Edward Armitage (20 May 1817 – 24 May 1896) was an English

Victorian-era In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardi ...

painter whose work focused on historical, classical and biblical subjects.

Family background

Armitage was born in London to a family of wealthy

Yorkshire Yorkshire ( ; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a Historic counties of England, historic county in northern England and by far the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its large area in comparison with other Eng ...

industrialists, the eldest of seven sons of James Armitage (1793–1872) and Anne Elizabeth Armitage née Rhodes (1788–1833), of Farnley Hall, just south of

Leeds Leeds () is a city and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds district in West Yorkshire, England. It is built around the River Aire and is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. It is also the third-largest settlement (by populati ...

. His great-grandfather James (1730–1803) bought Farnley Hall from Sir Thomas Danby in 1799 and in 1844 four Armitage brothers, including his father James, founded the Farnley Ironworks, utilising the coal, iron and fireclay on their estate. His brother

Thomas Rhodes Armitage Thomas Rhodes Armitage (2 April 1824 – 23 October 1890) was a British physician, and founder of the Royal National Institute of Blind People. He was born at Tilgate in Sussex into a family of wealthy Yorkshire industrialists, the son of J ...

(1824–1890) founded the

Royal National Institute of the Blind The Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) is a UK charity offering information, support and advice to almost two million people in the UK with sight loss. History The RNIB was founded by Thomas Rhodes Armitage, a doctor who had eye ...

. Armitage was the uncle of

Robert Armitage (MP) Robert Armitage (22 February 1866 – 10 February 1944) was Member of Parliament for Leeds Central (UK Parliament constituency), Leeds Central, England, from 1906 to 1922 and Lord Mayor of Leeds in 1904–05. Background Armitage was a son of Wi ...

, the great-uncle of Robert Selby Armitage, and first cousin twice removed of

Edward Leathley Armitage Edward Leathley Armitage (26 April 1891 – 24 November 1957) was an Irish-born English cricketer, the son of John Leathley Armitage (1857–1938) and his wife Annie Jessie, née Nicholas. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowle ...

Art Training

Armitage's art training was undertaken in Paris, where he enrolled at the

École des Beaux-Arts École des Beaux-Arts (; ) refers to a number of influential art schools in France. The term is associated with the Beaux-Arts style in architecture and city planning that thrived in France and other countries during the late nineteenth century ...

in October 1837. He studied under the history painter,

Paul Delaroche Hippolyte-Paul Delaroche (17 July 1797 – 4 November 1856) was a French painter who achieved his greater successes painting historical scenes. He became famous in Europe for his melodramatic depictions that often portrayed subjects from English ...

, who at that time was at the height of his fame. Armitage was one of four students selected to assist Delaroche with the

fresco Fresco (plural ''frescos'' or ''frescoes'') is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaste ...

''Hémicycle'' in the amphitheatre of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, when he reputedly modelled for the head of

Masaccio Masaccio (, , ; December 21, 1401 – summer 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was a Florentine artist who is regarded as the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. According to Vasari, ...

. Whilst still in Paris, he exhibited ''Prometheus Bound'' in 1842, which a contemporary critic described as 'well drawn but brutally energetic'.

Westminster Competitions

In 1843 Armitage returned to London, where he entered competitions for the decoration of the new

Palace of Westminster The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Informally known as the Houses of Parli ...

, the old Houses of Parliament having been destroyed by fire in 1834. To organise and oversee this project, a Royal Commission had been appointed in 1841, the President of which was

Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 21 ...

's new Consort, Prince Albert. Decorations were to be executed in fresco and were to illustrate subjects from British history or from the works of Spenser,

Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...

Milton Milton may refer to: Names * Milton (surname), a surname (and list of people with that surname) ** John Milton (1608–1674), English poet * Milton (given name) ** Milton Friedman (1912–2006), Nobel laureate in Economics, author of '' Free t ...

. Competitions were held for appropriate designs ('cartoons'), with a number of leading artists commissioned to take part. The first competition entries were unveiled in Westminster Hall in the summer of 1843 and attracted considerable attention from the public. Armitage's cartoon, ''The Landing of Julius Caesar in Britain'', secured one of the three first prizes of £300. He won a further prize in 1845 in a subsequent Westminster competition for his cartoon ''The Spirit of Religion''. Although neither of these cartoons was executed in fresco, Armitage did execute two frescoes in the Poets' Gallery off the Upper Waiting Hall: ''The Thames and its Tributaries'' (also referred to as ''The Personification of the Thames'') (1852), from the poetry of

Alexander Pope Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 O.S. – 30 May 1744) was an English poet, translator, and satirist of the Enlightenment era who is considered one of the most prominent English poets of the early 18th century. An exponent of Augustan literature, ...

