El Castillo (, 'the Castle'), also known as the Temple of Kukulcan is a
Mesoamerican step-pyramid that dominates the center of the
Chichen Itza
Chichén Itzá , , often with the emphasis reversed in English to ; from () "at the mouth of the well of the Itza people, Itza people" (often spelled ''Chichen Itza'' in English and traditional Yucatec Maya) was a large Pre-Columbian era, ...
archaeological site in the
Mexican state of
Yucatán
Yucatán, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It comprises 106 separate municipalities, and its capital city is Mérida.
...
. The temple building is more formally designated by archaeologists as Chichen Itza Structure 5B18.
Built by the
pre-Columbian
In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, or as the pre-Cabraline era specifically in Brazil, spans from the initial peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of European col ...
Maya civilization
The Maya civilization () was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period. It is known by its ancient temples and glyphs (script). The Maya script is the most sophisticated and highly developed writin ...
sometime between the 8th and 12th centuries AD, the building served as a temple to the deity
Kukulcán, the Yucatec Maya
Feathered Serpent deity closely related to
Quetzalcoatl, a deity known to the
Aztec
The Aztecs ( ) were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico in the Post-Classic stage, post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec people included different Indigenous peoples of Mexico, ethnic groups of central ...
s and other central Mexican cultures of the
Postclassic period. It has a substructure that likely was constructed several centuries earlier for the same purpose.
The temple consists of a series of square terraces with stairways up each of the four sides to the temple on top. Sculptures of plumed serpents run down the sides of the northern balustrade. Around the
spring and
autumn equinoxes, the late afternoon sun strikes off the northwest corner of the temple and casts a series of triangular shadows against the northwest balustrade, creating the illusion of the feathered serpent "crawling" down the temple. To contemporary visitors, the event has been very popular and is witnessed by thousands at the spring equinox, but it is not known whether the phenomenon is a result of a purposeful design since the light-and-shadow effect can be observed without major changes during several weeks near the equinoxes.
Scientific research led since 1998 suggests that the temple mimics the chirping sound of the
quetzal bird when humans clap their hands around it. The researchers argue that this phenomenon is not accidental, that the builders of this temple felt divinely rewarded by the echoing effect of this structure. Technically, the clapping noise rings out and scatters against the temple's high and narrow limestone steps, producing a chirp-like tone that declines in frequency.
All four sides of the temple have approximately 91 steps which, when added together and including the temple platform on top as the final "step", may produce a total of 365 steps (the steps on the south side of the temple are eroded). That number is equal to the number of days of the ''
Haabʼ'' year and likely is significantly related to rituals.
The structure is high, plus an additional for the temple at the top. The square base measures across.
Construction
The construction of the Temple of Kukulcán ("El Castillo"), like other Mesoamerican temples, likely reflected the common practice by the Maya of executing several phases of construction for their temples. The last construction probably took place between 900–1000 AD, while the substructure may have been constructed earlier, between 600–800 AD. Based on archaeological research, construction of the Temple of Kukulcán was based on the concept of ''
axis mundi''.
[Tejero-Andrade, A., Argote-Espino, D., Cifuentes-Nava, G., Hernández-Quintero, E., Chávez, R.E., & García-Serrano, A. (2018). ‘Illuminating’ the interior of Kukulkan's Temple, Chichén Itzá, Mexico, by means of a non-conventional ERT geophysical survey. Journal of Archaeological Science, 90, 1-11.] Anthropologists think that the site remained sacred regardless of how the structure was positioned on the location. When a temple structure was renewed, the former construction was destroyed using a ritual that involved resolving the space of spiritual forces to preserve its sacredness.
It is estimated that this last construction dates to the eleventh century AD. The older, inner temple is referred to as the "substructure".
During the 1930s restoration work, an entryway was cut into the balustrade of the northeastern exterior staircase to provide access to archaeologists, and later for tourists for the rest of the 20th century.
Interior

In 1566, the temple was described by Friar
Diego de Landa in the manuscript known as Yucatán at the Time of the Spanish Encounter (''
Relación de las cosas de Yucatán''). Almost three centuries later,
John Lloyd Stephens
John Lloyd Stephens (November 28, 1805October 13, 1852) was an American explorer, writer, and diplomat. He was a pivotal figure in the rediscovery of Maya civilization throughout Middle America (Americas), Middle America and in the planning of th ...
described the architecture of the temple with even more detail in his book ''Incidents of Travel in Yucatán'' (''Incidentes del viaje Yucatán''), published in 1843. At that time, the archaeological site of Chichén Itzá was located on an estate, also called Chichén Itzá, owned by Juan Sosa.
Frederick Catherwood illustrated the book with lithographs depicting the temple covered in abundant vegetation on all sides. There are some photographs taken in the beginning of the twentieth century that also show the temple partially covered by said vegetation.
