Degazmach Wube
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Wube Haile Maryam of Semien, (1799-1867), also called by his title ''
Dejazmach Until the end of the Ethiopian Empire, Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Mesafint ( gez, መሳፍንት , modern , singular መስፍን , modern , "prince"), the hereditary nobility, ...
'' Wube, Webé; his name is also given in European sources as ‘‘Ubie’’. Wube was one of the major figures of 19th century Ethiopia, during the closing decades of the
Zemene Mesafint The Zemene Mesafint ( gez, ዘመነ መሳፍንት ''zamana masāfint'', modern: ''zemene mesāfint'', variously translated "Era of Judges," "Era of the Princes," "Age of Princes," etc.; named after the Book of Judges) was a period in Ethiop ...
(lit: ''Era of the princes'') a period of regional lords vying for power, prestige and territory amid a weakened authority of the emperors. The regional ruler and ''
Dejazmach Until the end of the Ethiopian Empire, Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Mesafint ( gez, መሳፍንት , modern , singular መስፍን , modern , "prince"), the hereditary nobility, ...
'' of his
hereditary Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic inform ...
province of Semien, and later as the conqueror and non-Tigrean ruler of the
Tigray Province Tigray Province (Amharic and ), also known as Tigre ( tigrē), was a historical province of northern Ethiopia that overlayed the present day Afar and Tigray regions. Akele Guzai borders with the Tigray province It was one It encompassed most o ...
and other coastal territories in what is now part of central
Eritrea Eritrea ( ; ti, ኤርትራ, Ertra, ; ar, إرتريا, ʾIritriyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia ...
. Wube is remembered in Eritrea and Tigray for barbarous military raids. A major claimant to the Ethiopian throne during his era, Wube was defeated and imprisoned in 1855 by another contender
Kassa Hailu , spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"'' , alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.) Tewodros II ( gez, ዳግማዊ ቴዎድሮስ, baptized as Gebre Kidan; 1818 – 13 April 1868) was Emperor of Ethiopi ...
, the future emperor Tewodros II. Some sources date Wube's defeat as the end of Ethiopia's
Zemene Mesafint The Zemene Mesafint ( gez, ዘመነ መሳፍንት ''zamana masāfint'', modern: ''zemene mesāfint'', variously translated "Era of Judges," "Era of the Princes," "Age of Princes," etc.; named after the Book of Judges) was a period in Ethiop ...
.


