David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer, novelist, poet and essayist. His works reflect on modernity, industrialization, sexuality, emotional health, vitality, spontaneity and instinct. His best-known novels—'' Sons and Lovers'', ''
The Rainbow
''The Rainbow'' is a novel by British author D. H. Lawrence, first published by Methuen & Co. in 1915. It follows three generations of the Brangwen family living in Nottinghamshire, focusing particularly on the individual's struggle to growth ...
'', ''
Women in Love
''Women in Love'' (1920) is a novel by English author D. H. Lawrence. It is a sequel to his earlier novel ''The Rainbow'' (1915) and follows the continuing loves and lives of the Brangwen sisters, Gudrun and Ursula. Gudrun Brangwen, an artist, ...
'', and ''
Lady Chatterley's Lover
''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' is the last novel by English author D. H. Lawrence, which was first published privately in 1928, in Italy, and in 1929, in France. An unexpurgated edition was not published openly in the United Kingdom until 1960, w ...
''— were the subject of censorship trials.
Lawrence's opinions and artistic preferences earned him many enemies, and he endured persecution and misrepresentation of his creative work throughout the second half of his life, much of which he spent in a voluntary exile, four years of which he described as a "savage enough pilgrimage". At the time of his death, his public reputation was that of a pornographer who had wasted his considerable talents. However, English novelist and critic E. M. Forster, in an obituary notice, challenged this widely held view, describing him as "the greatest imaginative novelist of our generation." Later, English literary critic
F. R. Leavis
Frank Raymond "F. R." Leavis (14 July 1895 – 14 April 1978) was an English literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth century. He taught for much of his career at Downing College, Cambridge, and later at the University of York.
Leavis ra ...
also championed both his artistic integrity and his moral seriousness.
Life and career
Early life
The fourth child of Arthur John Lawrence, a barely literate miner at
Brinsley Colliery
Brinsley Colliery was a coal mine in west Nottinghamshire, close to the boundary with Derbyshire, in what is now Broxtowe district.
History
It was opened around 1842.
It closed as a working pit in 1934 when the seams were exhausted. The shaft ...
, and Lydia Beardsall, a former
pupil-teacher
Pupil teacher was a training program in wide use before the twentieth century, as an apprentice system for teachers. With the emergence in the beginning of the nineteenth century of education for the masses, demand for teachers increased. By 1840, ...
who had been forced to perform manual work in a lace factory due to her family's financial difficulties, Lawrence spent his formative years in the
coal mining
Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from ...
town of
Eastwood Eastwood may refer to:
Places
;in Australia
*Eastwood, New South Wales
**Eastwood railway station
**Electoral district of Eastwood
*Eastwood, South Australia
;in Canada
* Eastwood, Ontario
*Eastwood, Edmonton, Alberta, a neighborhood
;in the Ph ...
,
Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire (; abbreviated Notts.) is a landlocked county in the East Midlands region of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditi ...
. The house in which he was born, 8a Victoria Street, is now the
D. H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum
The D. H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum is a writer's home museum dedicated to the writer D. H. Lawrence situated in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, Eastwood, near Nottingham.
It is the house in which he was born in 1885, and one of the four houses the ...
. His working-class background and the tensions between his parents provided the raw material for a number of his early works. Lawrence roamed out from an early age in the patches of open, hilly country and remaining fragments of
Sherwood Forest
Sherwood Forest is a royal forest in Nottinghamshire, England, famous because of its historic association with the legend of Robin Hood.
The area has been wooded since the end of the Last Glacial Period (as attested by pollen sampling cores ...
Eastwood Eastwood may refer to:
Places
;in Australia
*Eastwood, New South Wales
**Eastwood railway station
**Electoral district of Eastwood
*Eastwood, South Australia
;in Canada
* Eastwood, Ontario
*Eastwood, Edmonton, Alberta, a neighborhood
;in the Ph ...
, beginning a lifelong appreciation of the natural world, and he often wrote about "the country of my heart" as a setting for much of his fiction.
The young Lawrence attended Beauvale Board School (now renamed Greasley Beauvale D. H. Lawrence Primary School in his honour) from 1891 until 1898, becoming the first local pupil to win a
county council
A county council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.
Ireland
The county councils created under British rule in 1899 continue to exist in Irela ...
scholarship to
Nottingham High School
, motto_translation = Praise to the end
, address = Waverley Mount
, city = Nottingham
, county = Nottinghamshire
, postcode = NG7 4ED
, country = England
, coordinates =
, type = Independent day school
, established =
, closed =
, religious ...
in nearby
Nottingham
Nottingham ( , East Midlands English, locally ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city and Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire, East Midlands, England. It is located north-west of London, south-east ...
. He left in 1901, working for three months as a junior clerk at Haywood's surgical appliances factory, but a severe bout of
pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severity ...
ended this career. During his convalescence he often visited Hagg's Farm, the home of the Chambers family, and began a friendship with Jessie Chambers. An important aspect of this relationship with Chambers and other adolescent acquaintances was a shared love of books, an interest that lasted throughout Lawrence's life.
In the years 1902 to 1906 Lawrence served as a
pupil-teacher
Pupil teacher was a training program in wide use before the twentieth century, as an apprentice system for teachers. With the emergence in the beginning of the nineteenth century of education for the masses, demand for teachers increased. By 1840, ...
at the British School, Eastwood. He went on to become a full-time student and received a teaching certificate from
University College, Nottingham
, mottoeng = A city is built on wisdom
, established = 1798 – teacher training college1881 – University College Nottingham1948 – university status
, type = Public
, chancellor ...
(then an external college of
University of London
The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degree ...
), in 1908. During these early years he was working on his first poems, some short stories, and a draft of a novel, ''Laetitia'', which was eventually to become ''
The White Peacock
''The White Peacock'' is the first novel by D. H. Lawrence, published in 1911, though with 1910 on the title page. Lawrence started the novel in 1906 and then rewrote it three times. The early versions had the working title of ''Laetitia.''
Ma ...
.'' At the end of 1907 he won a short story competition in the ''Nottinghamshire Guardian'', the first time that he had gained any wider recognition for his literary talents.
Early career
In the autumn of 1908, the newly qualified Lawrence left his childhood home for London. While teaching in Davidson Road School,
Croydon
Croydon is a large town in south London, England, south of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Croydon, a local government district of Greater London. It is one of the largest commercial districts in Greater London, with an extensi ...
, he continued writing. Jessie Chambers submitted some of Lawrence's early poetry to Ford Madox Ford (then known as Ford Hermann Hueffer), editor of the influential '' The English Review''. Hueffer then commissioned the story ''
Odour of Chrysanthemums
"Odour of Chrysanthemums" is a short story by D. H. Lawrence. It was written in the autumn of 1909 and after revision, was published in ''The English Review'' in July 1911. Lawrence later included this tale in his collection entitled '' The Prussia ...
