Energy
In physics, energy (from Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια, ''enérgeia'', “activity”) is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of hea ...
consumption per person in
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
is similar to the
world average,
and over 85 percent is from
fossil fuels. From 1990 to 2017 annual primary energy supply tripled, but then remained constant to 2019.
In 2019, Turkey's primary energy supply included around 30 percent oil, 30 percent coal, and 25 percent gas.
These fossil fuels contribute to
Turkey's air pollution and
its above average greenhouse gas emissions. Turkey mines its own
lignite (brown coal) but imports three-quarters of its energy, including half the
coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Coal is formed when ...
and almost all the oil and gas it requires, and its energy policy prioritises reducing imports.
The
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate e ...
has criticised the lack of
carbon pricing
Carbon pricing (or pricing), also known as cap and trade (CAT) or emissions trading scheme (ETS), is a method for nations to reduce global warming. The cost is applied to greenhouse gas emissions in order to encourage polluters to reduce the co ...
, fossil fuel subsidies and the country's under-utilized
wind
Wind is the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface. Winds occur on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few ho ...
and
solar potential.
The country's electricity is generated mainly from coal, gas and
hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies one sixth of the world's electricity, almost 4500 TWh in 2020, which is more than all other renewable sources combined an ...
; with a small but growing amount from wind, solar and geothermal. However,
Black Sea gas is forecast to meet all residential demand from the late 2020s.
A nuclear power plant is also under construction, and one half of
installed power capacity is
renewable energy. Despite this, from 1990 to 2019,
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is trans ...
() emissions from fuel combustion rose from 130
megatonnes
The tonne ( or ; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1000 kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton ( United State ...
(Mt) to 360 Mt.
Energy policy is to secure national energy supply and reduce fossil fuel imports,
which accounted for over 20% of the cost of Turkey's imports in 2019,
and 75 percent of the current account deficit.
This also includes
using energy efficiently. However, , little research has been done on the policies Turkey uses to reduce
energy poverty
Energy poverty is lack of access to modern energy services. It refers to the situation of large numbers of people in developing countries and some people in developed countries whose well-being is negatively affected by very low consumption of e ...
, which also include some subsidies for home heating and electricity use.
Turkey's
energy policies plan to give "due consideration to environmental concerns all along the energy chain", "within the context of sustainable development."
These plans have been criticised for being published over a year after work mentioned in it had started, for not looking much beyond 2023,
not sufficiently involving the private sector, and for being inconsistent with
Turkey's climate policy.
Policy and regulation
The was created in 2001.
Security of supply
Turkey meets a quarter of its energy demand from national resources.
The Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM), a
think tank
A think tank, or policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most think tanks are non-governmenta ...
, says that in the 2010s, fossil fuel imports were probably the largest structural vulnerability of the country's economy:
they cost $41 billion in 2019 representing about a fifth of Turkey's total import bill, and were a large part of the 2018 current account deficit and the country's
debt problems. Although the country imports 99% of its natural gas and 93% of the petroleum it uses, in the early 2020s fossil gas supply was diversified to reduce dependence on Russia.
To secure energy supply, the government built new gas pipelines,
and regasification plants. For example, gas supplies from
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...
surpassed those from Russia in 2020.
There is a large surplus of electricity generation capacity, however the government aims at meeting the forecast increase in demand for
electricity in Turkey by building its first
nuclear power plant and more
solar,
wind
Wind is the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface. Winds occur on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few ho ...
,
hydro
Hydro from Ancient Greek word ὕδωρ (húdōr), meaning ''water''.
Hydro may also refer to:
Energy technologies
* Water-derived power or energy:
** Hydropower, derived from water
** Hydroelectricity, in electrical form
* "Hydro", AC mains ...
and
coal-fired
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Coal is formed when dea ...
power plants.
The International Climate Initiative says that, as an oil importer, Turkey can increase security of supply by increasing the proportion of renewable electricity it produces.
