Dogwood

''Cornus'' is a genus of about 30–60 species of woody plants in the family Cornaceae, commonly known as dogwoods, which can generally be distinguished by their blossoms, berries, and distinctive bark. Most are deciduous trees or shrubs, but a few species are nearly herbaceous perennial subshrubs, and some species are evergreen. Several species have small heads of inconspicuous flowers surrounded by an involucre of large, typically white petal-like bracts, while others have more open clusters of petal-bearing flowers. The various species of dogwood are native throughout much of temperate and boreal Eurasia and North America, with China, Japan, and the southeastern United States being particularly rich in native species.

Species include the common dogwood ''Cornus sanguinea'' of Eurasia, the widely cultivated flowering dogwood ''( Cornus florida)'' of eastern North America, the Pacific dogwood ''Cornus nuttallii'' of western North America, the Kousa dogwood '' Cornus kousa'' of eastern Asia, and two low-growing boreal species, the Canadian and Eurasian dwarf cornels (or bunchberries), ''Cornus canadensis'' and '' Cornus suecica'' respectively.

Depending on botanical interpretation, the dogwoods are variously divided into one to nine genera or subgenera; a broadly inclusive genus ''Cornus'' is accepted here.

Terminology

''Cornus'' is the Latin word for the cornel tree, '' Cornus mas''.
The name ''cornel'' dates to the 1550s, via German from Middle Latin ''cornolium'', ultimately from the diminutive ''cornuculum'', of ''cornum'', the Latin word for the cornel cherry. ''Cornus'' means "horn",Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 121
presumably applied to the cherry after the example of κερασός, the Greek word for "cherry", which itself is of pre-Greek origin but reminiscent of κέρας, the Greek word for "horn".

The name "dog-tree" entered the English vocabulary before 1548, becoming "dogwood" by 1614. Once the name dogwood was affixed to this kind of tree, it soon acquired a secondary name as the Hound's Tree, while the fruits came to be known as "dogberries" or "houndberries" (the latter a name also for the berries of black nightshade, alluding to Hecate's hounds).

The name was explained, from as early as the 16th century itself, as derived from '' dag'' "skewer",Vedel, H., & Lange, J. (1960). ''Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow''. Metheun & Co. Ltd., London. as the wood of the tree was said to have been used to make butcher's skewers. This is uncertain, as the form ''*dagwood'' was never attested. It is also possible that the tree was named for its berry, called ''dogberry'' from at least the 1550s, where the implication could be that the quality of the berry is inferior, as it were "fit for a dog".

An older name of the dogwood in English is ''whipple-tree'', occurring in a list of trees (as ''whipultre'') in Geoffrey Chaucer ''Canterbury Tales''.
This name is cognate with the Middle Low German ''wipel-bom'' "cornel", Dutch ''wepe, weype'' "cornel" (the ''wh-'' in Chaucer is unetymological, the word would have been Middle English ''wipel''). The tree was so named for waving its branches, c.f. Middle Dutch ''wepelen'' "totter, waver", Frisian ''wepeln'', German ''wippen''.

The name '' whippletree'', also ''whiffle-tree'', now refers to an element of the traction of a horse-drawn cart linking the drawpole of the cart to the harnesses of the horses in file. In this sense it is first recorded in 1733. This mechanism was usually made from oak or ash (and not from dogwood), and it is unlikely that there is a connection to the name for ''whipple-tree'' for Cornus.

Description

Dogwoods have simple, untoothed leaves with the veins curving distinctively as they approach the leaf margins. Most dogwood species have opposite leaves, while a few, such as ''Cornus alternifolia'' and ''C. controversa,'' have their leaves alternate. Dogwood flowers have four parts. In many species, the flowers are borne separately in open (but often dense) clusters, while in various other species (such as the flowering dogwood), the flowers themselves are tightly clustered, lacking showy petals, but surrounded by four to six large, typically white petal-like bracts.

The fruits of all dogwood species are drupes with one or two seeds, often brightly colorful. The drupes of species in the subgenus ''Cornus'' are edible. Many are without much flavor. '' Cornus kousa'' and '' Cornus mas'' are sold commercially as edible fruit trees. The fruits of ''Cornus kousa'' have a sweet, tropical pudding like flavor in addition to hard pits. The fruits of ''Cornus mas'' are both tart and sweet when completely ripe. They have been eaten in Eastern Europe for centuries, both as food and medicine to fight colds and flus. They are very high in vitamin C. However, those of species in subgenus ''Swida'' are mildly toxic to people, though readily eaten by birds.