'' which, when published in that magazine, encouraged
Heinemann Heinemann may refer to:
* Heinemann (surname)
* Heinemann (publisher), a publishing company
* Heinemann Park, a.k.a. Pelican Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
See also
* Heineman
* Jamie Hyneman
James Franklin Hyneman (born Se ...
, a London publisher, to ask Lawrence for more work. His career as a professional author now began in earnest, although he taught for another year.
Shortly after the final proofs of his first published novel, ''
The White Peacock
''The White Peacock'' is the first novel by D. H. Lawrence, published in 1911, though with 1910 on the title page. Lawrence started the novel in 1906 and then rewrote it three times. The early versions had the working title of ''Laetitia.''
Ma ...
'', appeared in 1910, Lawrence's mother died of
cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal b ...
. The young man was devastated, and he was to describe the next few months as his "sick year". Due to Lawrence's close relationship with his mother, his grief became a major turning point in his life, just as the death of his character, Mrs. Morel, is a major turning point in his autobiographical novel '' Sons and Lovers'', a work that draws upon much of the writer's provincial upbringing. Essentially concerned with the emotional battle for Lawrence's love between his mother and "Miriam" (in reality Jessie Chambers), the novel also documents Lawrence's (through his protagonist, Paul) brief intimate relationship with Chambers that Lawrence had finally initiated in the Christmas of 1909, ending it in August 1910. The hurt this caused Chambers and, finally, her portrayal in the novel, ended their friendship; after it was published, they never spoke again.
In 1911, Lawrence was introduced to
Edward Garnett
Edward William Garnett (5 January 1868 – 19 February 1937) was an English writer, critic and literary editor, who was instrumental in the publication of D. H. Lawrence's ''Sons and Lovers''.
Early life and family
Edward Garnett was born i ...
, a publisher's reader, who acted as a mentor and became a valued friend, as did his son
David
David (; , "beloved one") (traditional spelling), , ''Dāwūd''; grc-koi, Δαυΐδ, Dauíd; la, Davidus, David; gez , ዳዊት, ''Dawit''; xcl, Դաւիթ, ''Dawitʿ''; cu, Давíдъ, ''Davidŭ''; possibly meaning "beloved one". w ...
. Throughout these months, the young author revised ''Paul Morel'', the first draft of what became '' Sons and Lovers''. In addition, a teaching colleague, Helen Corke, gave him access to her intimate diaries about an unhappy love affair, which formed the basis of ''
The Trespasser
Trespasser
In the law of tort, property, and criminal law a trespasser is a person who commits the act of trespassing on a property, that is, without the permission of the owner. Being present on land as a trespasser thereto creates liabi ...
'', his second novel. In November 1911, Lawrence came down with a pneumonia again; once recovered, he abandoned teaching in order to become a full-time writer. In February 1912, he broke off an engagement to Louie Burrows, an old friend from his days in Nottingham and Eastwood.
In March 1912, Lawrence met Frieda Weekley (née von Richthofen), with whom he was to share the rest of his life. Six years his senior, she was married to Ernest Weekley, his former
modern languages
A modern language is any human language that is currently in use. The term is used in language education to distinguish between languages which are used for day-to-day communication (such as French and German) and dead classical languages such a ...
professor at
University College, Nottingham
, mottoeng = A city is built on wisdom
, established = 1798 – teacher training college1881 – University College Nottingham1948 – university status
, type = Public
, chancellor ...
, and had three young children. However, she and Lawrence
eloped
Elopement is a term that is used in reference to a marriage which is conducted in a sudden and secretive fashion, usually involving a hurried flight away from one's place of residence together with one's beloved with the intention of getting ma ...
and left England for Frieda's parents' home in
Metz
Metz ( , , lat, Divodurum Mediomatricorum, then ) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle department and the seat of the parliament of the Grand E ...
, a
garrison town
A garrison (from the French ''garnison'', itself from the verb ''garnir'', "to equip") is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it. The term now often applies to certain facilities that constitute a mil ...
(then in Germany) near the disputed border with France. Lawrence experienced his first encounter with tensions between Germany and France when he was arrested and accused of being a British
spy
Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence) from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information for a tangib ...
, before being released following an intervention from Frieda's father. After this incident, Lawrence left for a small hamlet to the south of
Munich
Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
where he was joined by Frieda for their "honeymoon", later memorialised in the series of love poems titled ''Look! We Have Come Through'' (1917). During 1912 Lawrence wrote the first of his so-called "mining plays", ''
The Daughter-in-Law
''The Daughter-in-Law'' is the first Play (theatre), play by D. H. Lawrence, completed in January 1913. Lawrence described it as "neither a tragedy nor a comedy - just ordinary". It was neither staged nor published in his lifetime.
The first sta ...
'', written in Nottingham dialect. The play was never to be performed, or even published, in Lawrence's lifetime.
From Germany, they walked southwards across the
Alps
The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Sw ...
to Italy, a journey that was recorded in the first of his travel books, a collection of linked essays titled ''Twilight in Italy'' and the unfinished novel, ''Mr Noon''. During his stay in Italy, Lawrence completed the final version of ''Sons and Lovers''. Having become so tired of the manuscript, he allowed Edward Garnett to cut roughly 100 pages from the text. The novel was published in 1913 and hailed as a vivid portrait of the realities of working class provincial life.
Lawrence and Frieda returned to Britain in 1913 for a short visit, during which they encountered and befriended
critic
A critic is a person who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as art, literature, music, cinema, theater, fashion, architecture, and food. Critics may also take as their subject social or governmen ...
John Middleton Murry
John Middleton Murry (6 August 1889 – 12 March 1957) was an English writer. He was a prolific author, producing more than 60 books and thousands of essays and reviews on literature, social issues, politics, and religion during his lifetime. ...
W. H. Davies
William Henry Davies (3 July 1871 – 26 September 1940) was a Welsh poet and writer, who spent much of his life as a tramp or hobo in the United Kingdom and the United States, yet became one of the most popular poets of his time. His themes inc ...
, whose nature poetry he greatly admired. Davies collected
autographs
An autograph is a person's own handwriting or signature. The word ''autograph'' comes from Ancient Greek (, ''autós'', "self" and , ''gráphō'', "write"), and can mean more specifically:Philip Babcock Gove, Gove, Philip B. (ed.), 1981. ''Webst ...
, and had been particularly keen to obtain Lawrence's signature. Georgian poetry publisher Edward Marsh secured an autograph, probably as part of a signed poem, for Davies, and hosted a meeting in London at which the poet met with Lawrence and his wife. Lawrence was immediately captivated by Davies and later invited him to visit them in Germany. However, despite this early enthusiasm for Davies' work, Lawrence's opinion changed after reading ''Foliage''; whilst in Italy, he also disparaged ''Nature Poems'', calling them "so thin, one can hardly feel them".
After the couple returned to Italy, staying in a cottage in Fiascherino on the Gulf of Spezia Lawrence wrote the first draft of what would later be transformed into two of his best-known novels, ''
The Rainbow
''The Rainbow'' is a novel by British author D. H. Lawrence, first published by Methuen & Co. in 1915. It follows three generations of the Brangwen family living in Nottinghamshire, focusing particularly on the individual's struggle to growth ...
