Dominant (music)

In music, the dominant is the fifth scale degree () of the diatonic scale. It is called the ''dominant'' because it is second in importance to the first scale degree, the tonic. In the movable do solfège system, the dominant note is sung as "So(l)".

The triad built on the dominant note is called the dominant chord. This chord is said to have dominant function, which means that it creates an instability that requires the tonic for resolution. Dominant triads, seventh chords, and ninth chords typically have dominant function. Leading-tone triads and leading-tone seventh chords may also have dominant function.

Dominant chords

In music theory, the dominant triad is a major chord, symbolized by the Roman numeral "V" in the major scale. In the natural minor scale, the triad is a minor chord, denoted by "v". However, in a minor key, the seventh scale degree is often raised by a half step ( to ), creating a major chord.

These chords may also appear as seventh chords: typically as a dominant seventh chord, but occasionally in minor as a minor seventh chord v⁷ with passing function:

:

As defined by the 19th century musicologist Joseph Fétis, the ''dominante'' was a seventh chord over the first note of a descending perfect fifth in the '' basse fondamentale'' or root progression, the common practice period dominant seventh he named the ''dominante tonique''.

Dominant chords are important to cadential progressions. In the strongest cadence, the authentic cadence (example shown below), the dominant chord is followed by the tonic chord. A cadence that ends with a dominant chord is called a '' half cadence'' or an "imperfect cadence".

:
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff <<
\new Voice \relative c''
\new Voice \relative c''
>>
\new Staff <<
\new Voice \relative c'
\new Voice \relative c'
>>
>>

Dominant key

The dominant key is the key whose tonic is a perfect fifth above (or a perfect fourth below) the tonic of the main key of the piece. Put another way, it is the key whose tonic is the dominant scale degree in the main key. If, for example, a piece is written in the key of C major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major.

In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key.

Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of the scale), which creates a sense of musical relaxation.

In non-Western music

The dominant is an important concept in Middle Eastern music. In the Persian Dastgah, Arabic maqam and the Turkish makam, scales are made up of trichords, tetrachords, and pentachords (each called a ''jins'' in Arabic) with the tonic of a maqam being the lowest note of the lower jins and the dominant being that of the upper jins. The dominant of a maqam is not always the fifth, however; for example, in Kurdish music and Bayati, the dominant is the fourth, and in maqam Saba, the dominant is the minor third. A maqam may have more than one dominant.

See also

* Predominant chord
* Secondary dominant
* Secondary leading-tone chord
* For use of the term "dominant" as a reciting tone in Gregorian chant, see church modes.
* Nondominant seventh chord

References

{{chords

Diatonic functions

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