Ancestry

Wube's family originated from the
Semien mountains The Simien Mountains (Amharic: ስሜን ተራራ or Səmen; also spelled Simen and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien M ...
, his father,
Haile Maryam Gebre Haile Maryam Gebre of Semien, Horse name: Abba Dammana (lit: Father of the Cloud) was an early 19th century governor of Semien, Welkait and Wogera. Haile Maryam tried to hold his hereditary possessions in the face of continuous pressure from riv ...
was the governor of the Semien province and belonged to the Orthodox Christian
Amharas Amharas ( am, አማራ, Āmara; gez, ዐምሐራ, ʾÄməḥära) are a Semitic-speaking ethnic group which is indigenous to Ethiopia, traditionally inhabiting parts of the northwest Highlands of Ethiopia, particularly inhabiting the Amhara ...
, his mother, Mintayé of
Jan Amora Jan Amora (Amharic: ጃን አሞራ ''jān āmōrā'', "Royal eagle") is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Semien Gondar Zone, Jan Amora is bordered on the south by Misraq Belessa, on the southwest by Wegera, on t ...
, was a side marriage (or
concubine Concubinage is an interpersonal and sexual relationship between a man and a woman in which the couple does not want, or cannot enter into a full marriage. Concubinage and marriage are often regarded as similar but mutually exclusive. Concubi ...
) of his father. Haile Maryam’s had been arranged to marry Hirut Gugsa, who was of Solomonic royal lineage through her mother, princess Amete Selassie, the daughter of Solomonic Amhara king
Tekle Giyorgis I Tekle Giyorgis I ( gez, ተክለ ጊዮርጊስ; c. 1751 – 12 December 1817), throne name Feqr Sagad, was Emperor of Ethiopia intermittently between 20 July 1779 and June 1800, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the youngest son of ...
. Hirut's father was the Oromo Regent, Ras
Gugsa of Yejju Gugsa of Yejju (died 23 May 1825) was a ''Ras'' of Begemder (''circa'' 1798 until his death), and Inderase (regent) of the Emperor of Ethiopia. According to Nathaniel Pearce, he took the Christian name of Wolde Mikael. He was the son of Mersu B ...
. Hirut was Haile Maryam's ‘‘legitimate wife’’, their children (and Wube's older half siblings) were Merso, Betul and Yewub-dar. ● Merso Haile Maryam was the oldest half-brother and early rival of Wube. ●
Betul Haile Maryam Betul Haile Maryam (b. 1812 - d. 29 June 1853, Aysal) was a member of the Semien nobility through his paternal line. Ancestry Betul Haile Maryam was a son of Haile Maryam Gebre, the provincial governor of Semien by Hirut Gugsa. His ...
was the second half brother. He was the father of
Taytu Betul Taytu Betul ( am, ጣይቱ ብጡል; baptised as Wälättä Mikael; 1851 – 11 February 1918) was Empress of Ethiopia from 1889 to 1913 and the third wife of Emperor Menelik II. An influential figure in anti-colonial resistance during the l ...
, the future empress of Ethiopia and wife of Emperor
Menelik II , spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"'' , alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.) Menelik II ( gez, ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ; horse name Abba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው ''abba daññäw''); 17 A ...
. Wube was thus an uncle of Taytu. ● Yewub-dar Haile Maryam was Wube's older half sister. One of the wives of
Sabagadis Woldu Sabagadis Woldu (; horse name: Abba Garray; baptismal name: Za-Manfas Qedus; 1780 – 1831) was a governor of Tigray Province of the Ethiopian Empire from 1822 to 1831. Sabagadis gained some notoriety in the first decade of the 19th century for r ...
; the Irob warlord that ruled
Tigray province Tigray Province (Amharic and ), also known as Tigre ( tigrē), was a historical province of northern Ethiopia that overlayed the present day Afar and Tigray regions. Akele Guzai borders with the Tigray province It was one It encompassed most o ...
from 1822 until 1831. They had one daughter, Yeshimebet Sabagadis; the spouse of Ras
Welde Giyorgis Aboye Welde Giyorgis Aboye (horse name Abba Säggäd; 4 November 1851 – 1 March 1918) was one of the most prominent Ethiopian generals who spearheaded Emperor Menelik's southward expansion at the close of the 19th century. His fame soared after lead ...
, a cousin of Emperor
Menelik II , spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"'' , alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.) Menelik II ( gez, ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ; horse name Abba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው ''abba daññäw''); 17 A ...
and grandson of
Sahle Selassie Sahle Selassie ( Amharic: ሣህለ ሥላሴ, 1795 – 22 October 1847) was a ruler and later King of Shewa from 1813 to 1847. An important Amhara noble of Ethiopia, he was a younger son of Wossen Seged. Sahle Selassie was the father of nume ...
.


Career


Rise of power in Semien

Born to a ‘‘lesser woman’’ and third son of Haile Maryam, Wube was not the prime candidate to inherit Semien from his father, his half-brother
dejazmach Until the end of the Ethiopian Empire, Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Mesafint ( gez, መሳፍንት , modern , singular መስፍን , modern , "prince"), the hereditary nobility, ...
Merso was the designated heir. However, Wubé excelled as a warrior and acquired fame, having conquered the neighboring provinces of
Tsegede Tsegede () is a woreda in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. It is named after the historic province of Tsegede. Located in the Western Zone of Tigray, Tsegede is bordered on the south and west by the Amhara Region, on the northwest by Kafta Humera, and ...
,
Welkait Welkait (also spelled Wolkait or Wolqayt; is a woreda which was historically part of the northern Amhara region of Gonder in Ethiopia. Following the fall of the communist Derg regime and ascension to power of the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front ...
and
Wogera Wegera or Wogera (Amharic: ወገራ), is a woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Wegera is named for the former province Wegera, which was located roughly in the same location, and was later made part of the province of Semien. Part of the Semien ...
for his father in 1826. When Haile Maryam died shortly thereafter, Wubé with the backing of his late father's officers and one of Semien's most influential men at that time; Majate Walda Kidan, removed his brother Merso and took over the rulership of Semien. After Wube's usurpation, his two half brothers and Hirut Gugsa; their mother, fled to
Tigray province Tigray Province (Amharic and ), also known as Tigre ( tigrē), was a historical province of northern Ethiopia that overlayed the present day Afar and Tigray regions. Akele Guzai borders with the Tigray province It was one It encompassed most o ...
to their sister Yewub-dar, wife of
Sabagadis Woldu Sabagadis Woldu (; horse name: Abba Garray; baptismal name: Za-Manfas Qedus; 1780 – 1831) was a governor of Tigray Province of the Ethiopian Empire from 1822 to 1831. Sabagadis gained some notoriety in the first decade of the 19th century for r ...
.


