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Dmitry Grigoryevich Shcherbachev (russian: Дми́трий Григо́рьевич Щербачёв; tr. ; 18 January 1932) was a general in the Russian Army during
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
and one of the leaders of the White Movement during the
Russian Civil War , date = October Revolution, 7 November 1917 – Yakut revolt, 16 June 1923{{Efn, The main phase ended on 25 October 1922. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued Basmachi movement, in Central Asia and Tungus Republic, the Far East th ...
.


Biography


Early life

Shcherbachev was born on (6th was according to the
Julian calendar The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on , by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandr ...
at use in Russia at the time) near Ruza,
Moscow Governorate Moscow Governorate (russian: Московская губерния; pre-reform Russian: ), or the Government of Moscow, was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Russian SFSR, which ...
in the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
. He came from the Russian noble
Shcherbachev family Dmitry Grigoryevich Shcherbachev (russian: Дми́трий Григо́рьевич Щербачёв; tr. ; 18 January 1932) was a general in the Russian Army during World War I and one of the leaders of the White Movement during the Russian C ...
( ru) which originated from the
Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fr ...
. His father was Major-General Grigory Dmitryevich Shcherbachev.


Military career

Shcherbachev graduated from the Orel Military Gymnasium in 1873 and the
Mikhailovsky Artillery School Russia has a number of military academies of different specialties. This article primarily lists institutions of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation rather than those of the Soviet Armed Forces. Russian institutions designated as an "acad ...
in 1876. In 1877, he was transferred to the Life Guards Horse Artillery Brigade by the ensign, and he reached the rank of
second lieutenant Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces, comparable to NATO OF-1 rank. Australia The rank of second lieutenant existed in the military forces of the Australian colonies and Australian Army until ...
by 1878, and
first lieutenant First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces; in some forces, it is an appointment. The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations, but in most forces it is sub-divided into a s ...
by 1881. In 1884, Shcherbachev graduated from the Nikolayev Academy of General Staff in the first category, after which he stayed in the
Petersburg Military District The Leningrad Military District was a military district of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. In 2010 it was merged with the Moscow Military District, the Northern Fleet and the Baltic Fleet to form the new Western Military District. His ...
. He served in the Imperial Guards until 1907, after which he became the head of the Nikolayev Military Academy, and played an important role in introducing reforms into the academy. In 1912, he became the commander of the 9th Army Corps, which he led into WWI.


World War I

General Shcherbachev commanded the 11th Army, replacing General Andrey Selivanov, who resigned due to poor health. His army participated in the Invasion of Galicia in the Southwestern Front. After the successful battle on the
Austrian Austrian may refer to: * Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent ** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law * Austrian German dialect * Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
soil, he took the initiative and took possession of the city of
Lemberg Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...
, for which he was awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th degree and was also awarded the St. George Sword. In mid-September 1914, he led the siege detachment (6.5 divisions), which carried out the siege of the Fortress of Przemyśl. On September 2, his detachment conducted an unsuccessful assault on the fortress, and inflicted the main blow at Sedliski. On September 25 (October 8), a relief force of Austro-Hungarian troops approached the fortress, and on September 9, the siege detachment of General Shcherbachev was disbanded. In October 1915, he was promoted to
General of the Infantry General of the Infantry is a military rank of a General officer in the infantry and refers to: * General of the Infantry (Austria) * General of the Infantry (Bulgaria) * General of the Infantry (Germany) ('), a rank of a general in the German Impe ...
, and was appointed to
general-adjutant An adjutant general is a military chief administrative officer. France In Revolutionary France, the was a senior staff officer, effectively an assistant to a general officer. It was a special position for lieutenant-colonels and colonels in staf ...
. He also replaced Vladimir Nikitin as commander of the 7th Army. Under his command, the 7th Army was able to win numerous battles at the Strypa River during the Brusilov Offensive.