'' and ''
Women in Love
''Women in Love'' (1920) is a novel by English author D. H. Lawrence. It is a sequel to his earlier novel ''The Rainbow'' (1915) and follows the continuing loves and lives of the Brangwen sisters, Gudrun and Ursula. Gudrun Brangwen, an artist, ...
'', in which unconventional female characters take centre stage. Both novels were highly controversial and were
banned
A ban is a formal or informal prohibition of something. Bans are formed for the prohibition of activities within a certain political territory. Some bans in commerce are referred to as embargoes. ''Ban'' is also used as a verb similar in meaning ...
on publication in the UK for
obscenity
An obscenity is any utterance or act that strongly offends the prevalent morality of the time. It is derived from the Latin ''obscēnus'', ''obscaenus'', "boding ill; disgusting; indecent", of uncertain etymology. Such loaded language can be use ...
, although ''
Women in Love
''Women in Love'' (1920) is a novel by English author D. H. Lawrence. It is a sequel to his earlier novel ''The Rainbow'' (1915) and follows the continuing loves and lives of the Brangwen sisters, Gudrun and Ursula. Gudrun Brangwen, an artist, ...
'' was banned only temporarily.
''The Rainbow'' follows three generations of a Nottinghamshire farming family from the pre-industrial to the industrial age, focusing particularly on a daughter, Ursula, and her aspiration for a more fulfilling life than that of becoming a housebound wife. ''Women in Love'' delves into the complex relationships between four major characters, including the sisters Ursula and Gudrun. Both novels explored grand themes and ideas that challenged conventional thought on
the arts
The arts are a very wide range of human practices of creative expression, storytelling and cultural participation. They encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing and being, in an extremely broad range of media. Both ...
, politics, economic growth, gender, sexual experience, friendship and marriage. Lawrence's views as expressed in the novels are now thought to be far ahead of his time. The frank and relatively straightforward manner in which he wrote about
sexual attraction
Sexual attraction is attraction on the basis of sexual desire or the quality of arousing such interest. Sexual attractiveness or sex appeal is an individual's ability to attract other people sexually, and is a factor in sexual selection or mat ...
was ostensibly why the books were initially banned, in particular the mention of same-sex attraction; Ursula has an affair with a woman in ''The Rainbow'', and there is an undercurrent of attraction between the two principal male characters in ''Women in Love''.
While working on ''Women in Love'' in
Cornwall
Cornwall (; kw, Kernow ) is a historic county and ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic ...
during 1916–17, Lawrence developed a strong relationship with a Cornish farmer named William Henry Hocking, which some scholars believe was possibly romantic, especially considering Lawrence's fascination with the theme of homosexuality in ''Women in Love''. Although Lawrence never made it clear their relationship was sexual, Frieda believed it was. In a letter written during 1913, he writes, "I should like to know why nearly every man that approaches greatness tends to homosexuality, whether he admits it or not...." He is also quoted as saying, "I believe the nearest I've come to perfect love was with a young coal-miner when I was about 16." However, given his enduring and robust relationship with Frieda it is likely that he was primarily " bi-curious", and whether he actually ever had homosexual relations remains an open question.
Eventually, Frieda obtained her divorce from Ernest Weekley. Lawrence and Frieda returned to Britain shortly before the outbreak of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
and were legally married on 13 July 1914. During this time, Lawrence worked with London intellectuals and writers such as
Dora Marsden
Dora Marsden (5 March 1882 – 13 December 1960) was an English suffragette, editor of literary journals, and philosopher of language. Beginning her career as an activist in the Women's Social and Political Union, Marsden eventually broke ...
,
T. S. Eliot
Thomas Stearns Eliot (26 September 18884 January 1965) was a poet, essayist, publisher, playwright, literary critic and editor.Bush, Ronald. "T. S. Eliot's Life and Career", in John A Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (eds), ''American National Biogr ...
,
Ezra Pound
Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a Fascism, fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works ...
literary magazine
A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. Literary magazines usually publish short stories, poetry, and essays, along with literary criticism, book reviews, biographical profiles of authors, interviews and letter ...
that published some of his work. Lawrence also worked on adapting Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's '' Manifesto of Futurism'' into English. He also met the young Jewish artist Mark Gertler, with whom he became good friends for a time; Lawrence would later express his admiration for Gertler's 1916 anti-war painting, ''Merry-Go-Round'' as "the best ''modern'' picture I have seen. . . it is great and true." Gertler would inspire the character Loerke (a sculptor) in ''Women in Love''.
Frieda's German parentage and Lawrence's open contempt for militarism caused them to be viewed with suspicion and live in near-destitution during wartime Britain; this may have contributed to ''
The Rainbow
''The Rainbow'' is a novel by British author D. H. Lawrence, first published by Methuen & Co. in 1915. It follows three generations of the Brangwen family living in Nottinghamshire, focusing particularly on the individual's struggle to growth ...
'' being suppressed and investigated for its alleged
obscenity
An obscenity is any utterance or act that strongly offends the prevalent morality of the time. It is derived from the Latin ''obscēnus'', ''obscaenus'', "boding ill; disgusting; indecent", of uncertain etymology. Such loaded language can be use ...
in 1915. Later, the couple were accused of spying and signaling to
German submarines
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
off the coast of
Cornwall
Cornwall (; kw, Kernow ) is a historic county and ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic ...
, where they lived at Zennor. During this period, Lawrence finished his final draft of ''Women in Love''. Not published until 1920, it is now widely recognized as a novel of great dramatic force and intellectual subtlety.
In late 1917, after constant harassment by the armed forces and other authorities, Lawrence was forced to leave Cornwall at three days’ notice under the terms of the
Defence of the Realm Act
The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) was passed in the United Kingdom on 8 August 1914, four days after it entered the First World War and was added to as the war progressed. It gave the government wide-ranging powers during the war, such as the p ...
. This persecution was later described in an autobiographical chapter of his novel ''Kangaroo'' (1923). Lawrence spent a few months of early 1918 in the small, rural village of Hermitage near
Newbury, Berkshire
Newbury is a market town in the county of Berkshire, England, and is home to the administrative headquarters of West Berkshire Council. The town centre around its large market square retains a rare medieval Cloth Hall, an adjoining half timbere ...
. Subsequently, he lived for just under a year (mid-1918 to early 1919) at Mountain Cottage,
Middleton-by-Wirksworth
Middleton or Middleton-by-Wirksworth is an upland village and civil parish lying approximately one mile NNW of Wirksworth, Derbyshire, England. Middleton was, in 1086, a berewick (a supporting farm) of the town and manor of Wirksworth. Middleton ...
,
Derbyshire
Derbyshire ( ) is a ceremonial county in the East Midlands, England. It includes much of the Peak District National Park, the southern end of the Pennine range of hills and part of the National Forest. It borders Greater Manchester to the nor ...