In 1924, the
Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, D.C. requested permission from the Mexican government to carry out explorations and restoration efforts in and around the area of Chichen Itza. In 1927, with the assistance of Mexican archaeologists, they started the task. In April 1931, looking to confirm the hypothesis that the structure of the temple of Kukulcán was built on top of a much older temple, the work of excavation and exploration began in spite of generalized beliefs contrary to that hypothesis. On June 7, 1932, a box with
coral
Corals are colonial marine invertebrates within the subphylum Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. They typically form compact Colony (biology), colonies of many identical individual polyp (zoology), polyps. Coral species include the important Coral ...
,
obsidian
Obsidian ( ) is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extrusive rock, extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock. Produced from felsic lava, obsidian is rich in the lighter element ...
, and
turquoise encrusted objects was found alongside human remains, which are exhibited in the
National Anthropology Museum in Mexico City.
The Temple of Kukulcán (''El Templo'') is located above a cavity filled with water, labeled a sinkhole or
cenote. Recent archaeological investigations suggest that an earlier construction phase is located closer to the southeastern cenote, rather than being centered.
This specific proximity to the cenote suggests that the Maya may have been aware of the cenote’s existence and purposefully constructed it there to facilitate their religious beliefs.
After extensive excavation work, in April 1935, a
Chac Mool statue, with its nails, teeth, and eyes inlaid with
mother of pearl was found inside the temple. The room where the discovery was made was nicknamed the "Hall of offerings" or "North Chamber". After more than a year of excavation, in August 1936, a second room was found, only meters away from the first. Inside this room, dubbed the "Chamber of Sacrifices", archaeologists found two parallel rows of human bone set into the back wall, as well as a red
jaguar
The jaguar (''Panthera onca'') is a large felidae, cat species and the only extant taxon, living member of the genus ''Panthera'' that is native to the Americas. With a body length of up to and a weight of up to , it is the biggest cat spe ...
statue. Both deposits of human remains were found oriented north-northeast. Researchers concluded that there must be an inner temple approximately wide, shaped similarly to the outer temple, with nine steps and a height of up to the base of the temple where the Chac Mool and the jaguar were found.
What appears to be a throne (referred to as the "Red Jaguar") was discovered in the room described as the throne room. The jaguar throne was previously presumed to have been decorated with flint and green stone discs, but recent research has determined the jaguar to be composed of highly symbolic and valued materials for ritualistic significance. The use of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to determine that the sculpture is painted red with a pigment that includes
cinnabar
Cinnabar (; ), or cinnabarite (), also known as ''mercurblende'' is the bright scarlet to brick-red form of Mercury sulfide, mercury(II) sulfide (HgS). It is the most common source ore for refining mercury (element), elemental mercury and is t ...
, or mercury sulfide (HgS).
Cinnabar was not in accessible proximity to Chichén Itzá, so its transport through long-distance trade would have placed a high value on it.
[Juárez-Rodríguez, O., Argote-Espino D., Santos-Ramírez, M., & López-García, P. (2017). Portable XRF analysis for the identification of raw materials of the Red Jaguar sculpture in Chichén Itzá, Mexico. Quaternary International, Quaternary International.] Additionally, the color red appears to have been significant to Maya cultural symbolism. It is associated with creating life as well as death and sacrifice.
Studies suggest that objects in Maya culture were imbued with vital essence, so the choice of painting the jaguar red may be a reflection of these beliefs, deeming the jaguar as an offering.
The high status associated with the cinnabar pigment and its red tone suggest that the jaguar was linked to the ritual importance of closing a temple for renewal.
The four fangs of the Red Jaguar have been identified as gastropod mollusk shells (''
Lobatus costatus'') using a digital microscope and comparative analysis from
malacology
Malacology, from Ancient Greek μαλακός (''malakós''), meaning "soft", and λόγος (''lógos''), meaning "study", is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (molluscs or mollusks), the second-largest ...
experts from the National Institute of Anthropology and History. The shells also are thought to be another valued resource material that may have been traded into Chichén Itzá.
The green stones were analyzed and determined to be a form of
jadeite.
Jadeite was valuable economically and socially, and the acquisition and application of the material is indicative of the access Chichén Itzá had along its trade routes.
Archaeological studies indicate that the Red Jaguar is similar to other depictions of thrones found in Maya murals (Temple of
Chacmool), thus whoever was seated on this throne could have been accessing the point of ''axis mundi'', which is essential to the elements and relationship to the cosmological system.
The symbolic use of materials related to the underworld and death also suggest that it acted as an offering for ritually closing the temple.
Alignment
The location of the temple within the site sits directly above a
cenote, or water cave, and is aligned at the intersection between four other cenotes: the
Sacred Cenote (
North
North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography.
Etymology
T ...
), Xtoloc (
South
South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both west and east.
Etymology
The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Proto-Germanic ''*sunþa ...
), Kanjuyum (
East
East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth.
Etymology
As in other languages, the word is formed from the fact that ea ...
), and Holtún (
West
West is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from east and is the direction in which the Sun sets on the Earth.
Etymology
The word "west" is a Germanic word passed into some Romance langu ...