February Revolution

Shortly after the
February Revolution The February Revolution ( rus, Февра́льская револю́ция, r=Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya, p=fʲɪvˈralʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and somet ...
, Shcherbachev was appointed deputy to the Commander-in-Chief of the Romanian Front (King Ferdinand I), replacing General
Andrei Zayonchkovski Andrei Medardovich Zayonchkovsky (russian: Андре́й Меда́рдович Зайончко́вский) ( – 22 March 1926) commanded the defence of the Romanian-Bulgarian border in Dobruja upon Romania's entry into World War I in August ...
. The front was established in 1916 to connect to the defeated
Romanian Army The Romanian Land Forces ( ro, Forțele Terestre Române) is the army of Romania, and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces. In recent years, full professionalisation and a major equipment overhaul have transformed the nature of the Lan ...
, also to prevent the threats to the south of Russia. As deputy commander-in-chief of the front, he had four Russian and two Romanian armies subordinate to him. In July 1917, the Russo-Romanian forces commanded by General Alexandru Averescu defeated the Austro-German forces at Mărăști, but they failed to develop further success due to the telegram from the minister-chairman of the
Provisional Government A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or f ...
,
Alexander Kerensky Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, ; Reforms of Russian orthography, original spelling: ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months ...
, who ordered the stop of the offensive in connection with the German breakthrough at
Tarnopol Ternópil ( uk, Тернопіль, Ternopil' ; pl, Tarnopol; yi, טאַרנאָפּל, Tarnopl, or ; he, טארנופול (טַרְנוֹפּוֹל), Tarnopol; german: Tarnopol) is a city in the west of Ukraine. Administratively, Ternopi ...
. In late July to August 1917, the Russo-Romanian forces successfully repelled the Austro-German forces led by German Generalfeldmarschall
August von Mackensen Anton Ludwig Friedrich August von Mackensen (born Mackensen; 6 December 1849 – 8 November 1945), ennobled as "von Mackensen" in 1899, was a German field marshal. He commanded successfully during World War I of 1914–1918 and became one of the ...
at Mărășești.


Russian Civil War

General Shcherbachev managed to prevent the disintegration and was able to keep order in the army for some time under the influence of the revolutionary events and
Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
agitation. In late October 1917, he learned the front-line committee decided not to recognize the Bolshevik power. In the end of 1917, Shcherbachev and his loyal troops were able to establish connection with General Mikhail Alekseyev, the former chief of staff of the army during WW1, who had arrived at the
Don Don, don or DON and variants may refer to: Places *County Donegal, Ireland, Chapman code DON *Don (river), a river in European Russia *Don River (disambiguation), several other rivers with the name *Don, Benin, a town in Benin *Don, Dang, a vill ...
, where the enemy of the Bolsheviks flocked. As a result, the Romanian Front had the idea of creating a Corps of Russian Volunteers for its subsequent dispatch to the Don. In early November 1917, an organization was formed in
Iași Iași ( , , ; also known by other alternative names), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy ( , ), is the second largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, it has traditionally ...
, the purpose of which was the formation of a reliable detachment capable of becoming the basis for the creation of the
White Army The White Army (russian: Белая армия, Belaya armiya) or White Guard (russian: Бѣлая гвардія/Белая гвардия, Belaya gvardiya, label=none), also referred to as the Whites or White Guardsmen (russian: Бѣлогв ...
. The organization not only unified officers, but also soldiers. This work was all supervised by General Shcherbachev. In December 1917, with the consent of Shcherbachev, Romania invaded
Bessarabia Bessarabia (; Gagauz: ''Besarabiya''; Romanian: ''Basarabia''; Ukrainian: ''Бессара́бія'') is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Be ...
. Under the pretext that the Russian and Romanian border and maintaining the order and tranquility in the rear of Romanian Army. In January 1918, the Romanians met the
Reds Reds may refer to: General * Red (political adjective), supporters of Communism or socialism * Reds (January Uprising), a faction of the Polish insurrectionists during the January Uprising in 1863 * USSR (or, to a lesser extent, China) during th ...
and fighting broke out between them, the Romanian division which moved to the left bank of the
Dniester River The Dniester, ; rus, Дне́стр, links=1, Dnéstr, ˈdⁿʲestr; ro, Nistru; grc, Τύρᾱς, Tyrās, ; la, Tyrās, la, Danaster, label=none, ) ( ,) is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and th ...
, was defeated. A peace treaty was signed in Iași, and the Romanians undertook to clean Bessarabia. However, the Germans came to the aid of Romania. On the same day, Romania surrendered and signed a treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary, One of the coalitions concluded that Bessarabia would be transferred to Romania. In April 1918 Shcherbachev refused to hold the office and informed the Allied ambassadors in Iași. After that, he went to the estate granted by the Romanian king. In early January 1919, Shcherbachev arrived in
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
through
Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
and
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
. After arriving, he formed a representative office, which was in charge of supplying the White Army, and to form volunteer armies from Russian prisoners of war. In February, Admiral
Alexander Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak (russian: link=no, Александр Васильевич Колчак; – 7 February 1920) was an Imperial Russian admiral, military leader and polar explorer who served in the Imperial Russian Navy and fought ...
confirmed his post. He also chaired the Military and Naval Commission of the Russian Political Conference which - led by the Russian Political Delegation - represented the White Russian Governments at the Peace Conference in Versailles. Leaving
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
at May with M. S. Adzhemov and V.V. Vyrubov. In June 1919, General Shcherbachev arrived in Yekaterinodar to General
Anton Denikin Anton Ivanovich Denikin (russian: Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин, link= ; 16 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._4_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New St ...
's bid, where he persuaded General Denikin to recognize the supreme position of Admiral Kolchak. In May 1920, due to a disagreement with Lieutenant-General Pyotr Wrangel about the acceptability of the cases with
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
, he resigned his post. He was subsequently replaced by General
Yevgeni Miller Eugen Ludwig Müller (russian: Евге́ний-Лю́двиг Ка́рлович Ми́ллер, Romanisation of Russian, tr. ; 25 September 1867 – 11 May 1939), better known as Yevgeny Miller, was a Russian Empire, Russian general of Baltic Ge ...
. Based on his assessment of the international situation, Shcherbachev believed that the denying assistance to the Poles was far more in line with the interest of the Whites. In his opinion, if the Poles were completely defeated by the Reds, France might defend the Poles by deploying huge numbers of troops to launch large-scale attacks against the Reds, or the victorious Bolsheviks might be distracted by the defeated Poles or even by the Germans. In either case, the position of Wrangel's Army would be greatly improved. So Shcherbachev advised General Wrangel not to launch any offensive, diverting the Bolshevik forces from the Polish Front.


