Dewa people were one of the four main tribes (Dewa, Yaksha, Naga, Raksha) of
ancient Sri Lanka
The history of Sri Lanka is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions, comprising the areas of South Asia, Southeast Asia and Indian Ocean.
The early human remains found on the island of Sri La ...
who founded the coalition of Sinhalese nationality.
Sinhalese people
Sinhalese people ( si, සිංහල ජනතාව, Sinhala Janathāva) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group native to the island of Sri Lanka. They were historically known as Hela people ( si, හෙළ). They constitute about 75% of t ...
(Sinhala: සිංහල ජනතාව, romanized: Sinhala Janathāva) are an
Asura
Asuras (Sanskrit: असुर) are a class of beings in Indian religions, Indic religions. They are described as power-seeking clans related to the more benevolent Deva (Hinduism), Devas (also known as Suras) in Hinduism. In its Buddhism, Buddhi ...
ethnic group of the island of Sri Lanka. They were historically known as Hela people (Sinhala: හෙළ), Ceylonese islanders, and Sinhalese islanders. They constitute about 75% of the Sri Lankan population and number greater than 16.2 million. The Sinhalese identity is based on language, cultural heritage and nationality. The Sinhalese people speak
Sinhala, an
insular Indo-Aryan language, and are predominantly
Theravada Buddhists
''Theravāda'' () ( si, ථේරවාදය, my, ထေရဝါဒ, th, เถรวาท, km, ថេរវាទ, lo, ເຖຣະວາດ, pi, , ) is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school' ...
, although a minority of Sinhalese follow branches of
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...
and
other religions.
Etymology
Dewa (/ˈdeɪvə/; Sinhala: දේව, Deva) tribe of Sinhalese in Sri Lanka is the only ancient Sinhalese tribe which still could be recognized in the island where Sinhalese nationality was founded. The family names bearing distinct "Dewage" (Sinhala:දේවගේ) or "Dewalage" (Sinhala:දේවලාගේ) as surname bearing people still found in the country. Deva, Wahumpura (Sinhala:වහුම්පුර), Wanshapurna (Sinhala:වංශපුර්ණ) are the other names. They are mountain dwelling people even at present.
Dewa is the second influential and the significant population of Sinhalese misleadingly named as Hakuru caste
but clearly recognizable as the ancient Dewa tribe predominantly from Sabaragamuwa Province, North Western province (Whayaba province), Central, Western province and North Central province of Sri Lanka. But not represent Sri Lankan Parliament respectably due to lack of awareness or caste blind voting among themselves.
Origins
The earliest human settlers in Sri Lanka were likely peoples of the proto-Australoid group, perhaps akin to the indigenous hill peoples of southern India. Links with peoples from the Southeast Asian archipelago also are possible, Dewas (Daeva, the Iranian language term, shares the same origin of "Deva" of Indian mythology, later incorporated into Indian religions) are the first ever arrived Indo Arian people to the island speaking Prakrit languages in Pre Anuradapura period (543 BC–437 BC). They have the
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic Iranian peoples of Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into modern day Pakistan and Northwestern India from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 4th centur ...
(also called Indo-
Saka
The Saka ( Old Persian: ; Kharoṣṭhī: ; Ancient Egyptian: , ; , old , mod. , ), Shaka (Sanskrit ( Brāhmī): , , ; Sanskrit (Devanāgarī): , ), or Sacae (Ancient Greek: ; Latin: ) were a group of nomadic Iranian peoples who hist ...
s) origin. Indo-Scythians were a group of nomadic Iranian peoples of Saka and Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into northern and western South Asia from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE to Indian subcontinent. According to Aātānāta Sutta and Maha Samaya Sutta in Deeganikaya in
Tripitaka, a sermon by Buddha himself, are carefully studied, true & accurate more information about Siw Hela (four parts of the island of Sri Lanka according to the tribes) Deva Hela,
Yakkha Hela and
Nāga Hela and
Raksha hela.
History
According to the Mahavamsa,
Gautama Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.
According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in Lu ...
met the Dewa people at
Mahiyangana
Mahiyanganaya is a town situated close to the Mahaweli River in Badulla District, Uva Province of Sri Lanka. It is said that Gautama Buddha visited Mahiyanganaya on the Duruthu full moon poya day in order to settle a dispute arose between Yakkas a ...
.
Sumana Saman, the king of the Dewa tribe invited Buddha to the
Samanala Kanda. Gautama Buddha left his foot print on the rock at the top of the mountain as a token of symbolic worship, in the absence of the Buddha. Sumana Saman became a stream-entrant (Sotapanna) after listening to the Buddha, who gave him a handful of hairs with which he erected the Stupa at Mahiyangana. The history of Dewa people could be divide to Dewa tribe, Dewa clan, Dewa caste.