The
International Energy Agency has suggested a
carbon market,
and EDAM says that in the long term, a
carbon tax
A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon emissions required to produce goods and services. Carbon taxes are intended to make visible the "hidden" social costs of carbon emissions, which are otherwise felt only in indirect ways like more sev ...
would reduce import dependency by speeding development of national solar and wind energy.
Because the
Turkish government
The Government of Turkey ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti) is the national government of Turkey. It is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative democracy and a constitutional republic within a pluriform multi-party ...
is very centralised, its energy policy is national. Lack of transmission capacity was one cause of the
nationwide blackout in 2015, therefore policy includes improving electricity transmission. As well as natural gas storage and
regasification
Regasification is a process of converting liquefied natural gas (LNG) at −162 °C (−260 °F) temperature back to natural gas at atmospheric temperature. LNG gasification plants can be located on land as well as on floating barges, i.e. a Float ...
plants to convert imported
liquid natural gas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the vol ...
(LNG) to natural gas, the government supports
pumped-storage hydroelectricity for long term energy storage.
In 2020, renewables generated 40% of Turkey's electricity, which reduced gas import costs: but, being mainly
hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies one sixth of the world's electricity, almost 4500 TWh in 2020, which is more than all other renewable sources combined an ...
, the amount that can be produced is vulnerable to drought. According to Hülya Saygılı, an economist at
Turkey's central bank, although imports of solar and wind power components accounted for 12% of import costs in 2017, in EU countries this is largely due to one-time setup costs. She said that compared with Italy and Greece, Turkey has not invested enough in solar and wind power.
Energy efficiency
The National Energy Efficiency plan aims to decrease Turkey's
energy intensity—the energy required to produce ₺1 (
Turkish lira
The lira ( tr, Türk lirası; sign: ₺; ISO 4217 code: TRY; abbreviation: TL) is the official currency of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. One lira is divided into one hundred ''kuruş''.
History
Ottoman lira (1844–1923)
The lira, along with ...
) of GDP—to the OECD average by 2023. Despite the Energy Efficiency Law and a target to reduce its energy intensity by at least 20% between 2011 and 2023; between 2005 and 2015, Turkey's energy intensity increased by seven percent.
According to one study, if energy policy was changed—most importantly the removal of
fossil fuel subsidies
Fossil fuel subsidies are energy subsidies on fossil fuels. They may be tax breaks on consumption, such as a lower sales tax on natural gas for residential heating; or subsidies on production, such as tax breaks on exploration for oil. Or ...
—at least 20% of energy costs could be saved, and according to the Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, the energy required for buildings could be cut by half.
In 2019, Energy Minister Fatih Dönmez said that improvement of the energy efficiency of public buildings should take the lead and that efficiency improvements are an important source of jobs. It has been suggested that more specific energy efficiency targets for buildings are needed.
According to the
Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources is the government ministry of Republic of Turkey responsible for natural resources and energy in Turkey. The ministry is headed by Fatih Dönmez. Despite the ministry being represented on the Climate ...
, Turkey has the potential to cut 15% to 20% of total consumption through energy conservation.
Fossil fuel subsidies and taxes
In the 21st century, Turkey's fossil fuel subsidies are around 0.2% of GDP,
including at least US$14 billion (US$169 per person) between January 2020 and September 2021. If unpaid damages (such as health damage from air pollution) are included road fuel subsidy is estimated at over 400 dollars per person per year and for all fossil fuels over one thousand dollars. Data on finance for fossil fuels by state-owned banks and
export credit agencies
An export credit agency (known in trade finance as an ECA) or investment insurance agency is a private or quasi-governmental institution that acts as an intermediary between national governments and exporters to issue export insurance solutions ...
is not public.
[ The energy minister Fatih Dönmez supports coal and most ]energy subsidies
Energy subsidies are measures that keep prices for customers below market levels, or for suppliers above market levels, or reduce costs for customers and suppliers. Energy subsidies may be direct cash transfers to suppliers, customers, or rel ...
are for coal,["Fossil Fuel Support – TUR"]
, OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate e ...
