Dutch Corvette Scipio (1784)

The Dutch corvette ''Scipio'' was launched in 1784. She convoyed Dutch East Indiamen between the Cape of Good Hope and Europe until HMS ''Psyche'' captured her at Samarang in 1807. The British Royal Navy initially referred to her as HMS ''Scipio'', but then renamed her to HMS ''Samarang'' in 1808. She was not commissioned in the Royal Navy. She was instrumental in the capture of Amboyna and especially Pulo Ay, and participated in the invasion of Java (1811). She was sold at Bombay in 1814. She then entered mercantile service, sailing between Liverpool and India until 1827. She became an opium trader sailing between India and Canton, and was broken up near Hong Kong in August 1833.

Dutch service

In 1791 ''Scipio'' was under the command of Captain Cornelius de Jong van Rodenburgh, who sailed her to Cape of Good Hope, in company with the Dutch naval brig ''Komeet'', leaving on 17 December 1791. ''Scipio'' arrived on 27 March 1792 and ''Komeet'' arrived on 4 April. ''Scipio'' took a convoy of Dutch East Indiamen back to the Netherlands, leaving on 31 May 1793. He then returned to the Cape.

On 18 May 1795, ''Komeet'', under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Mynheer Claris, and ''Scipio'', under the command of de Jong, set out from Table Bay with a convoy of sixteen East Indiamen, for Europe. Bad weather forced eight Indiamen back to the Cape. These eight sailed again on 22 May, but near Saint Helena they encountered British warships, which had heard that France had overrun the Netherlands and that the Batavian Republic was now a French ally. The British warships captured the Dutch vessels on 14 June and sent them to the River Shannon in Ireland. The remaining eight Indiamen, which had sailed on 18 May together with their two escorts, and a private Dutch ship from the Cape, the whaler ''Herstilder'', sailed on. The Dutch captains decide to avoid the Channel and instead sail via the Shetland Islands to ports in then-neutral Norway.

On 28 August 1795, the convoy encountered , in company with and . ''Diana'' captured the Dutch East Indiaman ''Kromhout'', ''Cromhout'' or ''Crumhout''. ''Cromhout''s capture resulted in at least £40,000 in prize money to be distributed among her captors. ''Seahorse'' captured ''Herstilder''. Then ''Unicorn'' parted company with the rest of the squadron and after a chase of 13 hours captured ''Comet'' (''Komeet''). She was only four years old, in excellent condition, and armed with 18 English 9-pounder guns. She was provisioned with water and food for 110 men for a nine-month cruise. The Royal Navy took her into service as ''Comeet'', shortly thereafter renamed to ''Penguin''.

''Scipio'' escorted the remaining Indiamen into Norwegian waters, which they reached on 22 September. ''Scipio'' and three of the Indiamen arrived at Trondheim on 6 October. The remaining Indiamen went to Bergen and Ålesund. ''Scipio'' remained at Trondheim over winter and into spring. de Jong received orders to sail ''Scipio'' to Bergen. (The Dutch merchants remained at the ports they had reached. There they sold their cargoes and converted their vessels to neutral flags. ''Scipio'' could not escape Bergen, so de Jong was ordered to return to Holland overland, which he did, taking with him only his servant and a lieutenant.

In 1802 ''Scipio'' was under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Jan Hendrick Carrega. After the Treaty of Amiens she was in the squadron under Admiral Jan Willem de Winter that sailed to the Mediterranean in May 1802 to end the Tripoli pirate depredations by negotiating a treaty of peace with the Tripolitan government. The squadron visited Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli. It was at Ferrol in May 1803 and then sailed for Holland on 16 June. In 1803 ''Scipio'' was transferred to the East Indies and on 29 November she reached the Cape of Good Hope.

Capture

Captain Fleetwood Pellew took command of ''Psyche'' in 1807. His father, Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Pellew, "Commander in Chief of His Majesty's Ships and Vessels in the East Indies", sent ''Psyche'' and ''Caroline'' to reconnoitre the port of Surabaya.

On 30 August ''Psyche'' and ''Caroline'' captured a ship from Batavia and from her learned the disposition of the Dutch navy in the area. ''Psyche'' proceeded to Samarang while ''Caroline'' pursued another vessel. ''Psyche'' arrived at Samarang at midnight and next morning her boats captured and brought out from under the fire of shore batteries an armed 8-gun schooner and a large merchant brig. However, ''Psyche'' had seen three more Dutch vessels, one of them a warship, and so Pellew destroyed the two captured vessels and at mid-day set out after the three other vessels.