Dogwoods are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of butterflies and moths, including the emperor moth, the engrailed, the small angle shades, and the following case-bearers of the genus ''Coleophora'': ''C. ahenella'', ''C. salicivorella'' (recorded on ''Cornus canadensis''), ''C. albiantennaella'', ''C. cornella'' and ''C. cornivorella,'' with the latter three all feeding exclusively on ''Cornus.''

Uses

Dogwoods are widely planted horticulturally, and the dense wood of the larger-stemmed species is valued for certain specialized purposes. Cutting boards and fine turnings can be made from this fine grained and beautiful wood. Over 32 different varieties of game birds, including quail, feed on the red seeds.

Horticulture

Various species of ''Cornus,'' particularly the flowering dogwood ''(Cornus florida),'' are ubiquitous in American gardens and landscaping; horticulturist Donald Wyman stated, "There is a dogwood for almost every part of the U.S. except the hottest and driest areas". In contrast, in Northwest Europe the lack of sharp winters and hot summers makes ''Cornus florida'' very shy of flowering.

Other ''Cornus'' species are stoloniferous shrubs that grow naturally in wet habitats and along waterways. Several of these are used along highways and in naturalizing landscape plantings, especially those species with bright red or bright yellow stems, particularly conspicuous in winter, such as ''Cornus stolonifera''.

The following cultivars, of mixed or uncertain origin, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
*‘Eddie’s White Wonder’
*‘Norman Hadden’
*‘Ormonde’
*‘Porlock’

Fruits

The species '' Cornus mas'' is commonly cultivated in southeastern Europe for its showy, edible berries, that have the color of the carnelian gemstone. Cornelian-cherries have one seed each and are used in syrups and preserves.

Wood

Dense and fine-grained, dogwood timber has a density of 0.79 and is highly prized for making loom shuttles, tool handles, roller skates and other small items that require a very hard and strong wood. Though it is tough for woodworking, some artisans favor dogwood for small projects such as walking canes, arrow making, mountain dulcimers and fine inlays. Dogwood wood is an excellent substitute for persimmon wood in the heads of certain golf clubs ("woods"). Dogwood lumber is rare in that it is not readily available with any manufacturer and must be cut down by the person(s) wanting to use it.

Larger items have also been occasionally made of dogwood, such as the screw-in basket-style wine or fruit presses. The first kinds of laminated tennis rackets were also made from this wood, cut into thin strips.

Dogwood twigs were used by U.S. pioneers to brush their teeth. They would peel off the bark, bite the twig and then scrub their teeth.

Traditional medicine

The bark of ''Cornus'' species is rich in tannins and has been used in traditional medicine as a substitute for quinine. During the American civil war, confederate soldiers made a tea from the bark to treat pain and fevers, and used dogwood leaves in a poultice to cover wounds.

The Japanese cornel, '' C. officinalis'', is used in traditional Chinese medicine as ''shān zhū yú'' for several minor ailments.

Classification

The following classification recognizes a single, inclusive genus ''Cornus,'' with four subgroups and ten subgenera supported by molecular phylogeny. Geographical ranges as native plants are given below. In addition, cultivated species occasionally persist or spread from plantings beyond their native ranges, but are rarely if ever locally invasive.

Blue- or white-fruited dogwoods

Paniculate or corymbose cymes; bracts minute, nonmodified; fruits globose or subglobose, white, blue, or black:
* Subgenus ''Yinquania''. Leaves opposite to subopposite; fall blooming.
** '' Cornus oblonga''. East Asia from Pakistan through the Himalayas and China.
** ''Cornus peruviana''. Costa Rica and Venezuela to Bolivia.
* Subgenus ''Kraniopsis''. Leaves opposite; summer blooming.
** '' Cornus alba'' (Siberian dogwood). Siberia and northern China.
** ''Cornus amomum'' (silky dogwood). Eastern U.S. east of the Great Plains except for the Deep South.
** ''Cornus asperifolia'' (toughleaf dogwood). Southeastern U.S.
** ''Cornus austrosinensis'' (South China dogwood). East Asia.
** ''Cornus bretschneideri'' (Bretschneider's dogwood). Northern China.
** ''Cornus coreana'' (Korean dogwood). Northeast Asia.
** '' Cornus drummondii'' (roughleaf dogwood). U.S. between the Appalachia and the Great Plains, and southern Ontario, Canada.
** '' Cornus excelsa''. Mexico to Honduras.
** ''Cornus foemina

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