). This alignment supports the position of the Temple of Kukulcán as an ''axis mundi''.
The western and eastern sides of the temple are angled to the zenith sunset and nadir sunrise, which may correspond with other calendar events such as the start of the traditional planting and harvesting seasons. An approximate correspondence with the Sun's positions on its zenith and nadir passages is likely coincidental, however, because very few Mesoamerican orientations match these events and even for such cases, different explanations are much more likely. Since the sunrise and sunset dates recorded by solar orientations that prevail in Mesoamerican architecture, tend to be separated by multiples of 13 and 20 days (i.e. of basic periods of the calendrical system), and given their clustering in certain seasons of the year, it has been argued that the orientations allowed the use of observational calendars intended to facilitate a proper scheduling of agricultural and related ritual activities. In agreement with this pattern, detected both in the Maya Lowlands and elsewhere in Mesoamerica, the north (and main) face of the temple of Kukulcán at Chichén Itzá has an azimuth of 111.72°, corresponding to sunsets on May 20 and July 24, separated by 65 and 300 days (multiples of 13 and 20). Significantly, the same dates are recorded by a similar temple at Tulum.
Recent developments
Around 2006, the
National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), which manages the archaeological site of Chichen Itza, started closing monuments to the public. While visitors may walk around them, they may no longer climb them or enter the chambers. This followed a climber falling to her death.
[Diario de Yucatan, "Fin a una exención para los mexicanos: Pagarán el día del equinoccio en la zona arqueológica," March 3, 2006.]
Researchers discovered an enormous cenote (also known as a sinkhole) beneath the 1,000-year-old temple of
Kukulcán. The forming sinkhole beneath the temple is approximately and as many as deep. The water filling the cavern is thought to run from north to south. They also found a layer of limestone approximately thick at the top of the cenote, upon which the temple sits.
Recent archaeological investigations have used
electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to examine the construction sequence of Kukulcán.
To preserve the site from potential damage, electrodes were placed non-traditionally as flat-based detectors around the quadrangle of the temple bodies. After each body of the temple was tested, the data revealed two previous construction phases within Kukulcán with a possible temple at the top of the second substructure. Determining the dates when these constructions happened will provide time periods of when Chichen Itza may have been significantly occupied.
Gallery
File:Karta ChichenItza.PNG, Situation map of Chichen Itza
File:Chichen Norte.JPG, North side of the Temple of Kukulcán
File:Kukulcan-Temple-Chichen-Itza-west-side-2016-Luka-Peternel.jpg, West side of the Temple of Kukulcán
File:Kukulcan-Temple-Chichen-Itza-south-side-2016-Luka-Peternel.jpg, South side of the Temple of Kukulcán
File:Serpent head at the base of El Castillo.jpg, Plumed Serpent on Kukulcán
File:ChichenItzaEquinox.jpg, Shadows cast on Kukulcán during Equinox at Chichen Itza
File:The Jaguar Throne inlaid with jade behind the Chac Mool ...(no longer on display since 2006) (21161769963).jpg, Interior. The Jaguar Throne inlaid with jade behind the Chac Mool ...(no longer on display since 2006)
See also
*
List of Mesoamerican pyramids
*
Pyramid of the Magician at
Uxmal
*
Tikal Temple I
*
Tikal Temple II
*
Tikal Temple III
*
Tikal Temple IV
*
Tikal Temple V
Notes
References
*
*
* Šprajc, Ivan, and Pedro Francisco Sánchez Nava (2013). Astronomía en la arquitectura de Chichén Itzá: una reevaluación. ''Estudios de Cultura Maya'' XLI: p. 31–60.
*
*Gray, Richard. "Sacred Sinkhole Discovered 1,000-year-old-Mayan-Temple-Eventually-Destroy-Pyramid." Science & tech August 17, 2015. Dailymail. Web. August 17, 2015.
*Justice, Adam. "Scientists discover sacred sinkhole cave under Chichen Itza pyramid." Science (2015). Ibtimes. Web. August 14, 2015.
*Juárez-Rodríguez, O., Argote-Espino D., Santos-Ramírez, M., & López-García, P. (2017). Portable XRF analysis for the identification of raw materials of the Red Jaguar sculpture in Chichén Itzá, Mexico. Quaternary International, Quaternary International.
*Tejero-Andrade, A., Argote-Espino, D., Cifuentes-Nava, G., Hernández-Quintero, E., Chávez, R.E., & García-Serrano, A. (2018). ‘Illuminating’ the interior of Kukulkan's Pyramid, Chichén Itzá, Mexico, by means of a non-conventional ERT geophysical survey. Journal of Archaeological Science, 90, 1-11.
*Wren, L., Kristan-Graham, C., Nygard, T., & Spencer, K. R. (2018). Landscapes of the Itza : Archaeology and art history at Chichen Itza and neighboring sites. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
{{authority control
Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century
Archaeoastronomy
Chichen Itza
Maya architecture
Buildings and structures in Yucatán
12th-century establishments in the Maya civilization
Pyramids in Mexico