Dewa tribe (Pre history to 367 BC)
There were Several different indigenous clans lived in the island during the Pre Vijaya era (before 505 BCE). These tribes believed that four main clans are Yaksha, Naga, Deva, and Raksha who formed the Sinhalese nationality with the generations
[ “The Dîpavaṃsa; an ancient Buddhist historical record”, edited and translated by Hermann Oldenberg. London, Williams and Norgate, 1879.] of Prince Vijaya in the period of king Pandukabaya in 3 century BC
It is believed that these names were attributed metaphorically to indicate their profession. Yaksha tribe of people were believed to inhabit in the mountains where they had used monsoon wind to mould iron, Raksha people were supposed to be farmers who used the steel products of the yaksha tribe of people in their farming endeavors.
The name Raksha is derived from the two syllables Ra + Kus, in Sinhalese Kus means "stomach"; Rakus literally means the people who fulfill hunger or the people who provide rice, the staple food of the Sinhalese people. The Naga tribe of people were believed to be traders, the Deva tribe of people were the ruling, governance, military service, irrigation, trade, engineering, and agriculture.
Dewa clan and coalition as Sinhalise nationality (367 BC - 1258 AD)
Vijaya
Vijaya may refer to:
Places
* Vijaya (Champa), a city-state and former capital of the historic Champa in what is now Vietnam
* Vijayawada, a city in Andhra Pradesh, India
People
* Prince Vijaya of Sri Lanka (fl. 543–505 BC), earliest recorde ...
and his 700 men were the first group of
Aryan
Aryan or Arya (, Indo-Iranian *''arya'') is a term originally used as an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast to the nearby outsiders known as 'non-Aryan' (*''an-arya''). In Ancient India, the term ' ...
s to enter Sri Lanka. Vijaya kissed the soil and planted the Lion Flag. He then met Yakkha princess
Kuveni
Kuveni(කුවේණි / குவேணி) also known as Sesapathi or Kuvanna or Leelawathi, was a Yakshini queen in Sri Lanka mentioned in the ancient Pali chronicles Mahavansa and Dipavansa of the Sinhalese people. The primary source for ...
, conquered the Yakkhas and establish the
Aryan
Aryan or Arya (, Indo-Iranian *''arya'') is a term originally used as an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast to the nearby outsiders known as 'non-Aryan' (*''an-arya''). In Ancient India, the term ' ...
dynasty of Sri Lanka. In 504 BC Panduvas Deva became the king of the country. Abhaya, the eldest son, succeeded
Panduvas Deva in 474 BC. His younger brother Tissa overthrew him after 20 years in 454 BC and ruled for 17 years. Tissa's nephew and Panduvasudeva's grandson
Pandukabhaya
Pandukabhaya (474 BC – 367 BC) was King of Upatissa Nuwara and the first monarch of the Anuradhapura Kingdom and 6th over all of the island of Sri Lanka since the arrival of the Vijaya; he reigned from 437 BC to 367 BC. According to many his ...
captured power in 437 BC with the help of Yakkha, Naga Deva and Raksha
chieftains and united the tribes of Sri Lanka, ruling the country for 70 years.
Researchers say that the Yakkha, Naga, Deva, Raksha tribes was gradually absorbed into the Sinhala nationality during the next few centuries. Pandukabaya shifted the capital of his principality to Anuradhapura, which according to archaeological evidence was developing as a settlement since 900BC. Pandukabaya could be considered as the organizer of the four tribes to form the Sinhalese nationality. The Dewa tribe of people were the ruling, governance, military service, irrigation, trade, engineering, and agriculture from the formation of Sinhalise Nationality coalition to the end of the reign of Parakramabahu II. But after the new formation of the caste system from Kalinga Maga, they lost social recognition.
Casteless Sinhalese Buddhist society in Anuradapura Era
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
does not accept the Caste System and the Buddha himself. During the
Anuradhapura period
The Anuradhapura period was a period in the history of Sri Lanka of the Anuradhapura Kingdom from 377 BCE to 1017 CE. The period begins when Pandukabhaya, King of Upatissa Nuwara moved the administration to Anuradhapura, becoming the kingdom's ...
caste was not a serious factor. In India original
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
came in radical opposition to Brahmanism. A central aspect of
Brahmanism
The historical Vedic religion (also known as Vedicism, Vedism or ancient Hinduism and subsequently Brahmanism (also spelled as Brahminism)), constituted the religious ideas and practices among some Indo-Aryan peoples of northwest Indian Subco ...
is the caste system which provided them with the rationalization for their own superior positions. In India there is a large body of contemporary writings which tries to illustrate the enormous contribution Buddhism made to undermine caste and to give space to those persons who were considered Sudras (Govi or peasants), who were the lowest on the caste ladder.