; and ''The Death of Marmion'' (1854), from

Sir Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832), was a Scottish novelist, poet, playwright and historian. Many of his works remain classics of European and Scottish literature, notably the novels '' Ivanhoe'', '' Rob Roy' ...

's poem. Unfortunately frescoes were ill-suited to the atmosphere of 19th-century London, and many started to disintegrate almost as soon as they were completed. Armitage won one of the first-class premiums in 1847 for his oil painting ''The Battle of Meanee'', which was subsequently purchased by Queen Victoria. In this battle, General Sir Charles Napier brought the provinces of Sindh under the dominion of Great Britain, an account of which was written by his brother, Sir William Napier. Armitage consulted both brothers for detailed information on the battle and he used sketches of the locality lent by Sir Charles. However, the painting was the subject of much controversy, with doubts expressed that the war had been justified. The 1847 ''The Art Union'' review concluded with the following: "Notwithstanding the great ability displayed by Mr. Armitage in this production, which of its class, has never been excelled in England, we cannot but regret that he did not select a theme more purely historical - one more honourable to our nation than the slaughter of thousands - of whom, after all, we were the oppressors". Thackeray, writing in ''Punch'' under the pseudonym of Professor Byles, also disapproved of the subject-matter: "With respect to the third prize - a ''Battle of Meeanee'' - in this extraordinary piece they are stabbing, kicking, cutting, slashing, and poking each other about all over the picture. A horrid sight! I like to see the British lion mild and good-humoured ... not fierce, as Mr. Armitage has shown him."

The Royal Academy

In 1848 Armitage exhibited for the first time at the

Royal Academy The Royal Academy of Arts (RA) is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. Founded in 1768, it has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its pur ...

when he showed two paintings, ''

Henry VIII Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disa ...

and

Catherine Parr Catherine Parr (sometimes alternatively spelled Katherine, Katheryn, Kateryn, or Katharine; 1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and Ireland as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 12 July 1543 until ...

'', and ''Trafalgar'' (also known as ''The Death of Nelson''). He continued to send contributions most years until his death. These included ''Retribution'' (1858), ''Esther's Banquet'' (1865) (also known as ''Festival of Esther''), ''The Remorse of Judas'' (1866), ''Herod's Birthday Feast'' (1868), ''A Deputation to Faraday'' (1871), ''Julian the Apostate'' (1875), ''Pygmalion's Galatea'' (1878), ''Meeting of St. Francis and St. Dominic'' (1882), ''Faith'' (1884), ''The Siren'' (1888), and a portrait of his brother ''The late T.R. Armitage, M.D., the Friend of the Blind'' (1893). Probably the best known of these is Armitage's huge imperialistic painting, ''Retribution'', in which he allegorized the suppression and punishment of the Indian 'Mutiny' by Great Britain in 1857. This was painted after details of the massacre of British soldiers, women and children had been circulated by the press. The ''Illustrated London News'' of 1859 described ''Retribution'' thus: "Britannia, represented of colossal proportions, has seized the assassin tiger by the throat, and is about to plunge her sword into its heart ... The melancholy results of the mutiny, which have spread mourning through so many homes, are typified in the figures of prostrate victims, with debris of books, etc., scattered around." Armitage was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1867 and a full member in 1872, and in 1875 he was appointed Professor and Lecturer on painting. His lectures to the Royal Academy were published as ''Lectures on Painting'' (London and New York, 1883).

Marriage

On 3 February 1853 Armitage married Catherine Laurie Barber, also an artist. They were among the first artists to settle in the St John's Wood area of London, and their friends included other artists in the neighbourhood.

