Dynamics is the
branch
A branch ( or , ) or tree branch (sometimes referred to in botany
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who spe ...

of
classical mechanics that is concerned with the study of
force
In physics, a force is an influence that can change the motion (physics), motion of an Physical object, object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (e.g. moving from a Newton's first law, state of rest), i.e., to acce ...
s and their effects on
motion
Image:Leaving Yongsan Station.jpg, 300px, Motion involves a change in position
In physics, motion is the phenomenon in which an object changes its position (mathematics), position over time. Motion is mathematically described in terms of Displacem ...
.
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics
Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics a ...

was the first to formulate the fundamental
physical law
Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into Causality, cause-and-effect by demonstrat ...
s that govern dynamics in classical non-relativistic physics, especially his
second law of motion.
Principles
Generally speaking, researchers involved in dynamics study how a physical system might develop or alter over time and study the causes of those changes. In addition, Newton established the fundamental physical laws which govern dynamics in physics. By studying his system of mechanics, dynamics can be understood. In particular, dynamics is mostly related to Newton's second law of motion. However, all three laws of motion are taken into account because these are interrelated in any given observation or experiment.
Linear and rotational dynamics
The study of dynamics falls under two categories: linear and rotational. Linear dynamics pertains to objects moving in a line and involves such quantities as
force
In physics, a force is an influence that can change the motion (physics), motion of an Physical object, object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (e.g. moving from a Newton's first law, state of rest), i.e., to acce ...

,
mass
Mass is the quantity
Quantity is a property that can exist as a multitude or magnitude, which illustrate discontinuity and continuity. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more", "less", or "equal", or by assigning a numerical value ...
/
inertia
Inertia is the resistance of any physical object
Object may refer to:
General meanings
* Object (philosophy), a thing, being, or concept
** Entity, something that is tangible and within the grasp of the senses
** Object (abstract), an ob ...
,
displacement
Displacement may refer to:
Physical sciences
Mathematics and Physics
*Displacement (geometry), is the difference between the final and initial position of a point trajectory (for instance, the center of mass of a moving object). The actual path c ...
(in units of distance),
velocity
The velocity of an object is the Time derivative, rate of change of its Position (vector), position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of an object's speed and direction ...

(distance per unit time),
acceleration
In mechanics
Mechanics (Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece
Greece ( el, Ελλάδα, , ), officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country located in Southeast Europe. Its population is approx ...

(distance per unit of time squared) and
momentum
In Newtonian mechanics, linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum is the product of the mass
Mass is the quantity
Quantity is a property that can exist as a multitude or magnitude, which illustrate discontinui ...

(mass times unit of velocity). Rotational dynamics pertains to objects that are rotating or moving in a curved path and involves such quantities as
torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force
In physics
Physics (from grc, φυσική (ἐπιστήμη), physikḗ (epistḗmē), knowledge of nature, from ''phýsis'' 'nature'), , is the na ...

,
moment of inertia
The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the mass moment of inertia, angular mass, second moment of mass, or most accurately, rotational inertia, of a rigid body
In physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its ...

/
rotational inertia
The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the mass moment of inertia, angular mass, or most accurately, rotational inertia, of a rigid body
In physics
Physics (from grc, φυσική (ἐπιστήμη), physikḗ (epistḗmē), kn ...
,
angular displacement
Angular displacement of a body is the angle
In Euclidean geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two Ray (geometry), rays, called the ''sides'' of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the ''vertex (geometry), vertex'' of the angle. ...
(in radians or less often, degrees),
angular velocity
In physics, angular velocity (\boldsymbol or \boldsymbol), also known as angular frequency vector,(UP1) is a vector measure of rotation rate, that refers to how fast an object rotates or revolves relative to another point, i.e. how fast the angu ...

(radians per unit time),
angular acceleration
In physics
Physics (from grc, φυσική (ἐπιστήμη), physikḗ (epistḗmē), knowledge of nature, from ''phýsis'' 'nature'), , is the natural science that studies matter, its Motion (physics), motion and behavior through Sp ...
(radians per unit of time squared) and
angular momentum
In , angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational equivalent of . It is an important quantity in physics because it is a —the total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant.
In three , the ...

(moment of inertia times unit of angular velocity). Very often, objects exhibit linear and rotational motion.
For classical
electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electric charge, electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force is carried by electromagnet ...

,
Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations are a set of coupled partial differential equation
In mathematics
Mathematics (from Ancient Greek, Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as quantity (number theory), mathematical structure, structure (algebra), ...
describe the kinematics. The dynamics of classical systems involving both mechanics and electromagnetism are described by the combination of Newton's laws, Maxwell's equations, and the
Lorentz force
In physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its Elementary particle, fundamental constituents, its Motion (physics), motion and behavior through Spacetime, space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Ph ...

.
Force
From Newton, force can be defined as an exertion or
pressure
Pressure (symbol: ''p'' or ''P'') is the force
In physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its Elementary particle, fundamental constituents, its Motion (physics), motion and behavior through Spacetime, space ...

which can cause an object to
accelerate
In mechanics
Mechanics (Ancient Greek, Greek: ) is the area of physics concerned with the motions of physical objects, more specifically the relationships among force, matter, and motion. Forces applied to objects result in Displacement ( ...

. The concept of force is used to describe an influence which causes a
free bodyThe term free body is usually associated with the motion of a free body diagram
200px, Block on a ramp and corresponding free body diagram of the block.
A free body diagram consists of a diagrammatic representation of a single body or a subsystem of ...

(object) to accelerate. It can be a push or a pull, which causes an object to change direction, have new
velocity
The velocity of an object is the Time derivative, rate of change of its Position (vector), position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of an object's speed and direction ...

, or to
deform temporarily or permanently. Generally speaking, force causes an object's
state of motion to change.
Newton's laws
Newton described force as the ability to cause a mass to accelerate. His three laws can be summarized as follows:
# First law: If there is no net force on an object, then its
velocity
The velocity of an object is the Time derivative, rate of change of its Position (vector), position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of an object's speed and direction ...

is constant. Either the object is at rest (if its velocity is equal to zero), or it moves with constant speed in a single direction.
# Second law: The rate of change of linear momentum P of an object is equal to the net force F
net, i.e., ''d''P/''dt'' = F
net.
# Third law: When a first body exerts a force F
1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force F
2 = −F
1 on the first body. This means that F
1 and F
2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Newton's laws of motion are valid only in an
inertial frame of reference
In classical physics and special relativity, an inertial frame of reference is a frame of reference that is not undergoing acceleration. In an inertial frame of reference, a physical object with zero net force acting on it moves with a const ...
.
See also
*
Statics
Statics is the branch of mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of (force and torque, torque, or "moment") acting on physical systems that do not experience an acceleration (''a''=0), but rather, are in static equilibrium with their enviro ...

*
Multibody dynamics
Multibody system is the study of the dynamic behavior of interconnected rigid or flexible bodies, each of which may undergo large translational and rotational displacements.
Introduction
The systematic treatment of the dynamic behavior of inter ...

*
Rigid body dynamics
In the physical science of dynamics, rigid-body dynamics studies the movement of systems of interconnected bodies under the action of external force
In physics
Physics (from grc, φυσική (ἐπιστήμη), physikḗ (e ...
*
Analytical dynamics
In classical mechanics, analytical dynamics, or more briefly dynamics, is concerned with the relationship between motion
Image:Leaving Yongsan Station.jpg, 300px, Motion involves a change in position
In physics, motion is the phenomenon in which ...
References
Further reading
*
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