloquially known as Shabia, was an armed Marxist–Leninist organization that fought for the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia. It emerged in 1970 as a far-left to left-wing nationalist group ...
(1971) Eritrean Liberation Front-Popular Liberation Forces (1971),
Eritrean Liberation Front-Revolutionary Council(1982) Eritrean Liberation Front-Central Leadership (1981)
, ideology =
Eritrean nationalism Marxism-Leninism (1971–1982) Social conservatism (1982–present)
, allies =
Eritrean People's Liberation Front
The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), colloquially known as Shabia, was an armed Marxist–Leninist organization that fought for the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia. It emerged in 1970 as a far-left to left-wing nationalist group ...
(1970–1972, 1974–1980)Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
(until 1975) Syria Ba'athist IraqSaudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the A ...
SudanSomalia
Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
, opponents =
Eritrean People's Liberation Front
The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), colloquially known as Shabia, was an armed Marxist–Leninist organization that fought for the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia. It emerged in 1970 as a far-left to left-wing nationalist group ...
(1972–1974, 1980–1994)Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
(1975–1989) DergWorkers' Party of Ethiopia
The Workers' Party of Ethiopia ( am, የኢትዮጵያ ሠራተኞች ፓርቲ, Ye'Ityopia Serategnoch Parti, WPE) was a Marxist–Leninist communist party in Ethiopia from 1984 to 1991 led by General Secretary Mengistu Haile Mariam. The Wo ...
People's Democratic Republic of EthiopiaTigrayan People's Liberation Front
The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF; ti, ህዝባዊ ወያነ ሓርነት ትግራይ, lit=Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray), also called the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front, is a left-wing ethnic nationalist paramilita ...
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...
, battles =
Ethiopian Civil War
The Ethiopian Civil War was a civil war in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea, fought between the Ethiopian military junta known as the Derg and Ethiopian-Eritrean anti-government rebels from 12 September 1974 to 28 May 1991.
The Derg overthrew ...
Eritrean War of Independence
The Eritrean War of Independence was a war for independence which Eritrean independence fighters waged against successive Ethiopian governments from 1 September 1961 to 24 May 1991.
Eritrea was an Italian colony from the 1880s until the ...
Eritrean Civil Wars
The Eritrean Civil Wars were two conflicts that were fought between competing organizations for the liberation of Eritrea.
The First Eritrean Civil War was fought from 1972 to 1974. The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) tried to suppress dissid ...
The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) (; ; ), informally known as Jebha, was the main
independence movement
Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the statu ...
in
Eritrea which sought Eritrea's
independence
Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the statu ...
from
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...
during the 1960s and the early 1970s.
History
Origins
In the late 1950s, an unorganized political movement seeking independence was secretly active as small cells. And in July 1960, the ELF was openly established in Cairo by Idris Muhammad Adam and other Eritrean intellectuals and students. In 1961
Hamid Idris Awate
Hamid Idris Awate (10 April 1910 – 28 May 1962) was the founder of the Eritrean Army (the armed wing of the Eritrean Liberation Front), and a symbol of the Eritrean struggle for independence.
Early life in Italian Eritrea
Awate was born in 19 ...
formed the armed wing of the ELF and declared the armed struggle for independence. Led by Awate, the ELF came into violent conflict with the government on September 1, 1961, using
guerrilla war tactics to continue the struggle. Though the movement posed great problems for the Ethiopian government and army, it was also facing internal political conflicts in the very late 1960s. In the 1970s, a group of its members split the movement and formed the
Eritrean People's Liberation Front
The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), colloquially known as Shabia, was an armed Marxist–Leninist organization that fought for the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia. It emerged in 1970 as a far-left to left-wing nationalist group ...
, a more left-wing rebel movement. By the 1980s, the People's Liberation Front had replaced the original Eritrean Liberation Front as the main rebel group. Following the expulsion of the ELF from Eritrean land, the organization split into three groups: the
Eritrean liberation front-Revolutionary Council, led by Ahmed Nasser, the
Eritrean liberation front-Central Leadership, which eventually united in 1987 with the
Eritrean People's Liberation Front
The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), colloquially known as Shabia, was an armed Marxist–Leninist organization that fought for the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia. It emerged in 1970 as a far-left to left-wing nationalist group ...
, and the remaining faction led by
Abdalla Idriss retained the original name. When Eritrea did gain independence in the early 1990s, the People's Liberation Front changed into the
People's Front for Democracy and Justice
The People's Front for Democracy and Justice ( ti, ህዝባዊ ግንባር ንደሞክራስን ፍትሕን, PFDJ) is the founding, ruling, and sole legal political party of the State of Eritrea. The successor to the left-wing nationalist ...
with the addition of former ELF members while the balance became a small rebel group in the nether reaches of Sudan.
Relations with Tigrayan political movements
In its early years, ELF operated in various areas of the current day Tigray and Afar, such as eastern, central, and western Tigray bordering Eritrea.
The ELF sought to expand the borders of Eritrea beyond the Italian-defined colonial boundaries into the territory of Tigray., such as:
Twenty-first century
, the ELF is a member of the umbrella opposition alliance in Eritrea, the
Eritrean National Alliance. They were receiving military support from Ethiopia and from the interim
government of Somalia
The Government of Somalia (GS) ( so, Dowladda Soomaaliya, ar, حكومة الصومال الاتحادية) is the internationally recognised government of Somalia, and the first attempt to create a central government in Somalia since the coll ...
based at
Baidoa around 2006.
Groups that are splinters of the ELF
The
Eritrean Liberation Front-Popular liberation forces was organized around
Osman Saleh Sabbe,
Romedan Mohammed Nur and
Isaias Afewerki
Isaias Afwerki ( ti, ኢሳይያስ ኣፍወርቂ, ; born 2 February 1946) is an Eritrean politician and partisan who has been the president of Eritrea since shortly after he led the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) to victory in ...
. Another split affected within the organization with the emergence of
Eritrean People's Liberation Front
The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), colloquially known as Shabia, was an armed Marxist–Leninist organization that fought for the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia. It emerged in 1970 as a far-left to left-wing nationalist group ...
in 1970. The 1982
Rasai Incident led to a split between the Abdellah Idris faction and Ahmed Mohammed Nasser's
Eritrean Liberation Front-Revolutionnary Council. Ahmed's group was then affected by another split with the creation of
Eritrean Liberation Front-Central Leadership around Ibrahim Toteel
and Zemheret Yohannes.
Organizations affiliated with the Eritrean Liberation Front
* General Union of Eritrean Students
* General Union of Eritrean Workers
* General Union of Eritrean Women
* General Union of Eritrean Peasants
* Eritrean Red Cross and Red Crescent Society
References
External links
List of incidents attributed to the Eritrean Liberation Front on the START database{{Authority control
Eritrean nationalism
Eritrean War of Independence
Factions of the Ethiopian Civil War
Guerrilla organizations
National liberation movements in Africa
Rebel groups in Eritrea
Rebel groups in Ethiopia
Organizations established in 1960