, where he wrote one of his most poetic short stories, “Wintry Peacock”. Until 1919, poverty compelled him to shift from address to address.
During this period, he barely survived a severe attack of
influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms ...
.
Exile
After the wartime years, Lawrence began what he termed his "savage pilgrimage", a time of voluntary exile from his native country. He escaped from Britain at the earliest practical opportunity and returned only twice for brief visits, spending the remainder of his life travelling with Frieda. This wanderlust took him to Australia, Italy,
Ceylon
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
(
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
), the United States, Mexico and the
South of France
Southern France, also known as the South of France or colloquially in French as , is a defined geographical area consisting of the regions of France that border the Atlantic Ocean south of the Marais Poitevin,Louis Papy, ''Le midi atlantique'', A ...
. Abandoning Britain in November 1919, they headed south, first to the
Abruzzo
Abruzzo (, , ; nap, label=Neapolitan language, Abruzzese Neapolitan, Abbrùzze , ''Abbrìzze'' or ''Abbrèzze'' ; nap, label=Sabino dialect, Aquilano, Abbrùzzu; #History, historically Abruzzi) is a Regions of Italy, region of Southern Italy wi ...
region in central Italy and then onwards to
Capri
Capri ( , ; ; ) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrento Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy. The main town of Capri that is located on the island shares the name. It has been ...
and the Fontana Vecchia in
Taormina
Taormina ( , , also , ; scn, Taurmina) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina, on the east coast of the island of Sicily, Italy. Taormina has been a tourist destination since the 19th century. Its beaches on ...
, Sicily. From Sicily they made brief excursions to
Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
,
Monte Cassino
Monte Cassino (today usually spelled Montecassino) is a rocky hill about southeast of Rome, in the Latin Valley, Italy, west of Cassino and at an elevation of . Site of the Roman town of Casinum, it is widely known for its abbey, the first h ...
,
Malta
Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...
, Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany.
Many of these places appear in Lawrence's writings, including ''
The Lost Girl
''The Lost Girl'' is a novel by D. H. Lawrence, first published in 1920. It was awarded the 1920 James Tait Black Memorial Prize in the fiction category.
Lawrence started it shortly after writing ''Women in Love'', and worked on it only spora ...
Mr Noon
''Mr Noon'' is an unfinished novel by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It appears to have been drafted in 1920 and 1921 and then abandoned by the author. It consists of two parts.
The first part was published posthumously by Secker as a long ...
'' (the first part of which was published in the Phoenix anthology of his works, and the entirety in 1984). He wrote novellas such as ''
The Captain's Doll
''The Captain's Doll'' is a short story or novella by the English author D. H. Lawrence. It was written in 1921 and first published by Martin Secker in March 1923 in a volume with ''The Ladybird'' and '' The Fox''. It was the basis of the 1983 T ...
'', '' The Fox'' and '' The Ladybird''. In addition, some of his short stories were issued in the collection ''
England, My England and Other Stories
''England, My England'' is a collection of short stories by D. H. Lawrence. Individual items were originally written between 1913 and 1921, many of them against the background of World War I. Most of these versions were placed in magazines or pe ...
''. During these years Lawrence also wrote poems about the natural world in '' Birds, Beasts and Flowers''.
Lawrence is often considered one of the finest travel writers in English. ''
Sea and Sardinia
''Sea and Sardinia'' is a travel book by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It describes a brief excursion undertaken in January 1921 by Lawrence and his wife Frieda, a.k.a. Queen Bee, from Taormina in Sicily to the interior of Sardinia. They v ...
'' describes a brief journey undertaken in January 1921 and focuses on the life of
Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
’s people. Less well known is his eighty-four page introduction to
Maurice Magnus
Maurice Magnus (7 November 1876 – 4 November 1920) was an American traveller and author of ''Memoirs of the Foreign Legion'' (1924), which exposed the cruelty and depravity of life in that French army unit in 1916–17 and tells of his desertio ...
's 1924 ''Memoirs of the Foreign Legion'', in which Lawrence recalls his visit to the monastery of
Monte Cassino
Monte Cassino (today usually spelled Montecassino) is a rocky hill about southeast of Rome, in the Latin Valley, Italy, west of Cassino and at an elevation of . Site of the Roman town of Casinum, it is widely known for its abbey, the first h ...
.
His other nonfiction books include two responses to Freudian
psychoanalysis
PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might b ...
, ''Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious'' and ''Fantasia of the Unconscious''; ''
Movements in European History
''Movements in European History'' was a school textbook, originally published by Oxford University Press, by the English author D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence was facing destitution at the time and he wrote it as a potboiler. The first edition was publis ...
'', a school textbook published under a pseudonym, is a reflection of Lawrence's blighted reputation in Britain.
Later life and career
In late February 1922, the Lawrences left Europe intending to migrate to the United States. They sailed in an easterly direction, however, first to Ceylon and then on to Australia. During a short residence in
Darlington
Darlington is a market town in the Borough of Darlington, County Durham, England. The River Skerne flows through the town; it is a tributary of the River Tees. The Tees itself flows south of the town.
In the 19th century, Darlington underwen ...
, Western Australia, Lawrence met local writer Mollie Skinner, with whom he coauthored the novel ''
The Boy in the Bush
''The Boy in the Bush'' is a novel by D. H. Lawrence set in Western Australia, first published in 1924. It is derived from a story in a manuscript given to Lawrence by Mollie Skinner, entitled ''The House of Ellis''. The title page of the first ...
''. This stay was followed by a brief stop in the small coastal town of
Thirroul
Thirroul () is a northern seaside suburb of the city of Wollongong, Australia. Situated between Austinmer and Bulli, it is approximately 13 kilometres north of Wollongong, and 73 km south of Sydney. It lies between the Pacific Ocean and ...
, New South Wales, during which Lawrence completed ''Kangaroo'', a novel about local fringe politics that also explored his wartime experiences in Cornwall.
The Lawrences finally arrived in the United States in September 1922. Lawrence had several times discussed the idea of setting up a
utopian
A utopia ( ) typically describes an imaginary community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its members. It was coined by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book ''Utopia'', describing a fictional island society ...
community with several of his friends, having written in 1915 to Willie Hopkin, his old
socialist
Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ...
friend from Eastwood:
"I want to gather together about twenty souls and sail away from this world of war and squalor and found a little colony where there shall be no money but a sort of communism as far as necessaries of life go, and some real decency … a place where one can live simply, apart from this civilisation …
ith
The Ith () is a ridge in Germany's Central Uplands which is up to 439 m high. It lies about 40 km southwest of Hanover and, at 22 kilometres, is the longest line of crags in North Germany.