The Crimea

The art dealer

Ernest Gambart Jean Joseph Ernest Theodore Gambart (12 October 1814 – 12 April 1902) was a Belgian-born English art publisher and dealer who dominated the London art world in the middle of the nineteenth century. Life and career Gambart was born in Kortrijk, ...

sent Armitage to the

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...

in 1855 to make on-the-spot sketches for battle pictures including ''The Stand of the Guards at Inkerman'' and ''The Heavy Cavalry Charge at Balaclava'', which were shown at Gambart's French gallery in London in the spring of 1856, along with a drawing ''The Bottom of the Ravine at Inkerman'' which was also exhibited at the Royal Academy. This was from a sketch made on the spot in March 1855, four months after the battle. It shows the corpses of soldiers revealed by the melting snow, still lying where they fell the previous November but now surrounded by spring flowers. The ''Athenaeum'' of 24 May 1856 considered Armitage's drawing 'speaks to us in a more dreadful whisper of the horrors of war than all the peace speeches ever made'. Armitage returned home from the Crimea in September 1855, having taken an extended tour that included stops at Scutari and Bursa, where he made a number of sketches. From one of these, he painted ''Souvenir of Scutari'' which he exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1857 (now in

Laing Art Gallery The Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, is located on New Bridge Street West. The gallery was designed in the Baroque style with Art Nouveau elements by architects Cackett & Burns Dick and is now a Grade II listed building. It ...

, Newcastle) and which shows a group of veiled Turkish women at leisure in public gardens on the Asian side of the Bosporus. A number of Armitage's sketches from the Crimea were reproduced in the ''Illustrated London News'' and ''The Graphic'', including ''Lord Raglan and Sir Edmund Lyons, General Bosquet, Captor of Malakoff Tower, General Trochu'' and ''Before Sebastopol, Zouaves Making Gabions''.

Decorative Work

Unlike some of his fellow artists, Armitage was not discouraged by his experience of working on the Parliament frescos. During the summer of 1858 he spent several weeks' research at Assisi, prior to executing frescos (since painted over) in the Roman Catholic Church of St. John the Evangelist, Islington, when his friend the artist

George Frederic Watts George Frederic Watts (23 February 1817, in London – 1 July 1904) was a British painter and sculptor associated with the Symbolist movement. He said "I paint ideas, not things." Watts became famous in his lifetime for his allegorical work ...

modelled for the head of an apostle. Armitage also did frescos at St. Marylebone Parish Church and St. Mark's Church, London, and a monochrome fresco at University Hall, Gordon Square, London, now

Dr Williams's Library Dr Williams's Library is a small English research library in Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London. Historically, it has had a strong Unitarian focus. The library has also been known as University Hall. History The library was founded using the e ...

. This commemorated lawyer and diarist

Henry Crabb Robinson Henry Crabb Robinson (13 May 1775 – 5 February 1867) was an English lawyer, remembered as a diarist. He took part in founding London University. Life Robinson was born in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, third and youngest son of Henry Robinson (17 ...

surrounded by his most distinguished literary and artistic friends, including

William Wordsworth William Wordsworth (7 April 177023 April 1850) was an English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication ''Lyrical Ballads'' (1798). Wordsworth's ' ...

Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge (; 21 October 177225 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher, and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poe ...

Mary Lamb Mary Anne Lamb (3 December 1764 – 20 May 1847) was an English writer. She is best known for the collaboration with her brother Charles on the collection '' Tales from Shakespeare'' (1807). Mary suffered from mental illness, and in 1796, aged ...

and her brother

Charles Lamb Charles Lamb (10 February 1775 – 27 December 1834) was an English essayist, poet, and antiquarian, best known for his ''Essays of Elia'' and for the children's book ''Tales from Shakespeare'', co-authored with his sister, Mary Lamb (1764–18 ...

William Blake William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his life, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual art of the Romantic Age. ...

and

John Flaxman John Flaxman (6 July 1755 – 7 December 1826) was a British sculptor and draughtsman, and a leading figure in British and European Neoclassicism. Early in his career, he worked as a modeller for Josiah Wedgwood's pottery. He spent several yea ...

. Papered over in the mid-1950s, it originally contained 48 life-size portraits. Other decorative work includes part of the terracotta frieze, ''The Triumph of Art and Letters'', at the Royal Albert Hall, where Armitage contributed two of the sixteen sections (''Princes, Art Patrons and Artists'' and ''A Group of Philosophers, Sages and Students''). He also contributed to what was referred to as the Kensington Valhalla at South Kensington Museum (now the Victoria and Albert Museum), when he was responsible for depicting ''Benozzo Gozzoli''. Frieze on the Royal Albert Hall

Later life

After retiring from the Royal Academy in May 1894, Armitage spent some time in

Royal Tunbridge Wells Royal Tunbridge Wells is a town in Kent, England, southeast of central London. It lies close to the border with East Sussex on the northern edge of the High Weald, whose sandstone geology is exemplified by the rock formation High Rocks. ...

for the benefit of his health. He lodged at Mount Edgcumbe House, where he died on 24 May 1896 of apoplexy and exhaustion following pneumonia. He is buried in Hove Cemetery.