, accessed August 2018. which the OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate e ...
has strongly criticised. Capacity mechanism payments to coal-fired power stations in Turkey
This list attempts to include all plants which generate coal power in Turkey including autoproducers. All Coal-fired power station, coal-fired power stations which sent power to the grid in 2020 are listed below. In 2018 there were 300 MW of u ...
in 2019 totalled ₺
The lira ( tr, Türk lirası; sign: ₺; ISO 4217 code: TRY; abbreviation: TL) is the official currency of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. One lira is divided into one hundred ''kuruş''.
History
Ottoman lira (1844–1923)
The lira, along with ...
720 million (US$ million) compared to ₺
The lira ( tr, Türk lirası; sign: ₺; ISO 4217 code: TRY; abbreviation: TL) is the official currency of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. One lira is divided into one hundred ''kuruş''.
History
Ottoman lira (1844–1923)
The lira, along with ...
542 million (US$ million) to gas-fired power stations in Turkey
The most important power stations in Turkey are listed here. Turkey generates about 300 TWh of electricity per year.
High Carbon Emissions
Coal
All operational coal-fired power stations over 50MW are listed below.
Five plants were shut down ...
. , the tax per unit energy on gasoline was higher than diesel, despite diesel cars on average emitting more lung damaging NOx
In atmospheric chemistry, is shorthand for nitric oxide () and nitrogen dioxide (), the nitrogen oxides that are most relevant for air pollution.
These gases contribute to the formation of smog and acid rain, as well as affecting tropo ...
(nitrogen oxide): it has been suggested that the urban car taxes should be equalized between diesel and gasoline as gasoline-hybrid electric light duty vehicles are more fuel efficient in cities than diesel.
Oil and gas subsidies and taxes
Coal subsidies and taxes
Coal in Turkey
Coal supplies over a quarter of Turkey's primary energy. The heavily subsidised coal industry generates over a third of the country's electricity and emits a third of Turkey's greenhouse gases.
Most coal mined in Turkey is lignite (brown ...
is heavily subsidized. , the government aims to keep the share of coal in the energy portfolio at around the same level in the medium to long term. Coal's place in the government's energy policy was detailed in 2019 by the Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
The Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research ( tr, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı, SETA) is a policy think-tank based in Ankara, Turkey. It was established in 2006 with the objective of producing "up-to-date and ...
(SETA), an organisation that lobbies for the Turkish government. Despite protests against coal power plants, construction of Emba Hunutlu was subsidized, and in 2021 Turkey's sovereign wealth fund was still hoping for Chinese partners to start constructing Afşin-Elibistan C. Even in cities where natural gas is available, the government supports poor households with free coal. Electricity from plants which are 40% efficient and burn imported coal never costs less than around 25 USD/MWh to generate: because if the coal costs under 70 USD/tonne it is taxed to bring it up to that price.
Politics
Without subsidies, new and some existing coal power would be unprofitable, and it is claimed that path dependence
Path dependence is a concept in economics and the social sciences, referring to processes where past events or decisions constrain later events or decisions. It can be used to refer to outcomes at a single point in time or to long-run equilibria ...
or past decisions, political influence, and distorted markets are why they continue. Although the coal industry and the government are said to have a close relationship, the falling cost of wind and solar may increase pressure against maintaining coal subsidies. Hydroelectric plants, especially new ones, are sometimes controversial in local, international and environmental politics. The EU might persuade Turkey to cooperate on climate change by supporting policies that reduce the country's external energy dependency in a sustainable manner.[
State energy companies include Eti Mine, Turkish Coal Enterprises, ]Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises
Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises ( tr, Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu, TTK) is the heavily subsidized state owned enterprise which has a virtual monopoly in mining, processing and distribution, including importing, of hard coal in Turkey. According ...
, the Electricity Generation Company, BOTAŞ
BOTAŞ Petroleum Pipeline Corporation (BOTAS) is the state-owned crude oil and natural gas pipelines and trading company in Turkey. The company was established in 1974 as a subsidiary of TPAO. Since 1995, BOTAS is a wholly state-owned company. ...
and TEİAŞ
Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (Turkish: Türkiye Elektrik İletim A. Ş., abbreviated TEİAŞ) is the transmission system operator for electricity in Turkey. It is a government-owned corporation. It is planned for a minority stake t ...
