Dicladispa armigera

''Dicladispa armigera'' is a species of leaf beetle from Southeast Asia, often known by its common name: the "rice hispa". These beetles are a well known invasive pest, and are responsible for significant crop damage across many countries. The male to female ratio is between 1:1.26 and 1:1.46.

Description

Eggs

Rice hispa eggs laid by the female beetle are usually inserted beneath the epidermis of the underside of leaves. Occasionally, the eggs are also laid on the top side of leaves. The eggs are minute, covered in a dark substance, and laid singly. Each female lays a total of between 18 and 101 eggs in their lifetime, with an average of 55. The incubation period is about four days.Acharya, S. L. P. (1967). Life history bionomics and morphology of rice hispa, ''Hispa armigera'' Oliver. ''Masters Thesis''. Retrieved from http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/displaybitstream?handle=1/5810084179

Larvae

The larvae, on hatching, are ~2.4mm long, dorsoventrally flattened, and pale yellow. They mine into the leaf, feeding on the green tissues and only leaving the two epidermal layers. The activity of the larvae will often leave an irregular discolored pattern on the leaf. Larvae will feed and pupate within the leaf, without needing to migrate to a fresh leaf. A fully grown larvae is ~5.5 mm long, dorsoventrally flattened, and a dull pale yellow. The larval period lasts for 7–12 days, and is followed by pupation.

Pupae

''D. armigera'' pupae are dorsoventrally flattened, brown, and appropriately 4.9mm long. The pupal stage last for about 4 days.

Adults

Finally the adult beetle, known as an imago, emerges and cuts its way out of the larval tunnel and surrounding leaf. The imago is ~5mm long, and bluish black with a spiny body. The average longevity of the adult is 24 days for the female, and 16 days for the male, although some individuals have been known to live as long as 90 days. Adults have long, well-developed spines on the prothorax and elytra. Four spines project from the metanotum, and the elytra contains a row of ten spines along lateral margins, and nine dorsolateral spines.

Distribution

''Discladispa armigera'' is known to be widespread in the following countries: Bangladesh, India, and Laos. Additionally, ''D. armigera'' is present, but not wide-spread in: Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Iran, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Papua New Guinea.

Mating behavior

The high reproductive potential and short generation time are significant contributors to the success of this species. Adults mate for the first time after 3–7 days. Mating is a complex and precisely determined process. Precopulatory behavior, including courtship, mounting, and activation of the female last a few seconds to a few minutes. Copulation requires ~1 hour. Postcopulatory behaviors are brief.

Human interaction

''D. armigera'' are known to cause significant plant damage, targeting crops such as rice, maize, and other grasses. Young plants are more susceptible to damage by the pests. The reduction of ''D. armigera'' populations in areas where crops are grown is desirable to increase crop yield. The two primary methods for population control are biological controls which utilize predators of the pest, and chemical controls which utilize insecticides. In some cases manual controls may be used.

Biological control

Several species have been explored as a biological control, including the egg parasitoid wasp '' Trichigramma zahiri'' Polaszek, the egg and larval parasitoid '' Neochrysocharis'' sp., and the larval and pupal parasitoid '' Scutibracon hispae''. These hymenopteran species are natural parasitoids of the pre-adult stages of ''D. armigera.''

The white muscardine fungus (''Beauveria bassiana'') has also been tested as a biological control of the rice hispa. On adherence to the body surface, the fungal spores germinate and enter into the beetle's haemocoel, where the fungus utilizes the body tissues for food. In field tests, the application of ''B. bassiana'' spores was effective in reducing ''D. armigera'' populations. Adult rice hispa die 5–6 days after inoculation, and white mycelial growth was observed over the surface of the insect. Infected adults become adhered to leaf surfaces, and after 7–10 days the entire surface of the adults is covered by the fungus. Infected eggs have a white powdery mass around it, surrounded by a yellow halo. Infected larvae become thinner, but do not change in length. Infected pupae had white mycelial growth over their body, their size is reduced by half and they become totally deformed.

Chemical control

Multiple biopesticides have been tested on ''D. armigera.'' Larvocel, Calpaste, Azacel, Neem oil, Multineem, and dk-bioneem have all been shown to be effective at reducing ''D. armigera'' populations by as much as 96%. Conventional pesticides are also effective, reducing ''D. armigera'' populations on experimental rice paddies by as much as 100%.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q13111173

Cassidinae
Beetles of Asia
Beetles described in 1808
Insects of Southeast Asia
Insect pests of millets