Selected works

*''The Return of Ulysses'' (1840, retouched 1853;

Leeds Art Gallery Leeds Art Gallery in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, is a gallery, part of the Leeds Museums & Galleries group, whose collection of 20th-century British Art was designated by the British government in 1997 as a collection "of national importance ...

) *''The Battle of Meanee'' (1847; Royal Collection, St. James's Palace) *''The Death of Nelson'' (1848; Britannia Museum Trust, Dartmouth) *''Henry the Eighth and Catherine Parr'' (1848; Private collection) *''The Socialists'' (1850) *''Aholibah'' (1850) *''Hagar'' (1852) *''The Thames and its Tributaries'' (1852; Upper Waiting Hall,

) *''The Death of Marmion'' (c.1853; Atkinson Art Gallery, Southport) *''The Death of Marmion'' (1854; Upper Waiting Hall,

) *''The Pontoon on Virginia Water 5 July 1853'' (1854; Royal Collection, Windsor Castle) *''The Lotus Eater'' (1854) *''The Heavy Cavalry Charge at Balaclava'' (1855) *''The Stand of the Guards at Inkerman'' (1855) *''After the Battle of Inkerman'' (c.1855) After an Entomological Sale by Edward Armitage, 1878

After an Entomological Sale by Edward Armitage, 1878

*''Souvenir of Scutari'' (1857;

, Newcastle) *''Retribution'' (1858;

) *''Blind Beggar of Assisi'' (c.1859;

Auckland Art Gallery Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki is the principal public gallery in Auckland, New Zealand. It has the most extensive collection of national and international art in New Zealand and frequently hosts travelling international exhibitions. Set be ...

, New Zealand) *''Head of an Apostle (St Simon)'' (1862;

Victoria and Albert Museum The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and nam ...

) *''Burial of a Christian Martyr'' (1863; Glasgow Museums Resource Centre) *''

Benozzo Gozzoli Benozzo Gozzoli (4 October 1497) was an Italian Renaissance painter from Florence. A pupil of Fra Angelico, Gozzoli is best known for a series of murals in the Magi Chapel of the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, depicting festive, vibrant processions wi ...

'' (1864;

) *''Ahab and Jezebel'' (1864) *''W. Brinton, Esq., M.D.'' (1864;

Royal College of Physicians The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) is a British professional membership body dedicated to improving the practice of medicine, chiefly through the accreditation of physicians by examination. Founded by royal charter from King Henry VIII in 1 ...

, London) *''Festival of Esther'' (1865;

Royal Academy of Arts, London The Royal Academy of Arts (RA) is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. Founded in 1768, it has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its purpo ...

) *''The Remorse of

Judas Judas Iscariot (; grc-x-biblical, Ἰούδας Ἰσκαριώτης; syc, ܝܗܘܕܐ ܣܟܪܝܘܛܐ; died AD) was a disciple and one of the original Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ. According to all four canonical gospels, Judas betraye ...

'' (1866;

Tate Tate is an institution that houses, in a network of four art galleries, the United Kingdom's national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the U ...

, London) *''Savonarola and Lorenzo the Magnificent'' (1867) *''Christus Consolator'' (1867) *''Herod's Birthday Feast'' (1868;

Guildhall Art Gallery The Guildhall Art Gallery houses the art collection of the City of London, England. The museum is located in the Moorgate area of the City of London. It is a stone building in a semi-Gothic style intended to be sympathetic to the historic Guild ...

, London) *''Hero Lighting the Beacon'' (1869; Glasgow Museums Resource Centre) *''Christ Calling the Apostles James and John'' (1869; Sheffield Galleries and Museums) *''Gethsemane'' (1870) *''Peace: Twenty Years After the War'' (1871; University of Limerick Armitage Collection, with title ''Sleeping Plough Boy'') *''A Deputation to Faraday'' (1871;

Royal Society The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, re ...

, London) *''Dawn of the First Easter Sunday'' (1872;

, New Zealand) *''In Memory of the Great Fire at Chicago'' (1872) *''A Dream of Fair Women'' (1872 and 1874; Hastings Public Library) *''Sir Benjamin Brodie, Bart., FRS'' (1874;

Royal Society of Chemistry The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) is a learned society (professional association) in the United Kingdom with the goal of "advancing the chemistry, chemical sciences". It was formed in 1980 from the amalgamation of the Chemical Society, the Ro ...

