Epirmupi ( ''E-pir-mu-pil'', previously read E-nam-mu-de) was a ruler of
Elam
Elam (; Linear Elamite: ''hatamti''; Cuneiform Elamite: ; Sumerian: ; Akkadian: ; he, עֵילָם ''ʿēlām''; peo, 𐎢𐎺𐎩 ''hūja'') was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretc ...
around 2199–2154 BCE. His name is purely
Akkadian, and he was in charge of Elam at the time of
Rimush and
Manishtushu, or early in the reign of
Naram-Sin and probably their dependent and vassal. His title of "Military Governor" (''
Shakkanakku'' in Akkadian,
GIR.NITA in
Sumerian
Sumerian or Sumerians may refer to:
*Sumer, an ancient civilization
**Sumerian language
**Sumerian art
**Sumerian architecture
**Sumerian literature
**Cuneiform script, used in Sumerian writing
*Sumerian Records, an American record label based in ...
) suggests that he was a dependent of the Akkadian kings, rather than an independent ruler. He also held the title of
Ensi of
Susa
Susa ( ; Middle elx, 𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗, translit=Šušen; Middle and Neo- elx, 𒋢𒋢𒌦, translit=Šušun; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid elx, 𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭, translit=Šušán; Achaemenid elx, 𒀸𒋗𒐼, translit=Šušá; fa, شوش ...
".
His successor was probably
Ili-ishmani
Ili-ishmani ( '' i3-li2-isz-ma-ni'') was a ruler of Elam around 2200 BCE. His name is purely Akkadian, and he was in charge of Elam at the time of Naram-Sin and/or Shar-Kali-Sharri, and probably their vassal. His title of "Military Governor" ('' ...
. After Ili-ishmani, and the weakening of the
Akkadian Empire, rule in Elam reverted to local rulers of the
Awan Dynasty.
Seal inscriptions
Various inscriptions in the name of Epirmupi are known, especially "Epirmupi, the
Shakkanakku of the land of Elam” and "Epirmupi,
Ensi of
Susa
Susa ( ; Middle elx, 𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗, translit=Šušen; Middle and Neo- elx, 𒋢𒋢𒌦, translit=Šušun; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid elx, 𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭, translit=Šušán; Achaemenid elx, 𒀸𒋗𒐼, translit=Šušá; fa, شوش ...
".
A seal is known with the inscription "Epirmupi, the strong, Liburbeli, cup-bearer, your servant", incorporating the image of two heroic combats: a naked hero versus a lion and a naked hero against a buffalo. The seal is now in the
Louvre Museum.
File:Liburbeli servant of the Great Epirmupi.jpg, Seal of "Liburbeli, servant of the Great Epirmupi". Louvre Museum Sb 6673.
File:Seal-Sb 6673-IMG 7197.JPG, Seal of "Liburbeli, servant of the Great Epirmupi" (detail). Louvre Museum Sb 6673.
File:Seal of Epirmupi Ensi of Susa.jpg, Seal of "Epirmupi Ensi of Susa" (, last three columns)
File:Enammubi Shakkanakku of the country of Elam.jpg, Seal with inscription "Epirmupi '' Shakkanakku'' of the Country of Elam" .
References
{{Early Rulers of Mesopotamia
Elamite people
Elamite kings
23rd-century BC rulers
Awan Dynasty