Eliza Anderson (sidewheeler)

The PS ''Eliza Anderson'' operated from 1858 to 1898 mainly on Puget Sound, the Strait of Georgia, and the Fraser River but also for short periods in Alaska.Newell, Gordon R., ed., ''H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest'', at 14, 15, 40, 130, 265, and 369, Superior Publishing, Seattle, WA 1966 She was generally known as the ''Old Anderson'' and was considered slow and underpowered even for the time. Even so, it was said of her that "no steamboat ever went slower and made money faster." She played a role in the Underground Railroad and had a desperate last voyage to Alaska as part of the Klondike Gold Rush.

Construction

''Eliza Anderson'' was launched on November 27, 1858, at Portland, Oregon for the Columbia River Steam Navigation Company. She was a sidewheeler driven by a low pressure boiler generating steam for a single cylinder walking-beam steam engine She was built entirely of wood, measuring 197' long, 25.5 feet on the beam, and rated at 276 tons capacity.Newell, Gordon R., ''Ships of the Inland Sea'', at 22-27, Binford and Mort, Portland, OR (2nd Ed. 1960)

Fraser River and Puget Sound service

Allowed to run in Canadian territory

After her trial run on the lower Willamette and Columbia rivers, she was sold to a consortium of John T. Bradford, some Canadian stockholders and three brothers, Tom, John T. and George S. Wright, who were early steamboat operators in the Pacific Northwest. Under Capt. J.G. Hustler, she was brought around to Victoria, arriving in March 1859. Because of the Fraser River Gold Rush, there was a shortage of steamboats in British Columbia in 1858–1859. This had a number of effects on the Canadian west coast, perhaps the most important of which was the establishment of British Columbia as a separate colony from Vancouver Island. For the American steamboats, they benefitted by decision of Canadian governor James Douglas to grant "sufferances" to them to allow them to work on the Victoria to Fraser River route at a levy of $12 per run.Hacking, Norman R. and Lamb, W. Kaye, ''The Princess Story – A Century and a Half of West Coast Shipping'', Mitchell Press, Vancouver, BC 1974

Initial work on Fraser River

''Eliza Anderson'' arrived just at the right time, making her first run to Fort Langley on the Fraser river, just one day after her arrival at Victoria from the Columbia River. From Fort Langley, the sternwheeler ''Enterprise'', under Capt. Tom Wright (1828–1906), took or at least endeavored to take, goldseekers up to the head of navigation at Yale By March 30, ''Eliza Anderson'' had completed two round-trips to Fort Langley, and returned to Victoria carrying $40,000 in gold dust.

By May, 1859, three vessels were operating in competition on the Fort Langley route, the ''Eliza Anderson'', the ''Beaver'', and the ''Governor Douglas''. ''Enterprises captain, Tom Wright, thought he could do better by moving ''Enterprise'' down to the Chehalis River. In June, 1859, Captain Wright brought ''Enterprise'' down to Victoria, and arranged in July to have ''Eliza Anderson'' tow the sternwheeler around to Grays Harbor, where the Chehalis River flows into the Pacific. Shortly after setting out, ''Enterprise'' developed mechanical problems and both vessels were forced to turn back to Esquimalt to await the arrival of new parts for the ''Enterprise'' from San Francisco. Returning to Victoria, ''Eliza Anderson'' picked up a load of miners bound for Olympia arriving there for the first time on July 9, 1859.

Extension of service into Puget Sound

Once she arrived in Olympia, her owners put her on the Olympia -Victoria mail run during the month of August, 1859. This was arranged by her agent, John H. Scranton, who had the mail contract. Scranton was also the agent for the steamer ''Julia'', the first sternwheeler to operate on Puget Sound. Scranton seems to have been an interesting character, as he was openly referred to in Olympia's newspaper as "Crazy Jack" and "Commodore Scranton."''Pioneer Democrat'', Olympia, Washington Terr., July 15, 1859
(available in DjVU format from the Washington Secretary of State historic documents website)

In September 1859 Scranton arranged to have ''Julia'' take over from the ''Anderson'' place on the Olympia-Victoria mail run, which resulted in the ''Andersons being returned to the Fraser River route. In mid-September, 1859, a wedding was held on the ''Anderson'' just off Queenborough, one of the early settlements on the Fraser River, between Carrie A. Gray, from Hope, British Columbia, and Jacob Kamm, one of the earliest, and later among the most successful of the steamboat men. The couple were already sufficiently noteworthy to warrant a 13-gun salute following the ceremony.