Developing caste system in Polonnaruwa era
Polonnaruwa period history records a few instances the influence from the Hindu caste system with the changing of pure Sinhala Buddhist society in Anuradapura by Tamil invasions. Raja, Bamunu, Velenda and Govi, the four-fold caste division was mixed up by foreign invaders to cause confusion and destabilise the established social order. (Kuladaruvan sivasi kara in the Pujavaliya meaning High castes were made cultivators Pjv 122 and Kudi kota in the Rajavaliya meaning made low caste Rjv 231) It goes on to say that subsequent kings and queens quickly restored the social order by clearly re-segregating the four caste groups. There are also recorded instances of nobles being degraded to the status of cultivators by foreign invaders and also by local rulers, for falling into disfavor with the ruler. Although degrading a high caste individual to the Govi caste was possible, restoring such an individual back to nobility was not possible.
The North Gate rock inscription in the ancient city of
Polonnaruwa
Poḷonnaruwa, ( si, පොළොන්නරුව, translit=Poḷonnaruva; ta, பொலன்னறுவை, translit=Polaṉṉaṟuvai) also referred as Pulathisipura and Vijayarajapura in ancient times, is the main town of Polonnaruwa Dis ...
depicts the Govi Kula in its comparative rhetoric as the lowest extreme of society and goes on to say that anyone from such a low caste should never aspire to any high office (EZ II.164). The inscription says " ..raise ye to kingship a member of the Kshatriya families, not the other castes.........as much as the crow envies the swan's gait, the mule envies the Sindhu stallion, the earth worm envies the king cobra, the firefly the sun, the snipe the elephant, the jackal envies the lion,the Govi caste must never wish to ape Kings. No matter how powerful they may become, never look to Govi caste people as rulers......"
Degradation as a caste from clan, Dewa Caste (1258 AD - Present)
After Dabadeniya period the capital cities changed and started shifting of the kingdoms before invasions from South Indians and European Invaders. Dewa people lost their prime social recognition even with their way of living so gone to high mountain regions and started cultivate in terrace rice fields and self sufficient life.
In the regions where they live abounded with Fish Tale Palm Tree (
Caryota urens) so they start toddy tapping. Kandyan new non royal rulers and Tamil
Nayaks of Kandy
The Nayaks of Kandy (also referred to as the ''Kandyan Nayak Dynasty'', si, මහනුවර නායක්කාරවරු ''Mahanuwara Nayakkarawaru'', ta, கண்டி நாயக்கர்) were the rulers of the Kingdom of ...
and their henchmen hinted them as Hakuro (Jaggery makers) or Kande Aththo (Mountain Community).
Modern caste system after invasion of the Kalinga Magha (1215–1236 AD)
Kulankayan Cinkai Ariyan or popularly named as ‘Kalinga Magha’ is a South Indian invader who ruled the island for 21 years. The invasion historically important migration of Vellalar Nattar chiefs from the Coromandel Coast of South India who made a new social reorganization in Sri Lanka in Sinhalese society. They reorganized villages on the basis of the Hindu caste principles other than Buddhist social system which was introduced by
Arahath Mahinda Thero in the 3rd century BC.
This reorganization was also connected with the development with the system of monarchy with absolute power.
Thus the development of the monarchy and the development of caste principle during this time transformed Sri Lanka into a social organization which was based on caste. Thus the well organized Sinhalese-Buddhist community was transformed into caste-based new hierarchy in the Kandyan Era. While Vellalar caste became the top of Tamil caste system, the Sinhalese Govigama caste became the top of Sinhalese society.
Developing caste system in Dabadeniya era
Kalinga Magha
Kalinga Magha or Gangaraja Kalinga Vijayabahu ( ta, கலிங்க மாகன் / கலிங்க மாகோன் / கங்கராஜ காலிங்க விஜயவாகு மகன் , si, කාලිංග මාඝ, ...
was defeated by
Parakramabahu II
Parakramabahu II, also known as Panditha Parakramabāhu, was the King of Dambadeniya in 13th century, whose reign lasted from 1234 to 1269. As a pioneer in literature, he was bestowed with the honorary title "Kalikala Sahitya Sarvagna Pandita". Pa ...
. Dewapathiraja, the prime minister to Parakramabahu II (1234 to 1269 AD) and Aryakamadeva held ministerial posts in the king's court from Deva clan. Present Maha Saman Devalaya at Rathnapura is said to have built by Aryakamadeva, in the patronage of King Parakramabahu II, in 1270 AD, as a fulfillment of his vow to erect a shrine in the name of deity Saman, if his effort to find gems is successful. Rathgama village in present day Galle District was gifted by Parākramabāhu II to his prime Minister Devapathiraja for his loyalty.
Prime Minister Devapathiraja and his strong army were in charge of the maritime southern province (from Kalutara to Bentota and Balapitiya) to prevent southern coastal belt was invaded not only by forces from the
Pandya Empire in South India but also by troops from
Malaya. In fulfillment of a vow, after victory over his foes, Devapathiraja built two Pattini Shrines at Velitota /Weliwatta and Maduwa. Some of the main Buddhist temples and Devalas built by Dewapathiraja under the king Parakramabahu II are Aluthnuwara Dedimunda Devalaya at Mawanella, Welgamu Tampeta Viharaya, Karandeniya Galagoda Shailatharama Viharaya, Kosgoda Ganegodella Viharaya and the Yatagala Ancient Rock Cave Temple.