Geography
Location
The Ith is immediatel ...
a few other people who are also at peace and happy and live, and understand and be free.…"
It was with this in mind that they made for
Taos
Taos or TAOS may refer to:
Places
* Taos, Missouri, a city in Cole County, Missouri, United States
* Taos County, New Mexico, United States
** Taos, New Mexico, a city, the county seat of Taos County, New Mexico
*** Taos art colony, an art colo ...
, New Mexico, a Pueblo town where many white "bohemians" had settled, including Mabel Dodge Luhan, a prominent socialite. Here they eventually acquired the 160-acre (0.65 km2) Kiowa Ranch, now called the
D. H. Lawrence Ranch
The D. H. Lawrence Ranch, as it is now known, was the New Mexico residence of the English novelist D. H. Lawrence for about two years during the 1920s and the only property Lawrence and his wife Frieda owned. The property, originally named the ' ...
, in 1924 from Dodge Luhan in exchange for the manuscript of ''Sons and Lovers''. The couple stayed in New Mexico for two years, with extended visits to Lake Chapala and
Oaxaca
Oaxaca ( , also , , from nci, Huāxyacac ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of Mexico. It is ...
in Mexico. While Lawrence was in New Mexico, he was visited by Aldous Huxley.
Editor and book designer
Merle Armitage
Merle Armitage (1893 - March 15, 1975) was an American set designer, tour manager, theater producer, opera producer, art collector, author, and book designer.
Biography
Armitage was born in 1893 in Iowa.
Armitage became a theater set designer i ...
wrote a book about D. H. Lawrence in New Mexico. ''Taos Quartet in Three Movements'' was originally to appear in Flair Magazine, but the magazine folded before its publication. This short work describes the tumultuous relationship of D. H. Lawrence, his wife Frieda, artist
Dorothy Brett
Hon. Dorothy Eugénie Brett (10 November 1883 – 27 August 1977) was an Anglo-American painter, remembered as much for her social life as for her art. Born into an aristocratic British family, she lived a sheltered early life. During her ...
, and Mabel Dodge Sterne Luhan. Armitage took it upon himself to print 16 hardcover copies of this work for his friends.
Richard Pousette-Dart
Richard Warren Pousette-Dart (June 8, 1916 – October 25, 1992) was an American abstract expressionist artist most recognized as a founder of the New York School of painting.Kimmelman, Michae"Richard Pousette-Dart, 76, Dies; An Early Abstract E ...
executed the drawings for ''Taos Quartet'', published in 1950.
While in the U.S., Lawrence rewrote and published ''
Studies in Classic American Literature
''Studies in Classic American Literature'' is a work of literary criticism by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It was first published by Thomas Seltzer in the United States in August 1923. The British edition was published in June 1924 by Mart ...
'', a set of critical essays begun in 1917 and later described by Edmund Wilson as "one of the few first-rate books that have ever been written on the subject". These interpretations, with their insights into
symbol
A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise very different conc ...
ism,
New England Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in New England. "Transcendentalism is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Wald ...
and the Puritan sensibility, were a significant factor in the revival of the reputation of
Herman Melville
Herman Melville (Name change, born Melvill; August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American people, American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance (literature), American Renaissance period. Among his bes ...
during the early 1920s. In addition, Lawrence completed new fictional works, including ''
The Boy in the Bush
''The Boy in the Bush'' is a novel by D. H. Lawrence set in Western Australia, first published in 1924. It is derived from a story in a manuscript given to Lawrence by Mollie Skinner, entitled ''The House of Ellis''. The title page of the first ...
'', ''
The Plumed Serpent
''The Plumed Serpent'' is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there. The novel was first published by Martin Secker's firm in t ...
'', ''
St Mawr
''St Mawr'' is a short novel (or novella) written by D. H. Lawrence. It was first published in 1925.
The heroine of the story, Lou Witt, abandons her sterile marriage and a brittle, cynical post-First World War England. Her sense of alienatio ...
'', ''
The Woman who Rode Away
"The Woman who Rode Away" is a short story by D. H. Lawrence. It was written in New Mexico during the summer of 1924 and first published in ''The Dial'' in two installments in 1925. It later became the title story for a collection of Lawrence's ...
'', ''The Princess'' and other short stories. He also produced the collection of linked travel essays that became ''
Mornings in Mexico
''Mornings in Mexico'' is a collection of travel essays by D. H. Lawrence, first published by Martin Secker in 1927. These brief works display Lawrence's gifts as a travel writer, catching the 'spirit of place' in his own vivid manner.
Lawren ...
''.
A brief voyage to England at the end of 1923 was a failure and Lawrence soon returned to Taos, convinced his life as an author now lay in the United States. However, in March 1925 he suffered a near fatal attack of
malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...
and
tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...
while on a third visit to
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
. Although he eventually recovered, the diagnosis of his condition obliged him to return once again to Europe. He was dangerously ill and the poor health limited his ability to travel for the remainder of his life. The Lawrences made their home in a villa in Northern Italy, living near
Florence
Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...
Lady Chatterley's Lover
''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' is the last novel by English author D. H. Lawrence, which was first published privately in 1928, in Italy, and in 1929, in France. An unexpurgated edition was not published openly in the United Kingdom until 1960, w ...
'' (1928). The latter book, his last major novel, was initially published in private editions in Florence and Paris and reinforced his notoriety. A story set once more in Nottinghamshire about a cross-class relationship between a Lady and her gamekeeper, it broke new ground in describing their sexual relationship in explicit yet literary language. Lawrence hoped to challenge the British taboos around sex: to enable men and women "to think sex, fully, completely, honestly, and cleanly." Lawrence responded robustly to those who took offense, even publishing satirical poems (''Pansies'' and ''Nettles'') as well as a
tract
Tract may refer to:
Geography and real estate
* Housing tract, an area of land that is subdivided into smaller individual lots
* Land lot or tract, a section of land
* Census tract, a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census
...
on ''Pornography and Obscenity''.
The return to Italy allowed him to renew old friendships; during these years he was particularly close to Aldous Huxley, who was to edit the first collection of Lawrence's letters after his death, along with a memoir. After Lawrence visited local archaeological sites (particularly old tombs) with artist
Earl Brewster
Earl Henry Brewster (1878–1957) was an American painter, writer, and scholar, best known today for his close friendship with D.H. Lawrence, and for his compilation of the life of the Buddha, first published in 1926 and still in print.
Early lif ...
in April 1927, his collected essays inspired by the excursions were published as '' Sketches of Etruscan Places'', a book that contrasts the lively past with
Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ...
's fascism.
Lawrence continued to produce short stories and other works of fiction such as ''
The Escaped Cock
''The Escaped Cock'' is a short novel by D. H. Lawrence that he originally wrote in two parts and published in 1929. Lawrence wrote the first part in 1927 after visiting some Etruscan tombs with his friend Earl Brewster, a trip that encouraged t ...
'' (also published as ''The Man Who Died''), an unorthodox reworking of the story of Jesus Christ's
Resurrection
Resurrection or anastasis is the concept of coming back to life after death. In a number of religions, a dying-and-rising god is a deity which dies and is resurrected. Reincarnation is a similar process hypothesized by other religions, which ...
