The (from German: 'Electrical Quick-Viewer') or Electrotachyscope is an early motion picture system developed by chronophotographer Ottomar Anschütz between 1886 and 1894. He made at least seven different versions of the machine, including a

projector A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image (or moving images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. Most projectors create an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some newer type ...

, a peep-box viewer and several versions with illuminated glass

photograph A photograph (also known as a photo, or more generically referred to as an ''image'' or ''picture'') is an image created by light falling on a photosensitivity, photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor. Th ...

s on a rotating wheel viewed on a wide milk glass screen by up to seven people at the same time.

History

Before working on

chronophotography Chronophotography is a photographic technique from the Victorian era which captures a number of phases of movements. The best known chronophotography works were mostly intended for the scientific study of Animal locomotion, locomotion, to discov ...

and motion pictures, Anschütz had already received much acclaim for his instantaneous pictures of flying storks in 1884. In 1885, Anschütz made his first chronophotographs of horses, sponsored by the Prussian minister of Culture. Initially, he used 12 cameras, later on 24. The quality of his pictures was generally regarded to be much higher than that of pioneer

Eadweard Muybridge Eadweard Muybridge ( ; 9 April 1830 – 8 May 1904, born Edward James Muggeridge) was an English photographer known for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture Movie projector, projection. He ...

's chronophotographic series. He continued with studies of horses in motion at the (Royal Military Institute) in

Hanover Hanover ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the States of Germany, German state of Lower Saxony. Its population of 535,932 (2021) makes it the List of cities in Germany by population, 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-l ...

during 1886. From the beginning, Anschütz wanted to reproduce the recorded actions and worked on devices to enable this. In 1886, he built a machine with a wheel that had twenty-four, glass plate photographs attached to its circumference. The pictures were illuminated from behind by a fast succession of electric flashes from a synchronized Geissler tube, while the wheel was hand-cranked to rotate at a speed of approximately 30 frames per second. About four spectators could watch the images on a wide milk glass screen in a wall in a small darkened room. Anschütz introduced the first successful model from 19 to 21 March 1887 at the Kultusministerium (Ministry of Culture) in

Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...

, receiving much praise from invited colleagues, politicians, and scientists. From 16 July to 26 August 1887, the moving pictures were screened to around 15,000 paying customers at Stadtbahnbogen 21 in the Ausstellungspark in Berlin. During the next few years, Anschütz demonstrated his electrical Schnellseher at many international exhibitions, fairs and conventions, visiting

Wiesbaden Wiesbaden (; ) is the capital of the German state of Hesse, and the second-largest Hessian city after Frankfurt am Main. With around 283,000 inhabitants, it is List of cities in Germany by population, Germany's 24th-largest city. Wiesbaden form ...

Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...

and

Dresden Dresden (; ; Upper Saxon German, Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; , ) is the capital city of the States of Germany, German state of Saxony and its second most populous city after Leipzig. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, 12th most p ...

in 1887,

Brussels Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) is a Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium#Regions, region of Belgium comprising #Municipalit ...

and

Florence Florence ( ; ) is the capital city of the Italy, Italian region of Tuscany. It is also the most populated city in Tuscany, with 362,353 inhabitants, and 989,460 in Metropolitan City of Florence, its metropolitan province as of 2025. Florence ...

in 1888 and

Kassel Kassel (; in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926) is a city on the Fulda River in North Hesse, northern Hesse, in Central Germany (geography), central Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel (region), Kassel and the d ...

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...

Boston Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...

, and

Philadelphia Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...

in 1889. In 1888, Anschütz moved to a studio at Charlottenstr. 59 in Berlin, where frequent demonstrations of Schnellsehers took place to at least 1900 (and less frequently until years later). Early January 1890, Anschütz presented a new type of chronophotography on the glass wheel Schnellseher to emperor Wilhelm II's family: "Sprechende Porträts" (Speaking Portraits). He introduced it publicly on 16 January 1890 at the Photographic Association in Berlin. At the same 16 January 1890 presentation, Anschütz introduced a much smaller Schnellseher in a cabinet that could be mounted to a wall or otherwise placed at eye-height. By the end of the year, he was negotiating with Siemens & Halske about the commercial manufacture of such machines. In 1891, Siemens & Halske started production of a coin-operated peep-hole Electrotachyscope, of which approximately 152 copies were made. This version had eighteen to twenty-four, celluloid pictures in a disc. It was demonstrated at the Elektrotechnischen Messe in Frankfurt on 16 May 1891 and exhibited there from 18 July to December, with over 17,000 spectators in the first 2.5 months. Models were demonstrated or installed in Berlin, Warschau, Amsterdam, Brussels und New York. The machine was licensed to Joe Livingston for Schwarz & Co in New York for the US since 9 September 1891, and to Edgar Cohen for worldwide exploitation (except for Germany and the US) since 19 October 1892 (as Electrical Wonder Company from 12 November 1892 to 2 December 1893). Electrotachyscope automats were installed in popular venues in New York, in Paris, in Boston, at