Later life

After his resignation, he moved to
Nice Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...
, where he lived on a pension that was appointed to him by the Romanian Government. He was a monarchist, and was a member of the Sovereign of the Conference under
Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia (russian: Кирилл Владимирович Романов; ''Kirill Vladimirovich Romanov''; – 12 October 1938) was a son of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, a grandson of Emperor Al ...
.


Death

He died January 18, 1932. He was buried with military honors by a French battalion of in the Russian Orthodox Cemetery in Nice. His funeral was attended by French representatives, Marshal Constantine Prezan, the Romanian commander-in-chief during WWI, General
Nikolai Yudenich Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich ( – 5 October 1933) was a commander of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I. He was a leader of the anti-communist White movement in Northwestern Russia during the Civil War. Biography Early life Yuden ...
, the hero from the
Caucasus Campaign The Caucasus campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dicta ...
, and many more.


Honours


Domestic

* Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class (1879) *
Order of St. Anna The Imperial Order of Saint Anna (russian: Орден Святой Анны; also "Order of Saint Anne" or "Order of Saint Ann") was a Holstein ducal and then Russian imperial order of chivalry. It was established by Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holst ...
, 3rd class (1885) * Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class (1888) *
Order of St. Vladimir The Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir (russian: орден Святого Владимира) was an Imperial Russian order established on by Empress Catherine II in memory of the deeds of Saint Vladimir, the Grand Prince and the Baptizer ...
, 4th class (1891) * Order of St. Anna, 2nd Class (1896) * Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class (1899) * Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class (1905) * Order of St. Anna, 1st class (5.6.1911) * Order of St. George, 4th class (EP 27.9.1914) * Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class with swords (VP 19.2.1915) * St. George Sword (VP 23.4.1915) * Order of St. George, 3rd class (VP 27.10.1915) * Order of the White Eagle (1915) *
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky The Imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky was an order of chivalry of the Russian Empire first awarded on by Empress Catherine I of Russia. History The introduction of the Imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky was envisioned by Empero ...
(VP 6.7.1916)


Foreign

*: **
Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon, ...
, officer's cross (1897) ** Legion of Honour, commander's cross (1911) ** Legion of Honour, grand’croix (1918) *: ** Order of the Crown, commander's cross (1899) **
Order of Michael the Brave The Order of Michael the Brave ( ro, Ordinul Mihai Viteazul) is Romania's highest military decoration, instituted by King Ferdinand I during the early stages of the Romanian Campaign of the First World War, and was again awarded in the Second Wor ...
, 3rd class ** Order of Michael the Brave, 2nd class *
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (, also known as Holstein-Oldenburg) was a grand duchy within the German Confederation, North German Confederation and German Empire that consisted of three widely separated territories: Oldenburg, Eutin and Birke ...
: ** House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis, officer's cross (1903) *: **
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( it, Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) (abbreviated OSSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the royal House of Savoy. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the wo ...
, commander's cross (1903) *: ** Order of the Double Dragon, 2nd class (1911) ** Order of the Double Dragon, 3rd class (1911) *: ** Order of Prince Danilo I, 1st class (1912) *: ** Order of St. Sava, 1st class (1912)


External links


Short biography


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shcherbachev, Dmitry 1857 births 1932 deaths Imperial Russian Army generals Russian military personnel of World War I People of the Russian Civil War White movement generals Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Commanders of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania) Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave, 2nd class Recipients of the Order of St. Sava Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France