At that time ''Anderson'' was fighting one of her many fare wars, this one with the Canadian steamboat ''Otter''. Fares were driven down from 50 cents per passenger and 50 cents per ton of freight. The ''Otters owners, who had before advertised rates at $10 per passenger and $12 a ton, were forced to pull ''Otter'' off the Fraser run, at least temporarily. With ''Otter'' gone, fares shot back up to $6 per passenger and $6 per ton. ''Beaver'' and ''Labouchere'' made some runs on this route, but neither did well at carrying passengers.

''Julia'', then running the mail, was a shallow-draft riverine vessel not fit to cross the Strait of Juan de Fuca during the winter. On November 1, 1859, she was taken off the Olympia-Victoria mail run, and shortly thereafter she was replaced by the ''Anderson'', with Capt. Tom Wright (returned from the Chehalis river) as her new master. In December 1859 Captain Wright set the ''Andersons schedule at one trip to Olympia and one trip to the Fraser River every week. Every Monday at 7:00 a.m., the ''Anderson'' left Olympia bound for Victoria. On Tuesday, she left Victoria for New Westminster, on the Fraser River, and returned to Victoria on Wednesday. On Thursday at 3:00 a.m. she'd steam back to Olympia, laying over there to repeat the journey at the start of the next week.

'On the route down Puget Sound, the ''Anderson'' stopped at Steilacoom, Seattle, Port Townsend and way ports. Fares on this run were $20 a person, freight $5 to $10 a ton, and cattle could be shipped at $15 a head. The ''Anderson'' also benefited from the $36,000 per year mail contract. The ''Anderson'' ran on the Victoria run until 1870 when she was replaced by the ''Olympia''. ''Anderson'' continued to serve until 1877 as a reserve boat.

Underground Railroad and the Charles Mitchell case

While the events leading up to the Civil War were far away from Puget Sound, they affected the people in the Northwest just the same. The ''Anderson'' played her role in these events, including the underground railroad. On September 24, 1860, a young black man named Charles Mitchell, aged 14 years, hid on board the ''Anderson'', seeking passage to Canada to escape slavery.Goodnow, Cecelia, "Displays cast Northwest light on Lincoln's time, ''Daily Olympian on-line'', February 22, 2008
Accessed 2008-02-29 He'd been working on the vessel, and another older black man working on the ''Anderson'' as a "temporary steward" had helped him find a hiding place on the steamer. He was discovered either at Steilacoom or Seattle, and was not held right away, because he promised to work off his passage. It happened that acting territorial governor McGill and his family were also on the ''Anderson''. Mitchell confided to McGill's son that he intended to desert the ship in Victoria, and the son told the father. Governor McGill then told the ships officers, and when they were just four miles out of Victoria, they seized Mitchell and held him in "close confinement"”Fugitive Slave Case”, ''Pioneer Democrat'', Olympia, Washington Terr., September 28, 1860
(available in DjVU format from the Washington Secretary of State historic documents website)

Once in Victoria, word got out that Mitchell was being held against his will aboard the ''Anderson''. A group of protesters composed of both white and black citizens of Victoria marched down to the dock. A lawyer presented a petition for a writ of habeas corpus to Chief Justice Cameron, who granted the writ. Armed with the writ, sheriff Naylor and a police constable boarded the ''Anderson'', presented the writ to the officer in charge, and demanded that Mitchell be released to them. The officer in charge told them he didn't think he could do anything until Captain Fleming returned to the vessel. When Captain Fleming returned, he in turn deferred to Governor McGill. What happened next is not entirely clear, but McGill went ashore and either acquiesced in the assertion of the Canadian court's writ over the vessel, or, as the ''Pioneer Democrat'' later insisted, protested vociferously against it. Either way, Mitchell was removed from the vessel by the Canadian authorities and became a free man. This was none to the liking of Olympia's newspaper at the time, the ''Pioneer Democrat'', which in an article quite free with racially derogatory terms, stated that war would have been justified to prevent Mitchell's release:

Mitchell had been born in Maryland (a slave state) the son of a white man named Mitchell and an enslaved woman. His mother died and he came to be enslaved by James Tilton, who later was appointed as the territorial surveyor of the Washington Territory. Although in theory the Washington Territory was free soil, the Territorial legislature had declared that after the Dred Scott Decision, the federal government could not bar slavery in the territory. Curiously, although the ''Pioneer Democrat'' denounced the action of the Canadian court, blaming the situation on "sharp dressed" black people and misguided whites, the ''Pioneer Democrat'' also denied that he was a slave, claiming that he was some type of ward, even though the title of their article used the words "fugitive slave" and the protest by Captain Fleming that it printed described Mitchell as Tilton's "property."

