Dracophyllum

''Dracophyllum'' is a genus of plants belonging to the family Ericaceae, formerly Epacridaceae. There are 61 species in the genus, mostly shrubs, but also cushion plants and trees, found in New Zealand, Australia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia. The name ''Dracophyllum'', meaning dragon-leaf, refers to their strong outward similarity to the unrelated '' Dracaena'', sometimes known as dragon tree. Although dicotyledonous, they resemble primitive monocots with their slender leaves concentrated in clumps at the ends of the branches; they are sometimes called grass-trees.

The height varies from one centimetre ('' D. minimum'') to about 12 metres ('' D. longifolium'').

Species

The following species are recognised by ''The Plant List'':

*'' Dracophyllum acerosum'' Berggr.
*''Dracophyllum adamsii'' Petrie
*''Dracophyllum alticola'' Däniker
*''Dracophyllum arboreum'' Cockayne
* ''Dracophyllum'' × ''arcuatum'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*''Dracophyllum balansae'' Virot
*''Dracophyllum cosmelioides'' W.R.B.Oliv.
* ''Dracophyllum'' × ''densiflorum'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*'' Dracophyllum densum'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*'' Dracophyllum elegantissimum'' S.Venter
* ''Dracophyllum'' × ''erectum'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*'' Dracophyllum filifolium'' Hook.f.
*''Dracophyllum fiordense'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*'' Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii'' C.Moore & F.Muell.
* ''Dracophyllum'' × ''insulare'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*''Dracophyllum involucratum'' Brongn. & Gris
*''Dracophyllum kirkii'' Berggr.
*'' Dracophyllum latifolium'' A.Cunn.
*''Dracophyllum lessonianum'' A.Rich.
*''Dracophyllum longifolium'' (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
*''Dracophyllum mackeeanum'' S.Venter
*''Dracophyllum macranthum'' E.A.Br. & Streiber
* ''Dracophyllum'' × ''marginatum'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*''Dracophyllum marmoricola'' S.Venter
*''Dracophyllum matthewsii'' (Carse) Carse
*''Dracophyllum menziesii'' Hook.f.
*''Dracophyllum milliganii'' Hook.f.
*''Dracophyllum minimum'' F.Muell.
*''Dracophyllum muscoides'' Hook.f.
*''Dracophyllum oceanicum'' E.A.Br. & Streiber
*''Dracophyllum oliveri'' Du Rietz
*''Dracophyllum ophioliticum'' S.Venter
*''Dracophyllum ouaiemense'' Virot
*''Dracophyllum paludosum'' Cockayne
*''Dracophyllum palustre'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*''Dracophyllum patens'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*''Dracophyllum pearsonii'' Kirk
*''Dracophyllum politum'' (Cheeseman) Cockayne
*'' Dracophyllum pronum'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*''Dracophyllum prostratum'' Kirk
*''Dracophyllum pubescens'' Cheeseman
*''Dracophyllum pyramidale'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*''Dracophyllum ramosum'' Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris
*''Dracophyllum recurvum'' Hook.f.
*''Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium'' (G.Forst.) R.Br.
* ''Dracophyllum'' × ''saxicola'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*''Dracophyllum sayeri'' F.Muell.
*''Dracophyllum scoparium'' Hook.f.
*''Dracophyllum secundum'' R.Br.
*''Dracophyllum sinclairii'' Cheeseman
*'' Dracophyllum strictum'' Hook.f.
*''Dracophyllum subulatum'' Hook.f.
*''Dracophyllum townsonii'' Cheeseman
*''Dracophyllum traversii'' Hook.f.
*'' Dracophyllum trimorphum'' W.R.B.Oliv.
*'' Dracophyllum uniflorum'' Hook.f.
*''Dracophyllum urvilleanum'' A.Rich.
* ''Dracophyllum'' × ''varium'' Colenso
*''Dracophyllum verticillatum'' Labill.
*''Dracophyllum viride'' W.R.B.Oliv.
* ''Dracophyllum'' × ''vulcanicum'' W.R.B.Oliv.