Developing caste system in Kurunagala era
The Namboodiri Bagmins arrived in Sri Lanka in Kurunagala period, when the Buddhist monks of the kingdom refused to perform the rituals associated with the coronation ceremony of Prince Wathimi the son of King
Bhuvanekabahu I (1272–1284), his mother, whose name was "Fathima", was a Muslim Prince and Wathhimi was the only son the King had, and as a consequence was eligible to be the King. The Buddhist monks got worried, about the princes inclination towards Islam, and refused to perform the rituals for the coronation ceremony, and as a consequence, the prince sent a Muslim nobleman from Beruwala, to bring Brahmins from Kerala. As the Muslim nobleman were unable to persuade any Brahmin to come over to Sri Lanka, he had to hatch a plan to kidnap them, and finally succeeded in getting a group of 8 Namboodiri Brahmins, from the village of Shaligramam in Kerala. They were received by the Prince with great honors. They assimilated well into the Sinhalese community and their descendants formed the Radala caste and Salagama caste, along with "Agampadi" mercenary soldiers (mercenaries who were deployed in the army from
Dambadeniya
Dambadeniya ''(DMBD)'' is a ruined ancient city situated in the North Western Province (Wayamba), Sri Lanka on the Kurunegala–Negombo main road. It served as the capital of Sri Lanka in the mid 13th century. Much of Dambadeniya still lies burie ...
rule onwards) who came from Kerala & Tamil Nadu.
Developing caste system in Kandyan era
Konappu Bandara Appuhamy or *
Vimaladharmasuriya I
Vimaladharmasūriya I was a king of Kandy from 1590 to 1604. His reputation was built when he successfully repulsed two major Portuguese offensives on Kandy, the Battle of Danture in 1594 and the Battle of Balana in 1602, in both of which the P ...
from Yatinuwara at Ededuwa village in Peradeniya, who was re established the Kingdom of Kandy after defeating the
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
in the Battle of Danture. His father, Weerasundra Bandara of non royal, flourishing Govigama caste member and his mother Kosgolle Gedara Wimalu from Bathgama Caste served to the
Rajasingha I of Sithawaka as Dukgannarala or royal meal certifier. In 1582, an army from Rajasinghe I attacked Kandy, and King
Karalliyadde Bandara (1552-1582 A.D.) fled to Manner with his family, seeking the protection of the
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
and appointed Weerasundara Badara to the post of adjudicator (Saamamtha).
But after a few days, the king grew suspicious of Weerasundara Bandara, and got him killed through subterfuge. Princess
Kusumasana Devi
Kusumāsana Devi (died 10 July 1613), also known as , was ruling King of Kandy, Queen of Kandy in 1581. She was deposed, but queen consort of Kandy by marriage to Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy from 1594 to 1604.
Life
In her infancy she and her f ...
, daughter of King
Karaliyadde, the heir to the Kandyan Kingdom, and as well as
Yamasingha Bandara, a nephew of the King and
Konappu Bandara, the son of Weerasundara Bandara fled to the Portuguese and lived under their protection.
At this point a Portuguese army was sent to Kandy under
Dom João. The Portuguese captured Kandy very easily and made Dom Filipe (Yamasingha Bandara) the King of Kandy. He died after a few months, and Konnapu Bandara was appointed as King. He betrayed the Portuguese, rebelled against them, and established the House of Dinajara in Kandy.
Developing caste system in Dutch rule
Under the European rule, Salagama caste was rich with cinnamon business, Karawa caste was bond with shipping industry under Portuguese and Dutch, and the Durawa castes privileged under the Dutch and English for coconut alcohol business. The un-Buddhistic practice of caste discrimination introduced into the Buddhist Maha Sangha by the
Siam Nikaya
The Siam (also Siyamopali and Siyam) Nikaya is a monastic order within Sri Lankan Buddhism, founded by Upali Thera and located predominantly around the city of Kandy. It is so named because it originated within Thailand (formerly known in Sri Lan ...
in Kandyan kingdom under the
Nayak king
Kirthi Sri Rajasingha of
Kandy
Kandy ( si, මහනුවර ''Mahanuwara'', ; ta, கண்டி Kandy, ) is a major city in Sri Lanka located in the Central Province. It was the last capital of the ancient kings' era of Sri Lanka. The city lies in the midst of hills ...
(1747-1782) and
Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero
Weliwita Asaranasarana Sri Saranankara Sangharaja Thero (19 June 1698 – 18 July 1778) or popularly Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero was a Buddhist monk, who was the last Sangharaja of Sri Lanka. He was the pioneer in the revival of Buddhism in Sr ...
has been overcome by patronizing the
Amarapura Nikaya
Amarapura ( my, အမရပူရ, MLCTS=a. ma. ra. pu ra., , ; also spelt as Ummerapoora) is a former capital of Myanmar, and now a township of Mandalay city. Amarapura is bounded by the Irrawaddy river in the west, Chanmyathazi Township in t ...
and the
Ramanna Nikayas. Sitinamaluwe Dhammajoti Thero was the last non Govigama monk to receive Upasampada before the 1764 conspiracy. The caste based discrimination made many Karava, Salagama, Durava, Bathgama, Deva & other castes to be considered as of low level by the
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
to become
Catholics
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
and
Anglicans
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the l ...