By 3:30 on 1 September ''Psyche'' had caught up with the Dutch vessels and run them ashore. She went as close as the water depth would allow, anchored and exchanged fire with them. All three surrendered quickly. One that she captured was the 24-gun corvette ''Scipio'', which had a crew of 150 men. ''Scipio'' was badly shot up and Carrega had been mortally wounded. The largest armed merchant ship was ''Resolutie'', of 700 tons. She had a valuable cargo and as passengers the colours and staff of the Dutch 23rd European Battalion. The third vessel was the brig ''Ceres'', of 12 guns and 70 men. Pellew had too few men to be able to deal with the prisoners so he paroled the officers to the governor of Samarang and gave up all the other men against a receipt.

British service

''Scipio'' was bought into the Royal Navy for £4,725. A survey by a committee of impartial builders and carpenters established the price.

By November 1807 ''Scipio'', since (unofficially) renamed to ''Samarang'', was under the command of Lieutenant Richard Buck, formerly of . On 20 November ''Samarang'' sailed from Malacca as part of the squadron under Sir Edward Pellew that aimed to attack Dutch forces on Java. They arrived at Point Panka on 5 December. After negotiating the Straits of Madura, and taking fire from a Dutch shore battery at Sambelangan on Madura Island, the British arrived at Griessie on the next day.

When they entered the harbour there, they found that the Dutch had already scuttled their ships of the line and some other vessels. Unable to remove the ships, Pellew ordered their remains burnt, while British landing parties spread throughout the town, burning the military stores and destroying the cannon that had been removed from the ship. Another landing party took possession of the remains of the battery at Sambelangan and demolished it. British operations were complete by 11 December and Pellew then ordered the squadron to withdraw and return to India. Buck received a promotion to Commander on 28 December 1807.

Lieutenant Richard Spencer of received promotion to Commander on 8 April 1808 and was appointed to ''Samarang''. However, he did not join her until 23 November.

In February 1810 ''Samarang'' was part of a squadron under Captain Edward Tucker, of the frigate ''Dover'', together with the frigate ''Cornwallis'', Captain William Augustus Montagu. Their objective was the island of Amboyna. On their way, on 6 February ''Dover'' captured the Dutch brig-of-war ''Rambang''; ''Samarang'' shared in the prize money by agreement.

The British launched their attack on 16 February capturing one battery that overlooked the port, the city of Ambon, and Fort Victoria. They then took another battery. During the night, ''Samarang'' landed forty men, who were joined by two field pieces from ''Dover''. These joined in the bombardment of Fort Victoria from the two captured batteries. On 18 February the town capitulated. British casualties were extremely light, with only three dead, one of whom was a marine from ''Samarang''.

During the campaign the British captured several Dutch vessels. One was the Dutch brig ''Mandurese'', Captain Guasteranus. She had 12 guns. She was one of three vessels sunk in the inner harbor of Amboyna. However, the British raised her after the island surrendered. They took her into service as . From Amboyna, the squadron went on to capture the islands of Saparua, Harouka, Nasso-Laut, Buru, and Manipa.

After the attack on Amboyna, Spencer sailed ''Samarang'' to the island of Pulo Ay (or Pulo Ai), in the Banda Islands. There he conducted a successful and bloodless attack on Fort Revenge. It capitulated and he took the garrison prisoner, and captured the ordnance and public property. Spencer disguised ''Samarang'' to look like a Dutch merchant vessel, which fooled the fort's commander, enabling Spencer to take the fort by surprise. The Dutch commander committed suicide by taking poison after he realized that he had surrendered to what was a relatively weak British force.

Next, ''Samarang'' captured the Dutch brig ''Recruiter'' on 28 March, when she arrived off Pulo Ay. She was armed with 12 guns and had a crew of 50 men under the command of Captain D. Hegenheard (or Hegenhoerd). She had on board 10,000 dollars, the payroll for the Dutch garrison at Banda Neira, provisions, and a doctor, nurse, and 20 infants, on their way to conduct a vaccination campaign. ''Samarang'' shared the prize money by agreement with ''Dover'' and ''Cornwallis''.

Between 29 April and 18 May, ''Dover'', ''Cornwallis'', and ''Samarang'' captured ''Engelina'' and ''Koukiko''. Six months later, between 13 and 20 September, ''Blanche'' and ''Samarang'' captured four junks: ''Kemingsing'', ''Keminguan'', ''Teinpochy'', and ''Kemptionsing''. Four days later, ''Blanche'' captured a Dutch brig; ''Samarang'' shared by agreement.

Spencer was made post captain on 25 July. On 18 September, at Port Cornwallis in the Andaman Islands, Spencer left ''Samarang'' to take command of ''Blanche'' and Commander Joseph Drury replaced him on ''Samarang''. The day before Spencer left ''Samarang'' the petty officers and men of the ship's company presented Spencer with a letter in which they thanked him for his ..."fatherly conduct and universal attention to everything conducive to their health and comfort...", and asking his help in arranging for them to commission a sword worth 100 guineas for them to present to him.