.
During his final years, Lawrence renewed his serious interest in oil painting. Official harassment persisted and an exhibition of his paintings at the Warren Gallery in London was raided by the police in mid 1929 and several works were confiscated.
Death
Lawrence continued to write despite his failing health. In his last months he wrote numerous poems, reviews and essays, as well as a robust defence of his last novel against those who sought to suppress it. His last significant work was a reflection on the
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament (and consequently the final book of the Christian Bible). Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: , meaning "unveiling" or "revelation". The Book of R ...
, ''Apocalypse''. After being discharged from a
sanatorium
A sanatorium (from Latin '' sānāre'' 'to heal, make healthy'), also sanitarium or sanitorium, are antiquated names for specialised hospitals, for the treatment of specific diseases, related ailments and convalescence. Sanatoriums are often ...
, he died on 2 March 1930 at the Villa Robermond in
Vence
Vence (; oc, Vença) is a commune set in the hills of the Alpes Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France, north of Nice and Antibes.
Ecclesiastical history
The first known Bishop of Vence is Severu ...
, France, from complications of tuberculosis. Frieda commissioned an elaborate headstone for his grave bearing a mosaic of his adopted emblem of the phoenix. After Lawrence's death, Frieda lived with the couple's friend
Angelo Ravagli
Angelo Ravagli (1891–1976) was an officer in the Italian Bersaglieri who is notable for the part he played in the life of D. H. Lawrence.
In 1926, shortly after Lawrence and his wife, Frieda von Richthofen, went to stay in Spotorno in Italy in ...
on their
Taos
Taos or TAOS may refer to:
Places
* Taos, Missouri, a city in Cole County, Missouri, United States
* Taos County, New Mexico, United States
** Taos, New Mexico, a city, the county seat of Taos County, New Mexico
*** Taos art colony, an art colo ...
ranch and eventually married him in 1950. In 1935, Ravagli arranged, on Frieda's behalf, to have Lawrence's body exhumed and cremated. However, upon boarding the ship he learned he would have to pay taxes on the ashes, so he instead spread them in the Mediterranean, a more preferable resting place, in his opinion, than a concrete block in a chapel. The ashes brought back were dust and earth and remain interred on the Taos ranch in a small chapel amid the mountains of
New Mexico
)
, population_demonym = New Mexican ( es, Neomexicano, Neomejicano, Nuevo Mexicano)
, seat = Santa Fe
, LargestCity = Albuquerque
, LargestMetro = Tiguex
, OfficialLang = None
, Languages = English, Spanish ( New Mexican), Navajo, Ker ...
.
Written works
Novels
Lawrence is best known for his novels '' Sons and Lovers'', ''
The Rainbow
''The Rainbow'' is a novel by British author D. H. Lawrence, first published by Methuen & Co. in 1915. It follows three generations of the Brangwen family living in Nottinghamshire, focusing particularly on the individual's struggle to growth ...
'', ''
Women in Love
''Women in Love'' (1920) is a novel by English author D. H. Lawrence. It is a sequel to his earlier novel ''The Rainbow'' (1915) and follows the continuing loves and lives of the Brangwen sisters, Gudrun and Ursula. Gudrun Brangwen, an artist, ...
'' and ''
Lady Chatterley's Lover
''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' is the last novel by English author D. H. Lawrence, which was first published privately in 1928, in Italy, and in 1929, in France. An unexpurgated edition was not published openly in the United Kingdom until 1960, w ...
''. In these books, Lawrence explores the possibilities for life within an industrial setting. In particular Lawrence is concerned with the nature of relationships that can be had within such a setting. Though often classed as a realist, Lawrence in fact uses his characters to give form to his personal philosophy. His depiction of sexuality, though seen as shocking when his work was first published in the early 20th century, has its roots in this highly personal way of thinking and being.
Lawrence was very interested in the sense of touch, and his focus on physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to restore an emphasis on the body and rebalance it with what he perceived to be Western civilization's overemphasis on the mind; writing in a 1929 essay "Men Must Work and Women As Well," he stated,
"Now then we see the trend of our civilization, in terms of human feeling and human relation. It is, and there is no denying it, towards a greater and greater abstraction from the physical, towards a further and further physical separateness between men and women, and between individual and individual.... It only remains for some men and women, individuals, to try to get back their bodies and preserve the other flow of warmth, affection and physical unison. There is nothing else to do." ''Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished, and Other Prose Works by D.H. Lawrence'', ed. Warren Roberts and Harry T. Moore (New York: The Viking Press, 1968), pp. 589, 591.
In his later years Lawrence developed the potentialities of the short novel form in ''
St Mawr
''St Mawr'' is a short novel (or novella) written by D. H. Lawrence. It was first published in 1925.
The heroine of the story, Lou Witt, abandons her sterile marriage and a brittle, cynical post-First World War England. Her sense of alienatio ...
'', ''
The Virgin and the Gypsy
''The Virgin and the Gipsy'' is a short novel (or novella) by English author D.H. Lawrence. It was written in 1926 and published posthumously in 1930. Today it is often entitled ''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' which can lead to confusion because fi ...
'' and ''
The Escaped Cock
''The Escaped Cock'' is a short novel by D. H. Lawrence that he originally wrote in two parts and published in 1929. Lawrence wrote the first part in 1927 after visiting some Etruscan tombs with his friend Earl Brewster, a trip that encouraged t ...
''.
Short stories
Lawrence's best-known short stories include "
The Captain's Doll
''The Captain's Doll'' is a short story or novella by the English author D. H. Lawrence. It was written in 1921 and first published by Martin Secker in March 1923 in a volume with ''The Ladybird'' and '' The Fox''. It was the basis of the 1983 T ...
Odour of Chrysanthemums
"Odour of Chrysanthemums" is a short story by D. H. Lawrence. It was written in the autumn of 1909 and after revision, was published in ''The English Review'' in July 1911. Lawrence later included this tale in his collection entitled '' The Prussia ...
St Mawr
''St Mawr'' is a short novel (or novella) written by D. H. Lawrence. It was first published in 1925.
The heroine of the story, Lou Witt, abandons her sterile marriage and a brittle, cynical post-First World War England. Her sense of alienatio ...
", "
The Virgin and the Gypsy
''The Virgin and the Gipsy'' is a short novel (or novella) by English author D.H. Lawrence. It was written in 1926 and published posthumously in 1930. Today it is often entitled ''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' which can lead to confusion because fi ...
" and "
The Woman who Rode Away
"The Woman who Rode Away" is a short story by D. H. Lawrence. It was written in New Mexico during the summer of 1924 and first published in ''The Dial'' in two installments in 1925. It later became the title story for a collection of Lawrence's ...
". (''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' was published as a novella after he died.) Among his most praised collections is ''
The Prussian Officer and Other Stories
''The Prussian Officer and Other Stories'' is a collection of early short stories by D. H. Lawrence. It was published by Duckworth in London on 26 November 1914, and in America by B. W. Huebsch in 1916.