.
The
Siyam Nikaya
The Siam (also Siyamopali and Siyam) Nikaya is a monastic order within Sri Lankan Buddhism, founded by Upali Thera and located predominantly around the city of Kandy. It is so named because it originated within Thailand (formerly known in Sri Lan ...
as custodians of the Tooth Relic have always received the full support and patronage of the Govigama dominated Sri Lankan State and its Ministers and Ministries of
Buddha Sasana, Cultural Affairs and others, the monopolization of the 'Tooth' relic by the Radala and Govi combination on caste based lines have brought shame and a bad reputation to Buddhism in Sri Lanka, which resembles the white apartheid rule in South Africa was a brutal system codified in law and extrajudicial violence. The Siam Nikaya does not enforce civil or criminal law, nor does it infringe on layperson rights except insofar as ordaining in their order.
The Govigama exclusivity of the Sangha was challenged by other castes who, without the patronage of the King of Kandy or of the
British
British may refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies.
** Britishness, the British identity and common culture
* British English, ...
, held their own
upasampada ceremony at Totagamuwa Vihara in 1772. Another was held at Tangalle in 1798. Neither of these ceremonies were approved by the
Siam Nikaya
The Siam (also Siyamopali and Siyam) Nikaya is a monastic order within Sri Lankan Buddhism, founded by Upali Thera and located predominantly around the city of Kandy. It is so named because it originated within Thailand (formerly known in Sri Lan ...
which claimed that these were not , in accordance with the
Vinaya
The Vinaya (Pali & Sanskrit: विनय) is the division of the Buddhist canon ('' Tripitaka'') containing the rules and procedures that govern the Buddhist Sangha (community of like-minded ''sramanas''). Three parallel Vinaya traditions remai ...
rules.
Hoping to rectify this situation, wealthy laymen from the maritime provinces financed an expedition to Burma to found a new monastic lineage. In 1799, Ambagahapitiye Gnanavimala Thera a monk from the Salagama
caste
Caste is a form of social stratification characterised by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultura ...
, from
Balapitiya
Balapitiya is a coastal town, in south west Sri Lanka. It is located in the Southern Province in Sri Lanka. Situated south of Colombo, about a two-hour drive from the capital. It is the nearest town to the Maduganga River
Madu Ganga is a mi ...
on the south western coast of Sri Lanka, departed for
Burma
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
with a group of novices to seek a new succession of Higher ordination. The first
bhikkhu
A ''bhikkhu'' (Pali: भिक्खु, Sanskrit: भिक्षु, ''bhikṣu'') is an ordained male in Buddhist monasticism. Male and female monastics ("nun", ''bhikkhunī'', Sanskrit ''bhikṣuṇī'') are members of the Sangha (Buddhist ...
was ordained in Burma in 1800 by the
Sangharaja
Sangharaja (Pāli: ''sangha'' religious community + ''raja'' ruler, king, or prince) is the title given in many Theravada Buddhist countries to a senior monk who is the titular head either of a monastic fraternity ( nikaya), or of the ''Sangha'' t ...
of Burma in
Amarapura
Amarapura ( my, အမရပူရ, MLCTS=a. ma. ra. pu ra., , ; also spelt as Ummerapoora) is a former capital of Myanmar, and now a township of Mandalay city. Amarapura is bounded by the Irrawaddy river in the west, Chanmyathazi Township in t ...
, his party having been welcomed to Burma by King
Bodawpaya
Bodawpaya ( my, ဘိုးတော်ဘုရား, ; th, ปดุง; 11 March 1745 – 5 June 1819) was the sixth king of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Born Maung Shwe Waing and later Badon Min, he was the fourth son of Alaungpaya, fou ...
.
The initial mission returned to Sri Lanka in 1803. Soon after their return to the island they established a ''udakhupkhepa sima'' (a flotilla of boats moved together to form a platform on the water) on the
Maduganga river
Madu Ganga is a minor watercourse which originates near Uragasmanhandiya in the Galle District of Sri Lanka, before widening into the Madu Ganga Lake at Balapitiya. The river then flows for a further a before draining into the Indian Ocean. It i ...
,
Balapitiya
Balapitiya is a coastal town, in south west Sri Lanka. It is located in the Southern Province in Sri Lanka. Situated south of Colombo, about a two-hour drive from the capital. It is the nearest town to the Maduganga River
Madu Ganga is a mi ...
and, under the most senior
Burmese monk who accompanied them, held an
Upasampada ceremony on
Vesak
Vesak (Pali: ''Vesākha''; sa, Vaiśākha), also known as Buddha Jayanti, Buddha Purnima and Buddha Day, is a holiday traditionally observed by Buddhism, Buddhists in South Asia and Southeast Asia as well as Tibet and Mongolia. The festival ...