The Crystal Palace The Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass structure, originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. The exhibition took place from 1 May to 15 October 1851, and more than 14,000 exhibitors from around ...

in London, at the Berlin Zoo, and in more cities. About 34,000 people came to view the motion pictures in July and August 1892 at the Ausstellungspark in Berlin. The Elektrotachyscope was exhibited at the Chicago World's Fair of 1893 as "Greatest Wonder of the World". These machines may have been mistaken for Edison's long-awaited Kinetoscopes that were planned to be installed at the fair, but seem never to have arrived. Before Siemens & Halske were involved, Anschütz had also developed an automated cylindrical Schnellseher. It had six milk glass screens, each showing a different scene. This Elektro-tachyscope was shown to paying spectators in Vienna in November 1890, and probably in Brussels in 1891. In 1893, the

Edison Manufacturing Company The Edison Manufacturing Company, originally registered as under the name of the United Edison Manufacturing Company and often known as simply the Edison Company, was organized by scientist / inventor and entrepreneur, Thomas A. Edison (1847–1 ...

started the wide distribution of their long-awaited Kinetoscope, which had been in slow development since 1888. After initial experiments based on phonograph cylinders, they had shortly worked on a design based on the Schnellseher automat. Their main ambition was to enable longer motion pictures that ideally would reproduce opera performances in combination with the phonograph. The disc format had therefore been abandoned and experiments continued with celluloid film strips. The eventual coin-operated peep-box Kinetoscope automats did show relatively long scenes, but the company was unable to offer a combination with sound. When the Electrical Wonder Company went under in 1893, it left Anschütz with a large debt with Siemens & Halske for large orders of Schnellsehers. Siemens & Halske started to commercially exhibit the remaining 52 copies themselves as an attempt to lift some of Anschutz' debt and helped him with the development of his new project that aimed to project motion pictures on a large screen. On 6 November 1894, Anschütz patented a projector with two intermittently rotating large disks and continuous light. On 25, 29 and 30 November 1894, he introduced his new device with two linked discs projecting the moving images on a screen in the darkened Grand Auditorium of a Post Office Building in Berlin. From 22 February to 30 March 1895 commercial 1,5-hour program of 40 different scenes was screened for audiences of 300 people at the old Reichstag and received around 4,000 visitors. In 1895, other motion picture pioneers entered the market of motion pictures projected on large screens, including Max and Emil Skladanowsky with their Bioscop, and Auguste and Louis Lumière with their

cinematograph Cinematograph or kinematograph is an early term for several types of motion picture film mechanisms. The name was used for movie cameras as well as film projectors, or for complete systems that also provided means to print films (such as the ...

. Their films were much longer than the Schnellseher picture loops and after 1895 Anschütz' career in motion pictures was diminished to the sales of home model Tachyscopes at his studio.

Demonstrations, exhibitions and screenings

Inventory of known presentations of Schnellsehers {, class="wikitable sortable" , - ! start ! end ! venue/event ! location ! device ! audience , - , , , Kultusministerium demonstration ,

German Empire The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperia ...