The stories collected in this volume are:
* ...
'', published in 1914. His collection ''The Woman Who Rode Away and Other Stories'', published in 1928, develops the theme of leadership that Lawrence also explored in novels such as ''Kangaroo'' and ''
The Plumed Serpent
''The Plumed Serpent'' is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there. The novel was first published by Martin Secker's firm in t ...
'' and the story ''Fanny and Annie''.
Poetry
Lawrence wrote almost 800 poems, most of them relatively short. His first poems were written in 1904 and two of his poems, "Dreams Old" and "Dreams Nascent", were among his earliest published works in ''The English Review''. It has been claimed that his early works clearly place him in the school of
Georgian poets
Georgian Poetry refers to a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English poetry that established itself during the early years of the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom.
The Georgian poets were, by the strictest ...
, and indeed some of his poems appear in the ''Georgian Poetry'' anthologies. However, James Reeves in his book on Georgian Poetry, notes that Lawrence was never really a Georgian poet. Indeed, later critics contrast Lawrence's energy and dynamism with the complacency of Georgian poetry.
Just as the First World War dramatically changed the work of many of the poets who saw service in the trenches, Lawrence's own work dramatically changed, during his years in Cornwall. During this time, he wrote free verse influenced by
Walt Whitman
Walter Whitman (; May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among t ...
. He set forth his manifesto for much of his later verse in the introduction to ''New Poems''. "We can get rid of the stereotyped movements and the old hackneyed associations of sound or sense. We can break down those artificial conduits and canals through which we do so love to force our utterance. We can break the stiff neck of habit But we cannot positively prescribe any motion, any rhythm."
Lawrence rewrote some of his early poems when they were collected in 1928. This was in part to fictionalise them, but also to remove some of the artifice of his first works. As he put it himself: "A young man is afraid of his demon and puts his hand over the demon's mouth sometimes and speaks for him." His best-known poems are probably those dealing with nature such as those in the collection ''Birds, Beasts and Flowers'', including the Tortoise poems, and "Snake", one of his most frequently anthologised, displays some of his most frequent concerns: those of man's modern distance from nature and subtle hints at religious themes.
In the deep, strange-scented shade of the great dark carob tree
I came down the steps with my pitcher
And must wait, must stand and wait, for there he was at the trough before me.
(From "Snake")
''Look! We have come through!'' is his other work from the period of the end of the war and it reveals another important element common to much of his writings; his inclination to lay himself bare in his writings.
Ezra Pound
Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a Fascism, fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works ...
in his ''Literary Essays'' complained of Lawrence's interest in his own "disagreeable sensations" but praised him for his "low-life narrative." This is a reference to Lawrence's dialect poems akin to the Scots poems of Robert Burns, in which he reproduced the language and concerns of the people of
Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire (; abbreviated Notts.) is a landlocked county in the East Midlands region of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditi ...
from his youth.
Tha thought tha wanted ter be rid o' me.
'Appen tha did, an' a'.
Tha thought tha wanted ter marry an' se
If ter couldna be master an' th' woman's boss,
Tha'd need a woman different from me,
An' tha knowed it; ay, yet tha comes across
Ter say goodbye! an' a'.
(From "The Drained Cup")
Although Lawrence's works after his Georgian period are clearly in the modernist tradition, they were often very different from those of many other modernist writers, such as Pound. Pound's poems were often austere, with every word carefully worked on. Lawrence felt all poems had to be personal sentiments, and that a sense of spontaneity was vital. He called one collection of poems ''Pansies'', partly for the simple ephemeral nature of the verse, but also as a pun on the French word ''panser'', to dress or bandage a wound. "Pansies", as he made explicit in the introduction to ''New Poems'', is also a pun on
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal ( , , ; ; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic Church, Catholic writer.
He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pa ...
's ''
Pensées
The ''Pensées'' ("Thoughts") is a collection of fragments written by the French 17th-century philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal. Pascal's religious conversion led him into a life of asceticism, and the ''Pensées'' was in many ways his ...
''. "The Noble Englishman" and "Don't Look at Me" were removed from the official edition of ''Pansies'' on the grounds of obscenity, which wounded him. Even though he lived most of the last ten years of his life abroad, his thoughts were often still on England. Published in 1930, just eleven days after his death, his last work ''Nettles'' was a series of bitter, nettling but often wry attacks on the moral climate of England.
O the stale old dogs who pretend to guard
the morals of the masses,
how smelly they make the great back-yard
wetting after everyone that passes.
(From "The Young and Their Moral Guardians")
Two notebooks of Lawrence's unprinted verse were posthumously published as ''Last Poems'' and ''More Pansies''. These contain two of Lawrence's most famous poems about death, "Bavarian Gentians" and "The Ship of Death".
Literary criticism
Lawrence's criticism of other authors often provides insight into his own thinking and writing. Of particular note is his ''Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays''. In ''
Studies in Classic American Literature
''Studies in Classic American Literature'' is a work of literary criticism by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It was first published by Thomas Seltzer in the United States in August 1923. The British edition was published in June 1924 by Mart ...
'' Lawrence's responses to writers like
Walt Whitman
Walter Whitman (; May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among t ...
,
Herman Melville
Herman Melville (Name change, born Melvill; August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American people, American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance (literature), American Renaissance period. Among his bes ...
and
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe (; Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is wide ...
also shed light on his craft.
Plays
Lawrence wrote ''A Collier's Friday Night'' about 1906–1909, though it was not published until 1939 and not performed until 1965. He wrote ''
The Daughter-in-Law
''The Daughter-in-Law'' is the first Play (theatre), play by D. H. Lawrence, completed in January 1913. Lawrence described it as "neither a tragedy nor a comedy - just ordinary". It was neither staged nor published in his lifetime.
The first sta ...
'' in 1913, though it was not staged until 1967, when it was well received. In 1911 he wrote ''
The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd
''The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd'' is a play by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It was written in 1911 and the revised version was published in 1914 by Duckworth & Co. in London and Mitchell Kennerley in New York. It is the dramatisation of Law ...
'', which he revised in 1914; it was staged in the US in 1916 and in the UK in 1920, in an amateur production. It was filmed in 1976; an adaptation was shown on television (BBC 2) in 1995. He also wrote ''Touch and Go'' towards the end of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, and his last play, ''David'', in 1925.
Painting
D. H. Lawrence had a lifelong interest in painting, which became one of his main forms of expression in his last years. His paintings were exhibited at the Warren Gallery in London's
Mayfair
Mayfair is an affluent area in the West End of London towards the eastern edge of Hyde Park, in the City of Westminster, between Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Park Lane. It is one of the most expensive districts in the world. ...
in 1929. The exhibition was extremely controversial, with many of the 13,000 people visiting mainly to gawk. The ''
Daily Express
The ''Daily Express'' is a national daily United Kingdom middle-market newspaper printed in tabloid format. Published in London, it is the flagship of Express Newspapers, owned by publisher Reach plc. It was first published as a broadsheet i ...