Full Moon Day. The new fraternity came to be known as the ''
Amarapura Nikāya
The Amarapura Nikaya ( si, අමරපුර මහ නිකාය) was a Sri Lankan monastic fraternity ('' gaṇa'' or ''nikāya'') founded in 1800. It is named after the city of Amarapura, Burma, the capital of the Konbaung Dynasty of Bur ...
'' and was soon granted recognition by the colonial British government.
The Amarapura Nikaya was of pivotal importance in the revival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka in the 19th century. The Salagamas, who became overwhelmingly Buddhist, were in the vanguard of this movement.
Modern caste system in British period
During the
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
and the
British
British may refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies.
** Britishness, the British identity and common culture
* British English, ...
colonial period,
Mudaliyar
Thuluva Vellalar (Thondamandala Tuluva Vellalar), also known as Agamudaya Mudaliars and Arcot Mudaliars, is a caste found in northern Tamil Nadu, southern Andhra Pradesh and southern Karnataka, India. They were originally significant lando ...
family of De Sarams
appear to be the creators of the "New Govigama caste' identity - a new identity for the 'new colonial Mudaliyar' class of the 19th century. These Mudaliyar families used
Govigama
Govigama (also known as Goyigama, Govikula, Govi Vansa or Goyi Vansa) is a Sinhalese caste found in Sri Lanka. They form approximately half of the Sinhalese population and are traditionally involved in agriculture. The term Govigama became popular ...
identity to convince the colonial masters that their families were the leaders of the masses. The De Sarams appear to have derived their Govigama brand from the Kandyan monks who staged a 'Govigama only'
coup within the Kandyan sangha in 1764. The De Sarams helped these Kandyan 'Govi only' Siyam Nikaya to establish itself in the British owned coastal region of Sri Lanka. At the turn of the century, Mudaliyar Don David De Saram had organised an unprecedented Buddhist ceremony lasting for a week on a flotilla on the
Nilwala river in Matara and given the
Govigama Nikaya his full official patronage and used it to further the Govigama identity of his extended family group.
The
British Governor Gordon (1883 – 1890) and his predecessors effectively used to divide and rule policies, and create caste animosity among the native elite and finally confined all Native Headmen appointments only to the Govigama caste. The British Government Agent Layard was advocating this as an effective policy for easy governance. Mahamudliar Louis De Saram's family of
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
and
Malay
Malay may refer to:
Languages
* Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century
** Indonesi ...
ancestry had Sinhalized and Govigamised itself during the Dutch period and had a strong network of relatives as
Mudaliyars
Thuluva Vellalar (Thondamandala Tuluva Vellalar), also known as Agamudaya Mudaliars and Arcot Mudaliars, is a caste found in northern Tamil Nadu, southern Andhra Pradesh and southern Karnataka, India. They were originally significant lando ...
by the late 19th century. This “Govigama”
Anglican-Christian network expanded further with the preponderance of native headmen as
Mudaliyars
Thuluva Vellalar (Thondamandala Tuluva Vellalar), also known as Agamudaya Mudaliars and Arcot Mudaliars, is a caste found in northern Tamil Nadu, southern Andhra Pradesh and southern Karnataka, India. They were originally significant lando ...
,
Korale
A Korale or Corale was formerly a revenue district in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). During the British colonial administration, a low country korale was under the purview of a Mudaliyar while an upcountry korale came under the purview of a post that was i ...
s and
Vidanes from the
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
Govigama
Govigama (also known as Goyigama, Govikula, Govi Vansa or Goyi Vansa) is a Sinhalese caste found in Sri Lanka. They form approximately half of the Sinhalese population and are traditionally involved in agriculture. The term Govigama became popular ...
section of the community.
Wansapurna Dewage David, alias
Gongalegoda Banda
Wansapurna Dewage David alias Gongalegoda Banda (a.k.a. Peliyagoda David) (13 March 1809 – 1 December 1849 ) was the leader of the Matale rebellion in 1848, pretender to the throne of Kandy and a national hero of Sri Lanka.
Early life
Bor ...
(a.k.a. Peliyagoda David) (13 March 1809 – 1 December 1849 ) was the leader of the
Matale rebellion in 1848, pretender to the
throne of Kandy and a
national hero
The title of Hero is presented by various governments in recognition of acts of self-sacrifice to the state, and great achievements in combat or labor. It is originally a Soviet-type honor, and is continued by several nations including Belarus, Ru ...
of Sri Lanka. Gongalegoda Banda led the protest march regarding unjustifiable taxes which was held on 6 July 1848 near the Kandy
Kachchery. The rebellion was the first major uprising against the British since the
Uva Rebellion in 1818. The anti-colonial movement on the island in 1848 was led by leaders such as
Gongalegoda Banda
Wansapurna Dewage David alias Gongalegoda Banda (a.k.a. Peliyagoda David) (13 March 1809 – 1 December 1849 ) was the leader of the Matale rebellion in 1848, pretender to the throne of Kandy and a national hero of Sri Lanka.
