early Cyrillic

The Early Cyrillic alphabet, also called classical Cyrillic or paleo-Cyrillic, is a writing system that was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the late 9th century on the basis of the Greek alphabet for the Slavic people living near the Byzantine Empire in South East and Central Europe. It was used by Slavic peoples in South East, Central and Eastern Europe.

It was developed in the Preslav Literary School in the capital city of the First Bulgarian Empire in order to write the Old Church Slavonic language. The modern Cyrillic script is still used primarily for some Slavic languages (such as Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Russian and Ukrainian), Kazakhstanand for East European and Asian languages that have experienced a great amount of Russian cultural influence.

Among some of the traditionally culturally influential countries using Cyrillic script are Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine.

Set

А Б В Г Д Є Ж З И І К
Л М Н О П Р С Т Ꙋ Ф Х
Ц Ѡ Ч Ш Щ Ь Ы Ꙏ Ѣ Ꙗ Ѥ
Ю Ѧ Ѩ Ѫ Ѭ Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ Ҁ

Additional

Э Я Қ Ң Е Ё Ҽ Ҿ Љ Њ Џ Ј Ћ Ђ
Ѓ Ќ Ӣ Ҳ Ҷ Ӯ У Ө Ӱ Ў Ә Һ Ү Ұ Ї Ґ
Ꙓ Ꙙ Ꙝ Ꙛ Ꙩ Ꙭ Ꚛ ꙮ Ꚙ

History

The earliest form of manuscript Cyrillic, known as ''ustav'', was based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and by letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek.

The Glagolitic alphabet was created by the monk Saint Cyril, possibly with the aid of his brother Saint Methodius, around 863. Cyrillic, on the other hand, was a creation of Cyril's students in the 890s at the Preslav Literary School as a more suitable script for church books, based on uncial Greek but retaining some Glagolitic letters for sounds not present in Greek. An alternative hypothesis proposes that it emerged in the border regions of Greek proselytization to the Slavs before it was codified and adapted by some systematizer among the Slavs; the oldest Cyrillic manuscripts look very similar to 9th and 10th century Greek uncial manuscripts, and the majority of uncial Cyrillic letters were identical to their Greek uncial counterparts.Auty, R. ''Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Part II: Texts and Glossary.'' 1977. One possibility is that this systematization of Cyrillic was undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893, when the Old Church Slavonic liturgy was adopted by the First Bulgarian Empire.

The Cyrillic alphabet was very well suited for the writing of Old Church Slavic, generally following a principle of "one letter for one significant sound", with some arbitrary or phonotactically-based exceptions. Particularly, this principle is violated by certain vowel letters, which represent plus the vowel if they are not preceded by a consonant. It is also violated by a significant failure to distinguish between /ji/ and /jĭ/ orthographically. There was no distinction of capital and lowercase letters, though manuscript letters were rendered larger for emphasis, or in various decorative initial and nameplate forms.Cubberley 1994 Letters served as numerals as well as phonetic signs; the values of the numerals were directly borrowed from their Greek-letter analogues. Letters without Greek equivalents mostly had no numeral values, whereas one letter, koppa, had only a numeric value with no phonetic value.

Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia.

The form of the Russian alphabet underwent a change when Tsar Peter the Great introduced the civil script (russian: гражданский шрифт, graždanskiy šrift, or , ), in contrast to the prevailing church typeface, (russian: церковнославя́нский шрифт, cerkovnoslavjanskiy šrift) in 1708. (The two forms are sometimes distinguished as ''paleo-Cyrillic'' and ''neo-Cyrillic''.) Some letters and breathing marks which were used only for historical reasons were dropped. Medieval letterforms used in typesetting were harmonized with Latin typesetting practices, exchanging medieval forms for Baroque ones, and skipping the western European Renaissance developments. The reform subsequently influenced Cyrillic orthographies for most other languages. Today, the early orthography and typesetting standards remain in use only in Church Slavonic.

A comprehensive repertoire of early Cyrillic characters has been included in the Unicode standard since version 5.1, published April 4, 2008. These characters and their distinctive letterforms are represented in specialized computer fonts for Slavistics.