—the electricity trading and transmission company. The government holds a quarter of total installed electricity supply and often offers prices below market levels.
Energy transition
The World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the Inte ...
has estimated the cost and benefits, but has suggested government do far more detailed planning.
60,000 people are employed and it is estimated employment could be boosted to 80,000 if rooftop solar is boosted.
According to the International Renewable Energy Agency
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organization mandated to facilitate cooperation, advance knowledge, and promote the adoption and sustainable use of renewable energy. It is the first international organis ...
and academic study, increasing the share of renewable energy could make the country more energy independent and increase employment especially in Turkey's solar PV and solar heating industries. SHURA Energy Transition Center
Shura ( ar, شُورَىٰ, translit=shūrā, lit=consultation) can for example take the form of a council or a referendum. The Quran encourages Muslims to decide their affairs in consultation with each other.
Shura is mentioned as a praisewort ...
said in 2018 that a plan for solar power in Turkey beyond 2023 is needed. In an attempt to reduce fossil fuel imports the government supports local production of electric cars and solar cells
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. . Some academics say that funding for renewables such as wind should be decentralized.
For three decades from 1990, carbon intensity
An emission intensity (also carbon intensity or C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule o ...
remained almost constant around 61 tCO2/TJ (tons of carbon dioxide per terajoule). Nuclear safety regulations and human resources could be improved by cooperation with Euratom ( European Atomic Energy Community).[ In 2018, a new regulator was set up for nuclear power safety, and $0.15 per kWh of generated electricity will be set aside for waste management.
]
Health and the environment
Retrofitting equipment for pollution control, such as flue-gas desulfurization at old lignite-fuelled plants like Soma power station
Soma power station (formerly Soma B power station) is a 990 MW coal-fired power station in Soma, Manisa in western Turkey. In 2020 of the 6 units 2 were shut down. Steam from the plant is used for residential heating in the winter.
Illness and ...
, might not be financially possible, as they use outdated technology. The government collects data on sulfur dioxide (SO2), NOx and particulate
Particulates – also known as atmospheric aerosol particles, atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter (PM) or suspended particulate matter (SPM) – are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air. The te ...
air pollution from each large plant, but it is not published.
The energy policy aim of reducing imports (e.g. of gas) conflicts with the climate change policy aim of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases as some local resources (e.g. lignite) emit a lot of . According to Ümit Şahin, who teaches climate change at Sabancı University
Sabancı University ( tr, Sabancı Üniversitesi), established in 1994, is a young foundation university located on a 1.26 million squaremeter campus which is about 40 km from Istanbul's city center. Its first students matriculated in 1999. ...
, Turkey must abandon fossil fuel completely and switch to 100% renewable energy
100% renewable energy means getting all energy from renewable resources. The endeavor to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating, cooling and transport is motivated by climate change, pollution and other environmental issues ...
by 2050.
Economics
Turkey's energy bill was $US41 billion in 2019. Europe supports energy efficiency and renewable energy via the €1 billion Mid-size Sustainable Energy Financing Facility (MidSEFF) to finance investments in these areas.[ ]Energy subsidies
Energy subsidies are measures that keep prices for customers below market levels, or for suppliers above market levels, or reduce costs for customers and suppliers. Energy subsidies may be direct cash transfers to suppliers, customers, or rel ...
amounted to 200 billion lira in 2021. Up to 150kWh per month of free electricity is provided to two million poor families.
Fatih Birol, the head of the International Energy Agency said in 2019 that, because of its falling price, the focus should be on maximizing onshore wind power in Turkey. The economics of coal power has been modelled by Carbon Tracker
Carbon Tracker is a London-based not-for-profit think tank researching the impact of climate change on financial markets.
Carbon Tracker popularized the notion of a carbon bubble, which describes the incompatibility between the continued devel ...
. They estimate that for ''new'' plants both wind and solar is already cheaper than coal power. And they forecast that ''existing'' coal plants will be more expensive than ''new'' solar by 2023 and ''new'' wind by 2027.