Early life
Bor ...
,
Puran Appu
Weerahannadige Francisco Fernando alias Puran Appu ( Sinhala පුරන් අප්පු) is one of the notable personalities in Sri Lanka's history. He was born on 7 November 1812 in the coastal town of Moratuwa. He left Moratuwa at the ag ...
, Dingi Rala who were supported by many of the local people.
Another character from Dewa caste in the British colonial period was
Duenuge Edward Henry Pedris (Sinhala: හෙන්රි පේද්රිස්; 16 August 1888 – 7 July 1915) was a Ceylonese militia officer and a prominent socialite. Pedris was executed for treason by the
17th Punjab Regiment of the
British Indian Army
The British Indian Army, commonly referred to as the Indian Army, was the main military of the British Raj before its dissolution in 1947. It was responsible for the defence of the British Indian Empire, including the princely states, which co ...
under martial law during the 1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots. Convicted in a three-day Field General Court Martial under the terms of the Army Act, by passing the local legal system, his execution was viewed as unjust by the local population and a warning to local leaders. It hastened the movement toward independence, providing motivation and a martyr for those who pioneered the movement
First and last kings of Sri Lanka from Dewa tribe
Kingdom of Kandy
The Kingdom of Kandy was a monarchy on the Sri Lanka, island of Sri Lanka, located in the central and eastern portion of the island. It was founded in the late 15th century and endured until the early 19th century.
Initially a client kingdom ...
fell to the
British
British may refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies.
** Britishness, the British identity and common culture
* British English, ...
in 1815, and in 1848, the Matale rebellion occurred against the British rule. It was led by a Dewa tribe leader call Gongalegoda Banda. He was crowned by the head monk of Dambulla, Ven. Giranegama Thera as "Sri Wickrama Subha Sarva Siddhi Rajasinghe". The first legendary king of Sri Lanka was
Sumana Saman, from Dewa tribe. While the last king (pretender to the throne),
Sri Wickrama Sarwa Siddhi, was also from the Dewa tribe. But The un-Buddhistic practice of caste discrimination introduced into the Sangha by the
Siam Nikaya
The Siam (also Siyamopali and Siyam) Nikaya is a monastic order within Sri Lankan Buddhism, founded by Upali Thera and located predominantly around the city of Kandy. It is so named because it originated within Thailand (formerly known in Sri Lan ...
in the late 18th century has been overcome by patronizing the Amarapura Nikaya and the Ramanna Nikayas.
Weeramunda Kankariya
Weeramunda Kankariya other than well known Kohomba Kankariya, Kande Deviyan Pidima (the evening ritual for god of mountain) could be identified as the ceremonial dances rooted in folk beliefs of Kandyan Deva tribe. The Weeramunda Kankariya dance was propitiatory, never secular, and performed only by males in overnight. The elaborate ves costume, particularly the headgear, is considered sacred and is believed to belong to the deity Weeramunda.
File:Weeramunda Kankariya of Dewa caste of people coconut tree climbing.jpg
File:Weeramunda Kankariya of Dewa caste of people dancing.jpg
A few prominent members of the Deva (Wahumpura) community in Sri Lanka
*
Saman (deity)
Saman (also called Sumana, Sumana Saman, si, සුමන සමන් දෙවි) is a deity, subject to local and indigenous belief and worship in Sri Lanka. The name Saman means "good minded". His character is of historical significance for ...
legendary history, Sumana Saman invited Buddha to the Samanala Kanda to left his foot print on the top of the mountain - The first king of Sri Lanka
* Kanchadeve a senior military leader to King Dutugamunu's army 161 BC to 137 BC
* Pussadeve a senior military leader to King Dutugamunu's army 161 BC to 137 BC
* Dewapathiraja the prime minister to Parakramabahu II (c:e 1234 to 1269)
* Aryakamadeva a senior minister to Parakramabahu II (c:e 1234 to 1269)
*
Gongalegoda Banda
Wansapurna Dewage David alias Gongalegoda Banda (a.k.a. Peliyagoda David) (13 March 1809 – 1 December 1849 ) was the leader of the Matale rebellion in 1848, pretender to the throne of Kandy and a national hero of Sri Lanka.
Early life
Bor ...
(Wansapurna Dewage David alias Gongale Goda Banda) (a.k.a. Peliyagoda David) (13 March 1809 – 1 December 1849 ) - The last king of Sri Lanka
*
Henry Pedris
Duenuge Edward Henry Pedris ( si, හෙන්රි පේද්රිස්; 16 August 1888 – 7 July 1915) was a Ceylonese militia officer and a prominent socialite. Pedris was executed for treason by the 17th Punjab Regiment of the British ...