Alphabet

In addition to the basic letters, there were a number of scribal variations, combining ligatures, and regionalisms used, all of which varied over time.

Sometimes the Greek letters that were used in Cyrillic mainly for their numeric value are transcribed with the corresponding Greek letters for accuracy: ѳ = θ, ѯ = ξ, ѱ = ψ, ѵ = υ, and ѡ = ω.

Numerals, diacritics and punctuation

Each letter had a numeric value also, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number; usually this was accompanied by a dot on either side of the letter. In numerals, the ones place was to the left of the tens place, the reverse of the order used in modern Arabic numerals. Thousands are formed using a special symbol, (U+0482), which was attached to the lower left corner of the numeral. Many fonts display this symbol incorrectly as being in line with the letters instead of subscripted below and to the left of them.

Titlos were also used to form abbreviations, especially of nomina sacra; this was done by writing the first and last letter of the abbreviated word along with the word's grammatical endings, then placing a titlo above it. Later manuscripts made increasing use of a different style of abbreviation, in which some of the left-out letters were superscripted above the abbreviation and covered with a pokrytie diacritic.

Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used, but were seemingly redundant (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):

:   ''trema'', diaeresis (U+0308)
:   ''varia'' (grave accent), indicating stress on the last syllable (U+0300)
:   ''oksia'' (acute accent), indicating a stressed syllable ( Unicode U+0301)
:   '' titlo'', indicating abbreviations, or letters used as numerals (U+0483)
:   '' kamora'' ( circumflex accent), indicating palatalization (U+0484); in later Church Slavonic, it disambiguates plurals from homophonous singulars.
:   ''dasia'' or ''dasy pneuma'', rough breathing mark (U+0485)
:   ''psili'', ''zvatel'tse'', or ''psilon pneuma'', soft breathing mark (U+0486). Signals a word-initial vowel, at least in later Church Slavonic.
:   Combined ''zvatel'tse'' and ''varia'' is called ''apostrof''.
:   Combined ''zvatel'tse'' and ''oksia'' is called ''iso''.

Punctuation systems in early Cyrillic manuscripts were primitive: there was no space between words and no upper and lower case, and punctuation marks were used inconsistently in all manuscripts.

:   ''ano teleia'' (U+0387), a middle dot used to separate phrases, words, or parts of words
:   Full stop, used in the same way
:   Armenian full stop (U+0589), resembling a colon, used in the same way
:   Georgian paragraph separator (U+10FB), used to mark off larger divisions
:   triangular colon (U+2056, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
:   diamond colon (U+2058, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
:   quintuple colon (U+2059, added in Unicode 4.1), used to mark off larger divisions
:   Greek question mark (U+037E), similar to a semicolon

Some of these marks are also used in Glagolitic script.

Used only in modern texts

:   comma (U+002C)
:   full stop (U+002E)
:   exclamation mark (U+0021)

Gallery

Old Bulgarian examples

File:Codex_Suprasliensis.jpg, Codex Suprasliensis
File:Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg, Gospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander
File:Bulgar_Translation_Of_Manasses_Chronicle.png, Bulgar translation of Manasses chronicle
File:Tomb_stone_of_Mostich_Boyla.jpg, Mostich tomb stone

Medieval Greek Uncial manuscripts from which early Cyrillic letter forms take their shapes

File:Codex_Colbertinus_700.jpg, ℓ ''1''
File:Lectionary_5_(GA)%2C_f.115r.jpg, ℓ ''5''
File:Codex_Harcleianus.PNG, ℓ ''150''
File:Lectionary 152 K051435.JPG, ℓ ''152''
File:Lectionary_179_(Gen_1).JPG, ℓ ''179'' Old Testament, Genesis
File:Lectionary_183_folio_2.JPG, ℓ ''183'' folio 2
File:Lectionary_269_(Matth._8%2C32-9%2C1.9).JPG, ℓ ''269''
File:Lectionary 296 f.6v.JPG, ℓ ''296'' folio 6 verso

Early Cyrillic manuscripts

aprakos