New Zealand

Among the New Zealand species (all of which are endemic) are:
*'' D. arboreum'', tarahinau or Chatham Island grass tree. Tree-like growth to 10 m with a distinct juvenile phase, found in the Chatham Islands.
*''D. acerosum,'' 2m tall shrub found in Southern Malborough and Canterbury in the South Island.
*''D. densum,'' small shrub found on high mountain tops in the South Island.
*'' D. elegantissimum,'' 14m tall tree found only in North-west Nelson in the South Island.
*''D. filifolium'', 4m tall shrub / tree found in both the North and South Islands.
*''D. fiordense'', western Otago and Fiordland
*''D. kirkii,'' small shrub found in Canterbury and Westland in the South Island.
*''D. latifolium'', neinei or spiderwood. Found in the North Island, from Mangonui southwards to North Taranaki and the Mahia Peninsula, growing from sea level to 1,100 m (Salmon 1973:271). Usually found growing under kauri.
*''D. lessonianum'', wi-wi. Although it can grow up to 10 m high, it most frequently is seen as a straggly shrub.
*'' D. longifolium'', inanga or inaka. Growing to 12 m tall, this is the most widespread species in New Zealand, found from sea level up to 1200 m, in subalpine regions, from the middle of the North Island to as far south as the Auckland Islands.
*''D. mathewsii'', ''D. viride'' and ''D. sinclairii'' are found only in the far north of Tai Tokerau.
*''D. marmoricola,'' 15cm tall prostrate shrub found in Kahurangi National Park in North-west Nelson.
*''D. menziesii'' is a multi-branched shrub that grows to 2 m. It grows in high rainfall areas in high montane to sub-alpine herbfields in Western Otago, Fiordland and Stewart Island/Rakiura.
*''D. muscoides,'' small cushion found in the South Island.
*''D. oliveri,'' 1 - 4m tall shrub / tree found only in the South Island.
*'' D. ophioliticum,'' 2m tall shrub found only in North-west Nelson.
*''D. palustre,'' 1m tall shrub found only on the west coast (region) of the South Island.
*''D. patens,'' 3m tall shrub / tree found only in the North Island.
*''D. pearsonii,'' 50cm tall shrub found in boggy and damp areas in the South Island.
*''D. politum,'' small cushion found from lowland to subalpine in the South Island. Cushion-like grows up to 0.5m tall and 1m in diameter with small, narrow leaves covering the twigs. Blooms small white flowers from December to March.
*''D. prostratum,'' small prostrate shrub found in montane to subalpine areas in the South Island.
*''D. pronum,'' small shrub found in the South Island, mostly east of the Alps.
*''D. pubescens,'' small prostrate shrub found only in low alpine areas in North-west Nelson.
*''D. pyramidale'', a very slender, almost fragile tree, growing up to 10 m high. Grows between Great Barrier Island and the Kaimai Range.
* ''D. recurvum'', a 1m shrub with curled leaves, found in sub-alpine to high alpine regions of the Central Plateau of the North Island.
* ''D. rosmarinifolium'', bushy 1m tall shrub found in both the North and South Islands.
*''D. scoparium,'' 4m tall shrub / tree found in the Chatham and Campbell Islands. the species can extend its range to poorly drained area as a stunted shrub. Forms a hybrid swarm with ''D. longifolium''.
*''D. sinclairii,'' 6m tall shrub / tree found only in the North Island.
*''D. strictum,'' 3m tall shrub / tree found only in coastal parts of the North Island.
*''D. subulatum,'' 2m tall shrub found in tussockland in central North Island.
*''D. townsonii'', very similar to the neinei, grows mainly in the Nelson area and the West Coast of the South Island.
*'' D. traversii'', mountain neinei. Growing to 13 m tall and found above 750 m in the top half of the South Island, also in scattered places in the North Island.
*''D. trimorphum'', 3m tall shrub / tree found only in North-west Nelson.
*''D. uniflorum (var. frondosum),'' 1m tall shrub found in the South Island.
*''D. uruvilleanum,'' 8m tall tree found only in the north half on the South Island (Marlborough and North-west Nelson).

Australia

*'' D. sayeri'' grows near the summit of Mount Bellenden Ker Queensland's second highest peak.
*'' D. macranthum'', restricted to the Landsdowne area near Taree on the NSW coast.
*'' D. secundum'' found in mountainous heath and sheltered lowland gullies on sandstone in the Sydney basin.
*'' D. oceanicum'' from seaside cliffs near Jervis Bay NSW.
*'' D. milliganii'' from the highlands of Tasmania
*'' D. minimum'', cushion plant from Tasmanian mountains, also widespread in NZ.

Taxonomy

''Dracophyllum'' is a genus in the family Ericaceae published by Labill in Voy. 2: 210. T. 40 (1798), with 61 species and 2 varieties.

''Dracophyllum'' has been found closely related to ''Richea'' and ''Sphenotoma'', which are two genera endemic to south-eastern Australia and south-western Australia respectively. The three genera form a prominent clade in the strict consensus tree based on a molecular analysis by Crayn et al. in 1998. Traditionally, ''Dracophyllum'' is divided into three subgenera: subgenus ''Dracophyllum'' with 20 species found across New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe Island, and New Caledonia; subgenus ''Cordophyllum'' with one species in New Caledonia; and subgenus ''Oreothamnus'' with 29 species in New Zealand and Tasmania.

Brief History

The first two specimens of the genus ''Dracophyllum'' were collected by J.R. Forster and his son J. G. A. Forster in March 1773 in Fiordland, New Zealand and described as two different species ''Epacris longifolia'' (''Dracophyllum longifolium'') and ''Epacris rosmarinifolia'' (''Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium''). Now the genus ''Epacris'' is used to describe an endemic Australian genus of 40 species other than the one published by the Forsters.

In 1800, the genus name ''Dracophyllum'' was used for the first time by Labillardière to describe a plant specimen collected in New Caledonia. Ten years after the first ''Dracophyllum'' species was published, Robert Brown divided the genus into two subgenera: ''Dracophyllum'' and ''Sphenotoma'' based on some distinct morphological traits of corolla, stamens, bracts, and inflorescence. The first full description of the genus ''Dracophyllum'' was published by De Candolle in 1838 and was included in the family Epacrideae. In 1844, Hooker gave the first full descriptions of the species and the species relationships, mentioning that ''Sphenotoma'' had been raised to genus level by Sweet in 1827. A century later, ''Dracophyllum'' (as ''Eudracophyllum''), ''Oreothamnus'' had been raised to subgenus level and Cordophyllum was described as a third subgenus by Oliver in 1928.  ''Sphenotoma'' was removed from the genus.

References

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External links

Flora of New Zealand, Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research Databases

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2988817

Ericaceae genera