On 28 February 1811, ''Samarang'' and captured the ''Beschuyter Wind''.

Next ''Samarang'' participated in the invasion of Java. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Java" to the surviving claimants from the campaign.

In August 1812, William Case was promoted to Commander and given command of ''Samarang''. He sailed her from Madras to Australia, arriving at Port Jackson on 26 November.''Australian Town and Country Journal'' (3 January 1891), p. 17.
/ref> The object of the voyage was to deliver 40,000 Spanish dollars (worth £10,000) for use in the colony, which was short any money. Case and Governor Lachlan Macquarie got into arguments over several issues."The Infamous Conduct of Captain William Case." After ''Samarang'' left Port Jackson on 7 January 1813 it was discovered that several convicts were missing. When she returned the next day, having developed many leaks requiring repairs, it was discovered that she had impressed (or recruited) the convicts. Macquarie demanded their return, which Case declined, pointing out that Macquarie had no authority over him. In August ''Samarang'' fired on the brig ''Governor Macquarie'' for failing to identify herself and for not rendering proper honours to a vessel of the Royal Navy when the brig was leaving the harbour. Case then detained the brig on the grounds that she might be harbouring deserters from ''Samarang'', and impressed six of the brig's crew. There were also a number of incidents on shore involving ''Samarang''s officers and crew.

''Samarang'' left Port Jackson on 14 October but again had to return. She finally left sometime in November.

''Samarang'' was sold at Bombay on 24 March 1814.

Mercantile service

The British merchant Bruce Fawcett purchased ''Samarang''. She sailed to England and was registered there, first appearing in ''Lloyd's Register'' in 1815 with master F. Gover, owner "Bruce & Co.", and trade Île de France (Mauritius).''Lloyd's Register'' (1815), Seq. No. 190.
/ref>

In 1813 the British East India Company (EIC) had lost its monopoly on trade between Britain and India, and henceforth vessels could apply for a license from the EIC to engage in the trade. ''Samarang'' was the first Bombay ship to do so. Her owners applied for a licence on 12 October and received it on 14 October. Thereafter she traded between Liverpool and India.

''Samarang'', John Gower, master, was on an 1823 list of vessels registered at Bombay.''India...'' (1823), p.343. In 1824 she was at Lintin Island, one of several vessels anchored there, out of the jurisdiction of the Chinese authorities at Canton. At the time she was described as an English opium ship.

''Samarang'' last appeared in ''Lloyd's Register'' in 1826 with J.K. Duarte (or Durant), master, and Bruce & Co., owner.

However, a list of vessels registered at Bombay in 1829 showed ''Samarang'', "Java prize, 1819", with John Gower, master, and Remington, Crawford, and Co., owners.''East-India register and directory'' (1829), p.346.

Fate: the ''Samarang'' affair

On 7 August 1833 Captain Grant, the marine superintendent for Jardine Matheson & Co., had ''Samarang'' pulled up on the beach at Tsinkeo Bay and broken up. Ten days later, a group of villagers from Keeow village arrived with pikes and other makeshift arms and took away some of the copper and iron salvaged from ''Samarang''. In the subsequent melee, the British seized a local, but released him when he agreed to return to his village and retrieve the stolen materials. A few days after that, the villagers came again to raid the salvage. In the altercation that followed a seacunny disappeared, believed kidnapped by the villagers, or killed by them. Grant organized a force from and the other opium ships at anchor and attacked the village. Gunfire ensued as the villagers fired some cannon; the only major casualty was a villager, who was killed. Captain Grant, working on the basis of "A life for a life", was willing to let matters rest at that. However, an official inquiry resulted that took some time to smooth over the affair, with the assistance of a made up story and some bribes. For a slightly different account see Karsh.

Notes

Citations

References

* Barker, Anthony (2001) ''What happened when: a chronology of Australia from 1788''. (Allen & Unwin).
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* ''India Office and Burma Office List''. (1823). (H.M. Stationery Office).
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* Leland, John (1899) ''Dispatches and letters relating to the blockade of Brest, 1803-1805''. (Navy Records Society).
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* ''The infamous conduct of Captain William Case of the HMS Samarang''. Naval History Society of Australi
- accessed 3 March 2012
* ''Rotterdams jaarboekje'' (1900). Historisch Genootschap Roterodamum. (W. L. & J. Brusse).
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Scipio (1784)
1784 ships
Ships built in Rotterdam
Brig-sloops of the Royal Navy
Captured ships
Age of Sail merchant ships of the Dutch Republic
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Opium ships