Deroceras Reticulatum

''Deroceras reticulatum'', common names the "grey field slug" and "grey garden slug", is a species of small air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae. This species is an important agricultural pest.

Distribution

''Deroceras reticulatum'' is native to Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Islands.Horsák M., Juřičková L. & Picka J. (2013). ''Měkkýši České a Slovenské republiky. Molluscs of the Czech and Slovak Republics''. Kabourek, Zlín, 264 pp. (in Czech and English). It occurs widely in Europe, but is more rare and restricted to cultivated fields in the southeast, particularly in the Balkans, and is probably absent from Greece and the Bulgarian mountains. In the north and central European lowlands, Great Britain, and Ireland, it is probably the most widely occurring slug. In northern Scandinavia it is scarce, and is mainly found as a synanthrope.

This species occurs in countries and islands including:
* Great Britain
* Ireland
* Austria
* Spain
* Bulgaria
* Czech Republic Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. nnotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics. ''Malacologica Bohemoslovaca'', Suppl. 1: 1–37
PDF
– least concern (LC)
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Slovakia
* Sweden
* Latvia
* UkraineBalashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. 2012. An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine. ''Journal of Conchology''. 41 (1): 91–109.

The species has been widely introduced as a synanthrope to many regions:
* North America, in parts of Northern Michigan and Southern Michigan
* Colombia
* Peru
* Argentina – major slug pest in Buenos Aires provinceTulli M. C., Carmona D. M., López A. N., Manetti P. L., Vincini A. M. & Cendoya G. (2009). "Predation on the slug ''Deroceras reticulatum'' (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) by ''Scarites anthracinus'' (Coleoptera: Carabidae)". ''Ecología Austral''. 19: 55–61
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* Saint HelenaCrowley, T.E. & Pain, T. 1977. Mollusca not Charopidae. pp. 534–575, pl. 9–10. In: Basilewsky, P. (Ed.). La faune terrestre de l'île de Sainte-Hélène. Quatrième partie. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Zoologie. 220:1–575.
* Tasmania
* New Zealand
* central Asia
Canada

Description

As all other ''Deroceras'' it has a short keel at the back of the body. ''Deroceras reticulatum'' is very variable in colour, creamy or light coffee cream, rarely blackish spotted (slugs with spots may appear blackish). Behind the mantle there is the dark spots form a reticulate pattern. The skin is thick. Mucus is colourless, on irritation milky white. The slug cannot be distinguished from many other ''Deroceras'' species based only on its external appearance.

This slug can be up to 40–60 mm long (preserved 25–30 mm). The size varies according to the habitat.

Reproductive system: Penis is fleshy and with a silky sheen, in the shape of an irregular sac, in fully mature specimens divided into 2 parts by a deep lateral constriction. Penial gland has very variable shape, usually a few branches or a single long branch. Stimulator is large, conical and narrow. Retractor of the penis is inserted laterally. Vas deferens opens into penis wall facing the external body side. Rectal caecum is large.

This slug can travel up to 40 feet (12.2 m) in one night.

Ecology

Habitat

''Deroceras reticulatum'' is almost exclusively restricted to cultivated areas, usually in open habitats, in meadows, near roadsides, in ruins, gardens and parks, not inside forests. External appearance is very similar to '' Deroceras rodnae'', '' Deroceras praecox'' and the internal anatomy is very similar to '' Deroceras turcicum'', but those three species lives in natural habitats – in woods – and they co-occur with ''Deroceras reticulatum'' very rarely. It shelters under stones and ground litter (It does not burrow into the soil). It is active at night.

Feeding habits

This species is omnivorous, feeding mainly on fresh leaves and fruits or seedings. ''Deroceras reticulatum'' is a serious pest of agricultural crops, garden cultivations and horticulture. After several years with continuous moist weather conditions abundance can seriously increase.

Life cycle

Life cycle covers a few months, usually two generations. The main reproductive phase is in summer and autumn. It lays hundreds of eggs which hatch during early summer."PACIFIC NORTHWEST NURSERY IPM. Snails/Slugs"
Oregon State University, last modified 29 July 2005.

Maximum age is about a year. Slugs die at the first frosts. Usually only eggs hibernate, sometimes also juveniles.

Predators

Various carabid beetles are predators of ''Deroceras reticlatum'', including:
* the European garden beetle ''Carabus nemoralis'', is a beneficial predator (from the human perspective) because it eats the young of this species and also their eggs.
* '' Pterostichus melanarius''Oberholzer F. & Frank T. (2003). "Predation by the carabid Beetles ''Pterostichus melanarius'' and
''Poecilus cupreus'' on Slugs and Slug Eggs". ''Biocontrol Science and Technology'' 13(1): 99–110. .
* '' Pterostichus madidus''
* '' Nebria brevicollis''
* '' Scarites anthracinus'' eats eggs and slugs in Argentina.
* '' Poecilus cupreus''

Parasites

The bacterium '' Moraxella osloensis'' is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode '' Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita''. In nature, ''Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita'' vectors ''Moraxella osloensis'' into the shell cavity of the slug host ''Deroceras reticulatum'' in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug.

''Deroceras reticulatum'' can transfer ''Escherichia coli'' on its body surface.

Parasites of ''Deroceras reticulatum'' include:
* '' Parelaphostrongylus tenuis'' Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment
"Brainworm"
accessed 14 December 2010.

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference An R., SreevatsanS. & Grewal P. S. (2008). "''Moraxella osloensis'' Gene Expression in the Slug Host ''Deroceras reticulatum''". ''BMC Microbiology'' 8: 19. . and public domain text from the reference."Species summary for ''Deroceras reticulatum''"
AnimalBase, last modified 29 August 2010, accessed 10 December 2010.

* Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). ''Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca''. pp 196–219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch

External links

''Deroceras reticulatum''
images at Encyclopedia of Life
*Fauna Europaeabr>Search
Distribution


on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1502135

Gastropods of Europe
Agriolimacidae
Gastropods described in 1774
Taxa named by Otto Friedrich Müller