Operations on the mail route

News of Lincoln's election

In the early 1860s, there was no telegraph in Puget Sound, and mail carried by steamboat was the fastest way of transmitting news. Thus, on November 27, 1860, the ''Anderson'' brought to Port Townsend news that Abraham Lincoln had been elected president of the United States on November 4, 1860, even though the news had reached Olympia on November 22.

Fare wars continue

The ''Andersons next challenge on the Olympia-Victoria route came from ''Enterprise'', a sidewheeler under the command of Captain Jones. ''Enterprise'' had been built in California in 1861, intended for the San Francisco - Stockton run. Her owners brought her north to compete with the ''Eliza Anderson''. The Wrights bested them, by lowering the fare to Victoria to fifty cents, with free meals. This drove ''Enterprise'' off the run after six months, and in February 1862, Captain W.A. Mowat paid $60,000 to buy her for the Hudson's Bay Company. The Anderson's owners bought the Enterprise's walking-beam engine and used it to repower their boat. Another would-be competitor, the ''Josie McNear'', similarly faltered in her efforts to compete with the ''Anderson''.

Floating financial agency

D.B. Finch, once the purser on the vanquished ''Enterprise'', shifted over to the ''Anderson'', and later became a part-owner and master. Captain Finch had a head for figures, and became one of leading bankers in the Washington Territory, conducting finance at every landing called at by the ''Anderson''. Counties in those days were poorly funded, and paid their bills not in cash money, but "warrants", that is to say, paper promises to pay. Finch bought these up for 20 cents on the dollar (he paid more for better quality debts) and eventually collected most of the principal and interest from them

Cassiar Gold Rush

When things were winding down for the Anderson on the Olympia-Victoria route, she was tied up to Percival Dock in Olympia for some time, until the Cassiar Gold Rush in northern British Columbia seemed to offer a chance to make money. She was then was fixed up sufficiently to make voyages as far north as Wrangell, Alaska. When the Cassiar rush gave out, the ''Anderson'' was returned to Seattle, where she lay between 1877 and 1883, eventually sinking at her moorings.

Return to service 1883 to early 1890s

In 1883, Captain Wright raised the ''Anderson'', pumped her out, cleaned her up a bit, and put her on the run from Seattle to New Westminster, British Columbia, with Captain E.W. Holmes as her master and O.O. Denny her chief engineer. By this time, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company was making its bid to monopolize all water and rail transport in the state of Oregon and the Washington Territory. This brought on a rate war with the monopoly's newer sidewheeler, ''George E. Starr'', under Captain George Roberts. In April 1884, ''Anderson'' was run hard on the Victoria run against the Oregon company's ''Olympian'', a huge and expensive-to-run sidewheeler.

''Anderson'' ran fares down to $1.00 and was beating both ''Olympian'' and ''Geo. E. Starr'' until she was seized by the customs collector, Captain H.F. Beecher (youngest child of the famous abolitionist minister Henry Ward Beecher) on charges of bringing in immigrants contrary to the Chinese Exclusion Act. Eventually Captain Wright was able to clear himself of these charges, but with the ''Anderson'' having been off the route so long, the competitors had captured all the business. It was said that this broke Captain Wright's heart and his finances. In October, 1886, Captain Wright sold ''Anderson'' to the Puget Sound and Alaska Steamship Company, which ran her hard under Capt. J.W. Tarte on the Victoria route again. As late as 1888 she engaged in a steamboat race with another old vessel, the sidewheel steam tug ''Goliah''.''Eliza Anderson'' last ran on Puget Sound under the Northwestern Steamship Company, which was managed by Capt. D.B. Jackson.

"Floating Coffins" to Alaska

The ''Anderson'' had been acquired by Daniel Bachhelder Jackson (1833–1895) who was organizing the Washington Steamboat Company.Bagley, Clarence, B., ''History of Seattle from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time'' (Vol. II), at 762-63, S.J. Clarke Publishing, Chicago IL 1916
/ref> Starting in about 1890, ''Eliza Anderson'' was laid up on the Duwamish River