(

, Unter dem Linden 4 (mezzanine)) , wheel , invited photographers, scientists, politicians , - , , , Ausstellungspark, daily commercial screenings ,

(

, Stadtbahnbogen 21) , wheel , paying customers , - , , , Naturforscherversammlung convention demonstration ,

(

) , wheel , invited scientists , - , , , Verein zur Pflege der Photographie und verwandter Künste, two demonstrations + lecture ,

(

) , wheel , invited photographers and artists , - , , , Polytechnische Gesellschaft, exhibition ,

(

, Polytechnische Gesellschaft auditorium) , wheel , , - , , , Kunstgewerbehalle ,

(

, Kunstgewerbehalle) , wheel , , - , , , Anschütz studio, installation with regular presentations, sales ,

(

, Charlottenstrasse 59) , all variations? , customers , - , , , Grand Concours International des Sciences et de l'Industrie, exhibition , Belgium,

, wheel , , - , , , photographic exhibition , Italy (

) , wheel , , - , , , C. B. Richards & Son, regular screenings , United States (

, 3 East 14 Street) , wheel , photographic supply store customers? , - , , , Königlichen Kriegsakademie, Anschütz exhibition ,

(

, Dorotheenstraße) , wheel , , - , , , Hunting, Fishing and Sports Exhibition ,

(

) , wheel , , - , , , Exhibition for Photo Dealers and Manufacturers , United States (

) , wheel , , - , , , photography exhibition ,

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

(

) , wheel , , - , , , ? , United States (

) , wheel , , - , , , Photographic Association, introduction automat + "Sprechende Porträt" ,

(

) , automat + wheel? , , - , , , private introduction of "Sprechende Porträt" ,

(

) , wheel , Wilhelm II’s family , - , , , k. k. Graphischer Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt, introduction ,

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

(

Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...

, Westbahnstrasse 25) , cylinder ,

Josef Maria Eder Josef Maria Eder (16 March 1855 – 18 October 1944) was an Austrian chemist who specialized in the chemistry of photography, and who wrote a comprehensive early history of the technical development of chemical photography. Life and work Eder was ...

and invited audience , - , , , G. v. d. Lippe, Elektro-Tachyskop, daily commercial exhibition (10 am – 8 pm) ,

(

, Parkring 2) , cylinder , paying customers (30 kreuzer) , - , , , ? ,

, (

Weimar Weimar is a city in the state (Germany), German state of Thuringia, in Central Germany (cultural area), Central Germany between Erfurt to the west and Jena to the east, southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden. Together w ...

) , cylinder , , - , , , Panorama International, daily demonstration Elektro-tachyskop , Hungary (

Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...

, Andrässystraße I5) , cylinder? , , - , , , Elektrotechnischen Messe, automat introduction ,

(

) , automat , , - , , , Elektrotechnischen Messe, daily exhibition (10 am – 9 pm) ,

(

, Hall for Science and Medicine) , automat , 14,858 paid viewings (10

pfennig The pfennig (; . 'pfennigs' or 'pfennige' ; currency symbol, symbol pf or ₰) or penny is a former Germany, German coin or note, which was an official currency from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro in 2002. While a valua ...

) until 25 August, over 17.000 by 31 August , - , , , international photography exhibition , Belgium (

) , cylinder? , , - , , , photography exhibition , The Netherlands (

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...

) , automat , , - , , , Stanislaw Jurkowski exhibition , Poland (

Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...

) , automat , , - , , , several exhibitions ,

(

) , automat , , - , , , Ausstellungspark, daily exhibition ,

(

, Stadtbahnbogen 21] , automat , 16,618 paying customers in July and 17,271 in August , - , , ,

, permanent installation of two to twelve machines , United Kingdom (

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

, The Crystal Palace) , automat , , - , , , International Exposition of Photography, two machines installed , France (

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

) , automat , , - , , , Eden Musée, five machines installed , United States (

, 23rd Street) , automat , , - , , , Koster and Bial's Music Hall, one machine installed , United States (

, 34th Street and Broadway) , automat , , - , , , Am. Inst. Dur. Prdkts, twelve machines installed , United States (

) , automat , , - , , , Two machines installed , United States (

) , automat , , - , , , Electric Wonder exhibition, Twelve machines , United Kingdom (

, 425 Strand, later at various

Charing Cross Charing Cross ( ) is a junction in Westminster, London, England, where six routes meet. Since the early 19th century, Charing Cross has been the notional "centre of London" and became the point from which distances from London are measured. ...

addresses) , automat , , - , , , Hohenzollern Gallery ,

(

, Hohenzollern Gallery) , automat , , - , , , Berlin Zoo, four machines ,

(

, Zoologischer Garten) , automat , , - , , , Leipzig Garten, two machines ,

(

) , automat , , - , , , Two machines ,

(

Hamburg Hamburg (, ; ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,. is the List of cities in Germany by population, second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, 7th-lar ...