Most energy deals in 2019 were for renewables, and over half the investment in these was from outside the country. During the early 2020s the wholesale price of natural gas is forecast to fall close to the European hub price. The external costs
In economics, an externality or external cost is an indirect cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's (or parties') activity. Externalities can be considered as unpriced goods involved in either co ...
of fossil fuel consumption in 2018 has been estimated as 1.5% of GDP. The government sets the price of residential gas and electricity, and , for residential consumers, "high cost is the most important problem of Turkey's energy system".
Energy sources
Coal
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Coal is formed when ...
supplies over a quarter of Turkey's primary energy. Every year, thousands of people die prematurely from coal-related causes, the most common of which is local air pollution.
Most coal mined in Turkey is lignite (brown coal), which is more polluting than other types of coal. Turkey's energy policy encourages mining lignite for coal-fired power stations
A coal-fired power station or coal power plant is a thermal power station which burns coal to generate electricity. Worldwide, there are about 8,500 coal-fired power stations totaling over 2,000 gigawatts capacity. They generate about a th ...
to reduce gas imports; and coal supplies over 40% of domestic energy production. Mining peaked in 2018, at over 100 million tonnes, and declined considerably in 2019. In contrast to local lignite production, Turkey imports almost all of the bituminous coal it uses. The largest coalfield in Turkey is Elbistan
Elbistan ( 1ca, Ablasta, Ablastayn, Ablastin, Ablistan;Aksüt, Ali"''On the Alevism of Elbistan, Nurhak, Ekinozu and Afsin - Elbistan Nurhak Ekinözü Afşin Aleviliği Üzerine - Zum Alevitentum in Elbistan, Nurhak, Ekinözü und Afşin''"- Alevi ...
.
Oil and gas
Nuclear
There is no nuclear power in Turkey yet, but Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant
The Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant ( tr, Akkuyu Nükleer Güç Santrali) is the only large nuclear power plant in Turkey and is under construction at Akkuyu, in Büyükeceli, Mersin Province. It is expected to generate around 10% of the country's ...
is being built and is expected to start selling power in 2023. The nuclear power debate
The nuclear power debate is a long-running controversy about the risks and benefits of using nuclear reactors to generate electricity for civilian purposes. The debate about nuclear power peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, as more and more reac ...
has a long history, with the 2018 construction start in Mersin Province
Mersin Province ( tr, ), formerly İçel Province ( tr, ), is a province in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. The provincial capital and the biggest city in the province is Mersin, which is composed of f ...
being the sixth major attempt to build a nuclear power plant since 1960.
Plans for a nuclear plant in Sinop and another at İğneada
İğneada (Greek: Thynias) is a small town within the district of Demirköy, Kırklareli, Demirköy in Turkey's Kırklareli Province. It lies on the Black Sea coast and is approximately south of the Rezovo River, Mutludere river which forms the b ...
have stalled.
Waste
In 2021, the Metropolitan Municipality of Istanbul opened country's first waste-to-energy plant
A waste-to-energy plant is a waste management facility that combusts wastes to produce electricity. This type of power plant is sometimes called a trash-to-energy, municipal waste incineration, energy recovery, or resource recovery plant.
Modern ...
. The Istanbul Waste Power Plant is capable of generating 175 MW⋅h electrical and 175 MW⋅h thermal energy by 3,000 tons waste incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are commonly referred to as waste-to-energy facilities. Incineration and other high ...
daily.
Renewable energy
Although there are plenty of renewable resources for energy in Turkey, only hydropower has been developed to any degree, supplying an average of about 20% of Turkey's national electricity supply.[ with other renewables supplying 12%.] However, due to drought in Turkey
Drought is common in Turkey, especially in the south and center of the country, with 2021 being the driest in 2 decades. Drought events are forecast to occur more frequently due to climate change. Most water loss is due to poor irrigation. In 202 ...