Early defeat and vassalage

In 1827, Wube was immediately challenged by the ruler of northwestern Ethiopia,
Ras Ras or RAS may refer to: Arts and media * RAS Records Real Authentic Sound, a reggae record label * Rundfunk Anstalt Südtirol, a south Tyrolese public broadcasting service * Rás 1, an Icelandic radio station * Rás 2, an Icelandic radio stati ...
Yimam, and ''Dejazmach'' Maru of Dembiya. Wube fought the combined forces of Yimam and Maru and lost but managed to survive the battle. He saw his realm shrink after ceding
Wogera Wegera or Wogera (Amharic: ወገራ), is a woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Wegera is named for the former province Wegera, which was located roughly in the same location, and was later made part of the province of Semien. Part of the Semien ...
, which the Ras awarded to Maru of Dembiya. ''Ras'' Yimam, wary of Maru's ambitions, recognized Wube's governorship over the rest of Semien in return for his fealty. For a few years, Wube depended on the overlordship of the great warlords and governors of
Begemder Begemder ( amh, በጌምድር; also known as Gondar or Gonder, alternative name borrowed from its 20th century capital Gondar) was a province in northwest Ethiopia. Etymology A plausible source for the name ''Bega'' is that the word means " ...
and
Gondar Gondar, also spelled Gonder (Amharic: ጎንደር, ''Gonder'' or ''Gondär''; formerly , ''Gʷandar'' or ''Gʷender''), is a city and woreda in Ethiopia. Located in the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, Gondar is north of Lake Tana on t ...
in northwestern Ethiopia. After his early defeat, Wube tried to strengthen his personal independence. Later that year, Maru of
Dembiya Dembiya ( Amharic: ደምቢያ ''Dembīyā''; also transliterated Dembea, Dambya, Dembya, Dambiya, etc.) is a historic region of Ethiopia, intimately linked with Lake Tana. According to the account of Manuel de Almeida, Dembiya was "bounded on E ...
rebelled against ''Ras'' Yimam and sided with his rival; ''Dejazmach'' Goshu of Gojjam and Damot. ''Ras'' Yimam turned to Wube for military backing, which he honored. In October 1827, the combined armies of Yimam and Wube met the combined armies of Goshu and Maru at Kosso Ber in
Gojjam Gojjam ( ''gōjjām'', originally ጐዛም ''gʷazzam'', later ጐዣም ''gʷažžām'', ጎዣም ''gōžžām'') is a historical province in northwestern Ethiopia, with its capital city at Debre Marqos. Gojjam's earliest western boundary ex ...
and defeated them. Goshu escaped to his mountain fortress but Maru of Dembiya was killed and most of his territories given to Yimam's brother, ''Dejazmach'' Marye Gugsa. Half of Wogera was restored back under Wube's control by the ''Ras'', as a reward for his service.


Broken alliance

Wube then married Dinqinesh Sabagadis, the daughter of the Irob warlord and ruler of Tigray, ''Dejazmach''
Sabagadis Woldu Sabagadis Woldu (; horse name: Abba Garray; baptismal name: Za-Manfas Qedus; 1780 – 1831) was a governor of Tigray Province of the Ethiopian Empire from 1822 to 1831. Sabagadis gained some notoriety in the first decade of the 19th century for r ...
, to foster an alliance against Yimam's successor, ''Ras'' Marye Gugsa. In 1830 however, ''Ras'' Marye invaded Semien, and Sabagadis broke his oath by not coming to Wube's aid, thus leaving Semien to be ravaged by conflict. In a dramatic shift of alliances, Wube sided with Marye against Sabagadis; in turn Sabagadis invaded Semien with his forces and drove Wube out of his fortresses of Amba Tazzan and Amba Hay. Sabagadis recognized Wube's half brother and rival Merso Haile Maryam as the governor of Semien before his return to Tigray.