) , automat , , - , , {{nowrap, {{Date table sorting, 30 October 1893{{efn, name=fn1 ,

World's Columbian Exposition The World's Columbian Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair, was a world's fair held in Chicago from May 5 to October 31, 1893, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The ...

, "Greatest Wonder of the World" machines , United States (

Chicago Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...

, World’s Columbian Exposition's Electricity Building + Midway Pleasance passage) , automat , , - , {{Date table sorting, 3 November 1893 , {{Date table sorting, November 1893{{efn, name=fn1 , Swedish Photographic Exhibition , Sweden (

Stockholm Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately ...

) , automat? , , - , {{Date table sorting, 25 November 1894 , {{Date table sorting, 30 November 1894 , Postfuhramtes, projector introduction screenings ,

(

, Artilleriestraße, darkened auditorium) , projector , , - , {{nowrap, {{Date table sorting, November 1894{{efn, name=fn1 , {{Date table sorting, December 1894{{efn, name=fn1 , Avenida Palace Hotel, Exposicio Imperial, Karl Eisenlohr exhibition , Portugal (

Lisbon Lisbon ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131, as of 2023, within its administrative limits and 3,028,000 within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, metropolis, as of 2025. Lisbon is mainlan ...

) , automat? , , - , {{Date table sorting, 22 February 1895 , {{Date table sorting, 30 March 1895 , Reichstag, commercial 1.5 hour screenings ,

(

, Leipziger Straße 4) , projector , 300 paying spectators per show, 7,000 in March (1 to 1.5 mark , - , {{Date table sorting, 11 May 1895 , {{Date table sorting, 13 October 1895 , Italienischen Ausstellung, thirty machines ,

(

) , automat , 56,645 viewings , - , {{Date table sorting, 29 May 1895 , {{Date table sorting, June 1895{{efn, name=fn1 , Carl Henckel’s Concert Hall, screenings ,

(

) , projector , , - , {{Date table sorting, July 1895 , {{Date table sorting, August 1895 , Exhibition, twelve machines ,

(

Lübeck Lübeck (; or ; Latin: ), officially the Hanseatic League, Hanseatic City of Lübeck (), is a city in Northern Germany. With around 220,000 inhabitants, it is the second-largest city on the German Baltic Sea, Baltic coast and the second-larg ...

) , automat , 10,152 viewings Hardly any differentiation between the many variations of Schnellseher is clear from the available reports. For this table, if no precise information is available, devices exhibited before 1890 are assumed to be rotating wheel Electrotachyscopes, those exhibited in 1890 are assumed to be the cylinder machines and the "Talking Portraits" presentations are assumed to be from wheels. From 16 May 1891 onward, most devices are assumed to be the Siemens & Halske automat.

Tachyscope home models

Anschütz developed four types of a patented "Schnellseher" or "Tachyscope" that were improved versions of the

zoetrope A zoetrope is a Precursors of film#Modern era, pre-film animation device that produces the illusion of motion, by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion. A zoetrope is a cylindrical variant of ...

. In September 1887, Anschütz introduced a hand-cranked Tachyscope with a diameter of {{cvt, 58, cm and with the choice to look through one of three rows with 19, 20 and 21 apertures. This allowed the use of strips with different amounts of pictures and the choice to view the images either as staying in place or moving around. Scientific chronophotographer Étienne-Jules Marey bought such a Tachyscope in March 1889. It was followed in 1890 by a "Salon Tachyscope" for which the {{cvt, 180, cm long picture bands had to be attached to a base to form the zoetrope-type drum. Each strip had the appropriate amount of slots in between the lithographed pictures and the base could be turned into a vertical position. Anschütz produced two simplified versions in 1891. The zoetrope-type Schnellsehers were mainly made for people to use at home and Anschütz probably wanted to make his work available to many people through commercial exploitation, but he was very careful to keep the image quality high and chose to manufacture all image strips personally at his studio, which resulted in relatively small quantities.{{Cite journal, journal=The New Magic Lantern Journal, last=Rossell, first=Deac, title=The Anschuetz Zoetropes, url=https://www.academia.edu/1078596 At his own studio in Berlin, Anschütz offered hand-cranked home models with glass wheels and Geissler tubes as well as zoetrope Schnellsehers until at least 1905.