, hydro has supplied less electricity than usual in recent years,[ compared to around a third in a wet year.] Turkey has invested less in solar and wind power than similar Mediterranean countries. SHURA Energy Transition Center said in 2018 that Turkey needs a renewable energy plan beyond 2023, which includes transport, industry, heating and cooling as well as electricity generation. Turkey is a net exporter of wind power equipment, but a net importer of solar power equipment.
By greatly increasing its production of solar power in the south and wind power in the west, the country's entire energy demand could be met from renewable sources by 2050.
Consumption
Consumption of energy in Turkey is around the world average of about seventy gigajoule
The joule ( , ; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). It is equal to the amount of work done when a force of 1 newton displaces a mass through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force applied. ...
s (GJ) per person per year. In total Turkey uses
Use may refer to:
* Use (law), an obligation on a person to whom property has been conveyed
* Use (liturgy), a special form of Roman Catholic ritual adopted for use in a particular diocese
* Use–mention distinction, the distinction between using ...
about six billion GJ of primary energy
Primary energy (PE) is an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process. It is energy contained in raw fuels, and other forms of energy, including waste, received as input to a system. Prim ...
per year— over 80% from fossil fuels. , more than 25% of energy is used in buildings, of which over 80% is for heating. Heating is the main use for geothermal power in Turkey
Geothermal energy is a significant part of renewable energy in Turkey: it is used for geothermal heating and generates 3% of Turkey's electricity. Turkey is the world's second largest user of geothermal heating, after China. Many greenhouses, ...
. Gas consumption is concentrated in the north-west due to the concentration of industry, and the population in Istanbul. The government introduced a green electricity tariff in 2021.
In 2022, it was announced that there is a shortage, which is bigger than any other previous shortages. This is because a lot of energy which comes from Iran cannot be supplied.
Electricity
History
Four thousand years ago most of what is now Turkey was forested. Deforestation occurred during both prehistoric and historic times, including the Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
and Ottoman periods. The forests were cut down by people, partly to burn wood for heating.
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Coal is formed when ...
has been burnt since late Ottoman times.
During the late 20th and early 21st centuries the country was very exposed to oil and gas price volatility. Around the turn of the century many gas fired power plants were built, and BOTAŞ extended the national gas pipeline network to most of the urban population. As Turkey had almost no natural gas of its own this increased import dependency, particularly on Russian gas. Therefore, many more regasification
Regasification is a process of converting liquefied natural gas (LNG) at −162 °C (−260 °F) temperature back to natural gas at atmospheric temperature. LNG gasification plants can be located on land as well as on floating barges, i.e. a Float ...
plants and gas storage (such as the gas storage at Lake Tuz) were built in the early 21st century, thus ensuring a much longer buffer should the main international import pipelines be cut for any reason. However growth in Turkish electricity demand has often been overestimated. Although much energy infrastructure was privatised in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, energy is still highly state controlled.
Projections
A 2020 report from the Istanbul International Centre for Energy and Climate suggested "increased energy efficiency, higher use of renewable energy, improving electricity and natural gas markets, building Turkey's first nuclear power plants, increased energy technology R&D and continuing and expanding the recent efforts to discover and produce more natural gas and oil". The International Energy Agency recommends Turkey includes further electrification in
integrated scenario planning
Scenario planning, scenario thinking, scenario analysis, scenario prediction and the scenario method all describe a strategic planning method that some organizations use to make flexible long-term plans. It is in large part an adaptation and gener ...
.
See also
* Environmental issues in Turkey
* Historical Tarsus hydroelectric power plant
* Global Energy Monitor
Global Energy Monitor (GEM) is a San Francisco-based non-governmental organization which catalogs fossil fuel and renewable energy projects worldwide. GEM shares information in support of clean energy and its data and reports on energy trends ...
Further reading
Energy_Outlook_2021_:tr:Türkiye_Sınai_Kalkınma_Bankası
.html" ;"title=":tr:Türkiye Sınai Kalkınma Bankası">Energy Outlook 2021 :tr:Türkiye_Sınai_Kalkınma_Bankası">Energy_Outlook_2021_:tr:Türkiye_Sınai_Kalkınma_Bankası
_References
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