Conquest of Tigray and Eritrea

In February 1831, Wube and ''Ras'' Marye responded with a vigorous military campaign into Tigray. Marye and Wube's coalition met the forces of Sabagadis near the Tekeze river and conflict ensued. ''Ras'' Marye perished, but Sabagadis lost (the Battle of Debre Abbay) and was executed by ''Ras'' Marye's followers the following day. Wube and his troops remained in Tigray. In the aftermath of Sabagadis's death,
Tigray Province Tigray Province (Amharic and ), also known as Tigre ( tigrē), was a historical province of northern Ethiopia that overlayed the present day Afar and Tigray regions. Akele Guzai borders with the Tigray province It was one It encompassed most o ...
plunged into chaos. Sabagadis' many enemies and rivals turned against his offspring. Moreover, even Sabagadis's own sons and supporters fought each other for ascendancy. Wube took advantage of the divided aristocracy, and pacified the region after a series of wars. He spared Sabagadis's sons (his wife Dinqinesh's brothers) and appointed them as tributary provincial governors in return for their submission. Wube then extended his rule over the northern highlands into the Mereb-Mellash and Akkele-Guzay (in today’s Eritrea) with the submission of the lord of Merab Mellash in 1832. Oral tradition in Eritrea and Tigray preserves strong memories of Wubé as a ruthless and brutal warlord. His armies even reached the
Bogos The Bilen (also variously transcribed as Blin, and also formerly known as the Bogo, Bogos or North Agaw) are a Cushitic ethnic group in the Eritrea. They are primarily concentrated in central Eritrea, in and around the city of Keren and further s ...
area, a dependency of the Hamasén lords of the Mereb Mellash. Wube was thus able to control all the caravan routes to the Red Sea, although his claim to the Ottoman controlled port of Massawa was unsuccessful. The control of these routes opened new opportunities for him to acquire important goods, such as firearms and other weapons, and to establish relations with foreign powers.


Rebellions

Kassai Sabagadis; the governor of
Agame Agame () was a former province in northern Ethiopia. It includes the northeastern corner of the Ethiopian Empire, borders Akele Guzai in Eritrea, Tembien, Kalatta Awlalo and Enderta in the south, and both the Eritrean and Ethiopian Afar lowla ...
and son of late Sabagadis Woldu, rose several times in rebellion against Wube in 1838. Kassai escaped Wube's wrath early that year when the warlord stopped pursuing the fleeing rebel over the Tembien mountains. In the second half of 1838, Wube left Tigray with his main army and crossed the Tekeze into Semien in anticipation of an attack by the regent Ras Ali II on his dominion. In the absence of Wube; Kassai Sabagadis once again raised the standard of revolt, and this time took control of nearly all of Tigray. Wube recrossed the Tekeze and ended Kassai's rebellion. Kassai Sabagadis was put in chains and remained Wube's prisoner for over 15 years until
Tewodros II , spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"'' , alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.) Tewodros II ( gez, ዳግማዊ ቴዎድሮስ, baptized as Gebre Kidan; 1818 – 13 April 1868) was Emperor of Ethiopi ...
freed him. Another son of Sabagadis, ''
Dejazmach Until the end of the Ethiopian Empire, Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Mesafint ( gez, መሳፍንት , modern , singular መስፍን , modern , "prince"), the hereditary nobility, ...
'' Gwangul Sabagadis from Agame was defeated by Wube in the second half of 1841 following his rebellion, Gwangul escaped with his life by fleeing into the salt plain deserts of Taltals. Merso Haile Maryam served as the governor of Tembien until he turned against his brother Wube, and after having devastated parts of
Lasta Lasta (Amharic: ላስታ ''lāstā'') is a historic district in northern Ethiopia. It is the district in which Lalibela is situated, the former capital of Ethiopia during the Zagwe dynasty and home to 11 medieval rock-hewn churches. Its original ...
(governed under Wube's ally) then threatened to march on his brothers dominion. However, when faced by the army of Wube, Merso fled into Yejiu territory.