Motion picture works

Anschütz made many chronophotography series and adapted at least 60 of them for the Elektrotachyscope. He started with chronophotography studies of horses for the military in 1885. In 1888, he made motion studies of animals in the Breslau Zoo. He also recorded acrobats, dancers, athletes, boxers, wrestlers, sports and horse races. Already more an artistic and skilful photographer than a scientist, he chose different subjects when he started commercially exploiting the Schnellseher as an attraction. He recorded several comical scenes based on everyday life, including ''Lustige Fahrt (Funny Journey)'', ''Zwei ZimmerleuteFrüstückend (Two Carpenters Breakfasting)'', ''Familie essend aus einem Topfe (Family Eating from a Single Bowl)'', ''Raufende Jungen (Boys Fighting)'',''Zwei Herrn eine Prize Schnupftabak nehmend (Two Men Taking a Pinch of Snuff)'', ''Einseifen beim Barbier (Latherin Up at The Barber's)'',''Tabakschnupfender Alter (Old Man Taking Snuff)'' and ''Skatspieler (Card Players)''. Little of Anschütz' motion picture output has yet resurfaced. Although many examples of his printed chronophotography survived, all that could be found (as of 2016) from his later entertainment-oriented work was a fuzzy image with three card players as seen in a detail of a 1926 photograph of a home model automat Schnellseher.

Legacy

By 1886, when Anschütz developed his first Schnellseher and presented it to family and friends, photographic motion pictures recorded in real-time (known as

cinematography Cinematography () is the art of motion picture (and more recently, electronic video camera) photography. Cinematographers use a lens (optics), lens to focus reflected light from objects into a real image that is transferred to some image sen ...

) had only been seen from chronophotograph prints in zoetropes or similar devices (and rarely in public).

had mostly shown moving silhouettes traced from his chronophotographs onto glass discs with his

zoopraxiscope The zoopraxiscope (initially named ''zoographiscope'' and ''zoogyroscope'') is an early device for displaying moving images and is considered an important predecessor of the movie projector. It was conceived by photographic pioneer Eadweard ...

in lectures since 1880; the only projected photographic moving images he ever made featured a

stop motion Stop-motion (also known as stop frame animation) is an animated filmmaking and special effects technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exh ...

animation of the skeleton of a horse. The

Roundhay Garden Scene ''Roundhay Garden Scene'' is a short film, short silent film, silent motion picture filmed by French inventor Louis Le Prince at Oakwood, Leeds, Oakwood Grange in Roundhay, Leeds, in Yorkshire on 14 October 1888. It is believed to be the olde ...

, October 1888 by

Louis Le Prince Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince (28 August 1841 – disappeared 16 September 1890, Presumption of death, declared dead 16 September 1897) was a French artist and the inventor of an early film, motion-picture camera, and director of ''Roundhay Ga ...

, is the oldest known cinematographic film. Anschütz publicly presented his first Schnellseher in March 1887, presumably as the first device dedicated to the presentation of cinematography. The presentation of his projection Schnellseher on 25 November 1894 was presumably the first public instance of the cinematographic projection. The Kinetoscope made by the

was most likely much influenced by the coin-operated Schnellseher automat, but mainly intended to show longer scenes. Of the 22 films produced by the company from 20 May 1891 (''Dickson Greeting'') to mid-March 1894 (''Boxing Match''), at least 15 have subjects that are very similar to those found in the works of Anschütz. Although several are logical examples of motion studies, some seem to have been based on (lost) Schnellseher discs. '' The Barbershop'' (produced late 1893, premiered 14 April 1894) is probably an extended remake of Anschütz' (lost) ''Einseifen beim Barbier'' (1890). '' Fred Ott's Sneeze'' was probably based on ''Tabakschnupfender Alter''. Auguste and Louis Lumière's ''Partie d’écarté'' (16 January 1896, the thirteenth Cinématograph production) seems very similar to the one image known from Anschütz' ''Skatspieler''.

Related devices

An earlier, related device{{clarify, date=April 2020 is described in the 24 January 1878 issue of the journal ''

Nature Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the Ecosphere (planetary), ecosphere or the universe as a whole. In this general sense nature refers to the Scientific law, laws, elements and phenomenon, phenomena of the physic ...

''.

Notes

{{notelist

References

{{Reflist

Sources

Who's Who of Victorian Cinema
* Burns, Pau

An Illustrated Chronology *Fielding, Raymond, 1967, ''A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television''. {{Precursors of film Audiovisual introductions in 1887 History of film