, London) *''Julian the Apostate Presiding at a Conference of Sectarians'' (1875;

Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool The Walker Art Gallery is an art gallery in Liverpool, which houses one of the largest art collections in England outside London. It is part of the National Museums Liverpool group. History of the Gallery The Walker Art Gallery's collection ...

) *''Serf Emancipation'' (1877;

) *''The Cities of the Plain'' (1878;

, Newcastle) *''After an Entomological Sale'' (1878) *''The Mother of Moses'' (1878; Private collection) *''Pygmalion's Galatea'' (1878; Private collection) *''Woman Taken in Adultery'' (undated; Dundee Art Gallery and Museums) *''Samson and the Lion'' (1881; Brighton & Hove Museums) *''Self-Portrait'' (1882;

Aberdeen Art Gallery Aberdeen Art Gallery is the main visual arts exhibition space in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. It was founded in 1884 in a building designed by Alexander Marshall Mackenzie, with a sculpture court added in 1905. In 1900, it received the art ...

) *''Meeting of St Francis and St Dominic'' (1882; Church of St John the Evangelist, Islington, London) *''Sea Urchins'' (1882;

, New Zealand) *''Faith'' (1884; Private collection) *''Institution of the Franciscan Order'' (1887; Church of St. John the Evangelist, Islington, London) (replacing original 1859 fresco of ''St Francis before Pope Innocent III'') *''A Siren'' (1888;

) *''Miss A. S. Armitage'' (1891; University of Limerick Armitage Collection) *''A Moslem Doctrinaire'' (1893; Private collection) *''The Late T. R. Armitage Esq M.D., the Friend of the Blind'' (1893)

References

* Armitage, Edward, ''Lectures on Painting'', Trubner & Co., London, 1883 * Armitage, Jill R, ''Edward Armitage RA: Battles in the Victorian Art World'', Matador, 2017 *''Art-Union'', 1847, ''Review of the Exhibition at Westminster Hall'' *''

Athenaeum Athenaeum may refer to: Books and periodicals * ''Athenaeum'' (German magazine), a journal of German Romanticism, established 1798 * ''Athenaeum'' (British magazine), a weekly London literary magazine 1828–1921 * ''The Athenaeum'' (Acadia U ...

'', 24 May 1856 * T. S. R. Boase, ''The Decorations of the New Palace of Westminster 1841-1863'', in: ''Journal of the

Warburg Warburg (; Westphalian language, Westphalian: ''Warberich'' or ''Warborg'') is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, central Germany on the river Diemel near the three-state point shared by Hessen, Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. It ...

and Courtauld Institutes'' 17:1954, pp. 319–358 * Graves, Algernon, ''The Royal Academy of Art: A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and their Work from its Foundation in 1769 to 1904'', Henry Graves & Co., London, 1905 * Harrington, Peter, ''British Artists and War'', Greenhill Books, 1993 * Hitchberger, J.W.M., ''Images of the Army'', Manchester University Press, 1988 *''Illustrated London News'', 16 June, 30 June, 15 September 1855 *''Illustrated London News'', 26 February 1859 *''Illustrated Times'', 9 May 1857, ''A Souvenir of Scutari'' * Millar, Oliver, ''The Pictures in the Collection of HM The Queen'', Cambridge University Press, 1992 *''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 * ''Pictures and drawings selected from the works of Edward Armitage R.A.'', Sampson Low Marston and Company, London, 1898 * Thackeray, W.M., ''Professor Byles's Opinion of the Westminster Hall Exhibition'', ''Punch'', 1847 * ''

The Graphic ''The Graphic'' was a British weekly illustrated newspaper, first published on 4 December 1869 by William Luson Thomas's company Illustrated Newspapers Ltd. Thomas's brother Lewis Samuel Thomas was a co-founder. The premature death of the latt ...

'', 3 September 1870 * ''The Spectator'', 26 March 1870, ''Mr Armitage's Wall-Pictures'' * ''Tunbridge Wells Courier'', 29 May 1896

External links

*

Public Catalogue Foundation Newsletter item on Armitage's missing After an Entomological Sale *
Edward Armitage & The Prize Cartoons - UK Parliament Living Heritage
{{DEFAULTSORT:Armitage, Edward 19th-century British painters British male painters Royal Academicians 1817 births 1896 deaths 19th-century British male artists