Foreign contacts

When Wube occupied Tigray, he found a small group of Anglican-sponsored Protestant missionaries, who tried to awake a reformist movement within the Orthodox Christian Church of the Ethiopians. In 1838 he expelled these missionaries and established relations with the French-sponsored
Lazarist , logo = , image = Vincentians.png , abbreviation = CM , nickname = Vincentians, Paules, Lazarites, Lazarists, Lazarians , established = , founder = Vincent de Paul , fou ...
mission, especially with
Justin de Jacobis Giustino Sebastiano Pasquale de Jacobis, CM (9 October 1800 – 31 July 1860) was an Italian Catholic bishop and member of the Congregation of the Mission who became a Vicar Apostolic in Ethiopia and Eritrea and the Titular Bishop of Nilopolis ...
(later canonized as the “apostle of the Abyssinians”). The Catholic missionaries seem to have cultivated Wubé’s hope that he could count on the help of France in his power struggle with the other Ethiopian princes, as diplomatic letters show. The French traveler
Theophile Lefebvre Theophilus is a male given name with a range of alternative spellings. Its origin is the Greek word Θεόφιλος from θεός (God) and φιλία (love or affection) can be translated as "Love of God" or "Friend of God", i.e., it is a theoph ...
influenced Wube to send a delegation (led by Lefebvre himself) to the French monarch
Louis Philippe I Louis Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France. As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary War ...
in a bid to secure French support. By the middle of 1841 Lefebvre returned to Wube's court from France and delivered a present from the French monarch; a small quantity of imported guns and a number of artisans which helped Wube in the production and repairs of military equipment. In addition, a mission sent by Wube to Egypt to acquire a new Coptic metropolitan for Ethiopia (the last metropolitan had died in the 1820s) was successful. In 1841 the
See of Alexandria The Patriarch of Alexandria is the archbishop of Alexandria, Egypt. Historically, this office has included the designation "pope" (etymologically "Father", like "Abbot"). The Alexandrian episcopate was revered as one of the three major epis ...
sent a young monk, who was consecrated as the new patriarch of the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ( am, የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን, ''Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan'') is the largest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. One of the few Chris ...
under the name of “
Abuna Salama III Salama III (died 25 October 1867) was Abuna or head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (1841–1867). Salama was originally brought to the Ethiopian Empire by Dejazmach Wube Haile Maryam. He afterwards attached himself to the party of Em ...
.” Wube also arranged for completion of the ongoing building of Dirasge Mariam Church for his coronation. His status is underpinned by his being exempted from the usual requirement of
vassal A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain. W ...
s to attend the
court A court is any person or institution, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance ...
of ''Ras'' Ali II,
regent A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...
to the
Emperor of Ethiopia The emperor of Ethiopia ( gez, ንጉሠ ነገሥት, nəgusä nägäst, "King of Kings"), also known as the Atse ( am, ዐፄ, "emperor"), was the hereditary monarchy, hereditary ruler of the Ethiopian Empire, from at least the 13th century ...
. In 1841, That same year, Wube defeated ''Ras'' Ali II in battle, taking
Gondar Gondar, also spelled Gonder (Amharic: ጎንደር, ''Gonder'' or ''Gondär''; formerly , ''Gʷandar'' or ''Gʷender''), is a city and woreda in Ethiopia. Located in the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, Gondar is north of Lake Tana on t ...
, the then capital of Ethiopia. Nonetheless, ''Ras'' Ali II escaped. In February 1842, their armies clashed again in the Battle of Debre Tabor, where Wube's initial tactical superiority from imported firearms almost carried the day, until a detachment under ''Dejazmach'' Birru Aligaz, ''Ras'' Ali's uncle, went to pay homage with his forces to Wube's encampment but found him very intoxicated, also without guards and took him prisoner, thus enabling Ali to retain his title. Although Ras Ali II and Wube continued to have some tension, they avoided any serious clash as there was constant threat from Egyptian rulers from the north. Subsequently, Wube was unsuccessful in his efforts to take
Massawa Massawa ( ; ti, ምጽዋዕ, məṣṣəwaʿ; gez, ምጽዋ; ar, مصوع; it, Massaua; pt, Maçuá) is a port city in the Northern Red Sea region of Eritrea, located on the Red Sea at the northern end of the Gulf of Zula beside the Dahlak ...
and in 1844 withdrew inland, finally leaving Tigray in 1846. Kassa Hailu later definitively defeated Ali II in the Battle of Ayshal, 29 June 1853, whereupon Ali fled to Raya where he lived the rest of his life.


Defeat and death

Some sources date the ending of Zemene Mesafint era, during which Ethiopia lacked effective central authority from approximately 1769 to approximately 1855, to ''Ras'' Ali II's defeat at the Battle of Ayshal in 1853, after which Kassa became the ''de facto'' ruler of Ethiopia. However, other sources denote the ending of the Zemene Mesafint as Wube's defeat in 1855, as the last remaining autonomous regional ruler. On 9 February 1855, Wube's army was defeated by
Kassa Hailu , spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"'' , alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.) Tewodros II ( gez, ዳግማዊ ቴዎድሮስ, baptized as Gebre Kidan; 1818 – 13 April 1868) was Emperor of Ethiopi ...
and Wube was captured and imprisoned. Within a few days, Kassa, who had previously been titled as a ''
Negus Negus (Negeuce, Negoose) ( gez, ንጉሥ, ' ; cf. ti, ነጋሲ ' ) is a title in the Ethiopian Semitic languages. It denotes a monarch,
'', was finally crowned Emperor Tewodros II, ironically by Abuna Salama III in the Dirasge Mariam Church. Although some sources suggest that Wube may have died in 1855, it is more commonly accepted that he spent the later part of his years in prison and died in 1867.


References


Notes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wube Haile Maryam
1799 births 1867 deaths 19th-century Ethiopian people Warlords of the Zemene Mesafint History of Ethiopia