(Duenuge Edward Henry Pedris) (Sinhala: හෙන්රි පේද්රිස්; (16 August 1888 – 7 July 1915)
*
Cyril Mathew (Kaluwa Dewage Siril Mathew) Former Cabinet Minister; JR Jayawardana's government (September 30, 1912, October 17, 1989)
*
Anura Bastian a Sri Lankan politician. He was a former Deputy Minister of Defence and Member of Parliament (1978 - 1989).
*
Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe
Wijayamuni Devage Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe (known as Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe or Loku Athula) (1944 - 2014) was a Sri Lankan revolutionary and politician. A JVP leader of the 1971 JVP insurrection, Jayasinghe was later elected to the ...
(Wijayamuni Devage Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe or Loku Athula) (1944 - 2014) Deputy Minister of Power and Energy
*
Ananda Kularatne Minister of Southern Region Development (2001–2004)
*
Semage Salman Kulatileke Member of the Sri Lanka Parliament (1970–1972)
*
Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe
Wijeyadasa Rajapakse, MP, PC (born 16 March 1959) is a Sri Lankan lawyer and politician. He is the current Minister of Justice and previously served in the same ministry from 2015 to 2017. He was the Prime Minister's nominee for the Constituti ...
Minister of Education and Higher Education and many ministerial posts
*
Champika Premadasa (Abathenna Devayalage Champika Premadasa) (November 4, 1948) Minister of Industry, Commerce, State Minister of Industry and Commerce 2015-2019
*
Bandula Warnapura
Bandula Warnapura ( si, බන්දුල වර්ණපුර; 1 March 1953 – 18 October 2021) was a Sri Lankan cricketer and former captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team. He played four Test matches and twelve One Day Internationals (ODI ...
first Sri Lankan test cricket captain
*
K. D. Lalkantha - Former parliamentariyan and unian leader of JVP
*
Nanda Mathew Caluadewagey Nanda Mathew (2 February 1940 - 2020) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was a former Governor of Uva Province, Minister of Sports and a member of parliament.
Early life and education
Born on 2 February 1940, to Sinhala Nationalist Cyril ...
(Kaluwa Dewage Nanda Mathew) was former Governor of Uva province (held the office from 2003 to 2015)
*
A.G. Sirisena- Provincial Council Member of central Province from SLFP
*
N. D. N. P. Jayasinghe - Former parliamentarian from JVP and Provincial Council Member of central Province from JNP (SLFP Alliance)
*
Samson Rajapaksa (Diyunuge Samson Rajapaksa) JP (Industrialist *
DSI Samson Group)
*
Dharma Sri Munasinghe Sinhala radio playwright and film screenwriter and director
*
Douglas Ranasinghe
Morathennage Douglas Ranasinghe (born May 27, 1945, si, ඩග්ලස් රණසිංහ), is an actor in Sri Lankan cinema, theater, and television. He acted in many supportive roles in movies including ''Akkara Paha'', ''Yuganthaya'', '' ...
An actor in Sri Lankan cinema, theater, and television
*
Neville Karunatilake H. Neville Sepala Karunatilake (1930 – 24 January 2010) was a Sri Lankan economist and civil servant. He was the former Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka.
Born to Ariyaratna Karunatileke and Neeta Freeda Karunatileke, his father was a lan ...
, Former Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lank
Migration to Kerala
According to some Malayalam folk songs like Vadakkan Pattukal and legend, the Thiyyar were the progeny of four bachelors that the king of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) sent to what is now Kerala at the request of the Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Varma, in the 1st century CE. These men were sent, ostensibly, to set up coconut farming in the region. Another version of the story says that the king sent eight martial families at the request of a Chera king to quell a civil war that had erupted against him. However, they still survive in Malabar and are known as Thiyyar or "Thiyya", localization of the name "Deyva" equivalent to Deva. Thiyyar belong to the main ethnic group called Ezhava.
Thiyyar dynasties
The Mannanar
[Edgar Thurston .1902 Google Archiv]
and tribes of southern India''
/ref> ànn:añaŕ were a Thiyyar dynasty of Malabar, in the present-day Kannur and Kasaragod districts of India.
See also
* Deva people
The Deva are a mythical people of Sri Lanka according to the Sanskrit epics.
According to the Mahavamsa and Ramayana they lived among the Naga, Yakkha and Raskha.
They ousted their arch enemies the Raskha from Sri Lanka, with the help of Lor ...
* Caste system in Sri Lanka
The caste systems in Sri Lanka are social stratification systems found among the ethnic groups of the island since ancient times. The models are similar to those found in Continental India, but are less extensive and important for various reasons, ...
* Ezhava
The Ezhavas () are a community with origins in the region of India presently known as Kerala, where in the 2010s they constituted about 23% of the population and were reported to be the largest Hindu community. They are also known as ''Ilhava'' ...
References
{{reflist
External links
Indo-European peoples
Ancient peoples of India
Ancient peoples of Pakistan
Ancient peoples of Nepal
Sinhalese castes
Yakshas
Rakshasa
Pre Anuradhapura period