'' claimed, "''Fight with an Amazon'' represents a hideous, bearded man holding a fair-haired woman in his lascivious grip while wolves with dripping jaws look on expectantly,
his
His or HIS may refer to:
Computing
* Hightech Information System, a Hong Kong graphics card company
* Honeywell Information Systems
* Hybrid intelligent system
* Microsoft Host Integration Server
Education
* Hangzhou International School, in ...
is frankly indecent". However, several artists and art experts praised the paintings.
Gwen John
Gwendolen Mary John (22 June 1876 – 18 September 1939) was a Welsh artist who worked in France for most of her career. Her paintings, mainly portraits of anonymous female sitters, are rendered in a range of closely related tones. Although sh ...
, reviewing the exhibition in ''Everyman'', spoke of Lawrence's "stupendous gift of self-expression" and singled out ''The Finding of Moses'', ''Red Willow Trees'' and ''Boccaccio Story'' as "pictures of real beauty and great vitality". Others singled out ''Contadini'' for special praise. After a complaint, the police seized thirteen of the twenty-five paintings (including ''Boccaccio Story'' and ''Contadini''). Despite declarations of support from many writers, artists and
Members of Parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...
, Lawrence was able to recover his paintings only by agreeing never to exhibit them in England again. The largest collection of the paintings is now at La Fonda de Taos hotel in
Taos, New Mexico
Taos is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Initially founded in 1615, it was intermittently occupied until its formal establishment in 1795 by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Cha ...
. Several others, including ''Boccaccio Story'' and ''Resurrection'', are at the Humanities Research Centre of the
University of Texas at Austin
The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas. It was founded in 1883 and is the oldest institution in the University of Texas System. With 40,916 undergraduate students, 11,075 ...
.
''Lady Chatterley'' trial
A heavily censored abridgement of ''
Lady Chatterley's Lover
''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' is the last novel by English author D. H. Lawrence, which was first published privately in 1928, in Italy, and in 1929, in France. An unexpurgated edition was not published openly in the United Kingdom until 1960, w ...
'' was published in the United States by
Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. () is an American publishing house that was founded by Alfred A. Knopf Sr. and Blanche Knopf in 1915. Blanche and Alfred traveled abroad regularly and were known for publishing European, Asian, and Latin American writers in ...
in 1928. This edition was posthumously re-issued in paperback there both by Signet Books and by
Penguin Books
Penguin Books is a British publishing, publishing house. It was co-founded in 1935 by Allen Lane with his brothers Richard and John, as a line of the publishers The Bodley Head, only becoming a separate company the following year.Obscene Publications Act of 1959 became a major public event and a test of the new obscenity law. The 1959 act (introduced by
Roy Jenkins
Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, (11 November 1920 – 5 January 2003) was a British politician who served as President of the European Commission from 1977 to 1981. At various times a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Lab ...
) had made it possible for publishers to escape conviction if they could show that a work was of literary merit. One of the objections was to the frequent use of the word "fuck" and its derivatives and the word "
cunt
''Cunt'' () is a vulgar word for the vulva or vagina. It is used in a variety of ways, including as a term of disparagement. Reflecting national variations, ''cunt'' can be used as a disparaging and obscene term for a woman in the United Stat ...
Raymond Williams
Raymond Henry Williams (31 August 1921 – 26 January 1988) was a Welsh socialist writer, academic, novelist and critic influential within the New Left and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the media and literature contribu ...
and
Norman St John-Stevas
Norman Antony Francis St John-Stevas, Baron St John of Fawsley, ( ; born Norman Panayea St John Stevas; 18 May 1929 – 2 March 2012) was a British Conservative politician, author and barrister. He served as Leader of the House of Commons in th ...
, were called as witnesses, and the verdict, delivered on 2 November 1960, was "not guilty". This resulted in a far greater degree of freedom for publishing explicit material in the UK. The prosecution was ridiculed for being out of touch with changing social norms when the chief prosecutor,
Mervyn Griffith-Jones
John Mervyn Guthrie Griffith-Jones (1 July 1909 – 13 July 1979) was a British judge and former barrister. He led the prosecution of Penguin Books in the obscenity trial in 1960 following the publication of D. H. Lawrence's ''Lady Chatterley' ...
, asked if it were the kind of book "you would wish your wife or servants to read".
The Penguin second edition, published in 1961, contains a publisher's dedication, which reads: "For having published this book, Penguin Books were prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act, 1959 at the
Old Bailey
The Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, commonly referred to as the Old Bailey after the street on which it stands, is a criminal court building in central London, one of several that house the Crown Court of England and Wales. The s ...
in London from 20 October to 2 November 1960. This edition is therefore dedicated to the twelve jurors, three women and nine men, who returned a verdict of 'Not Guilty' and thus made D. H. Lawrence's last novel available for the first time to the public in the United Kingdom."
Philosophy and politics
Despite often writing about political, spiritual and philosophical matters, Lawrence was essentially contrary by nature and hated to be pigeonholed. Critics such as Terry Eagleton have argued that Lawrence was right wing due to his lukewarm attitude to democracy, which he intimated would tend towards the leveling down of society and the subordination of the individual to the sensibilities of the "average" man. In his letters to
Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, ...
around 1915, Lawrence voiced his opposition to enfranchising the working class and his hostility to the burgeoning labour movements, and disparaged the
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considere ...
, referring to "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" as the "three-fanged serpent." Rather than a republic, Lawrence called for an absolute dictator and equivalent dictatrix to lord over the lower peoples. In 1953, recalling his relationship with Lawrence in
the First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, Russell characterised Lawrence as a "proto-German Fascist," saying "I was a firm believer in democracy, whereas he had developed the whole philosophy of Fascism before the politicians had thought of it." Russell felt Lawrence to be a ''positive force for evil''. However, in 1924 Lawrence wrote an epilogue to ''
Movements in European History
''Movements in European History'' was a school textbook, originally published by Oxford University Press, by the English author D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence was facing destitution at the time and he wrote it as a potboiler. The first edition was publis ...
'' (a textbook he wrote, originally published in 1921) in which he denounced fascism and Soviet-style socialism as bullying and “a mere worship of Force”. Further, he declared “I believe a good form of socialism, if it could be brought about, would be the best form of government.” In the late 1920s, he told his sister he would vote Labour if he was living back in England. In general, though, Lawrence disliked any organized groupings, and in his essay ''Democracy'', written in the late twenties, he argued for a new kind of democracy in which
each man shall be spontaneously himself – each man himself, each woman herself, without any question of equality or inequality entering in at all; and that no man shall try to determine the being of any other man, or of any other woman.
Lawrence held seemingly contradictory views on feminism. The evidence of his written works, particularly his earlier novels, indicates a commitment to representing women as strong, independent, and complex; he produced major works in which young, self-directing female characters were central. In his youth he supported extending the vote to women, and he once wrote, “All women in their natures are like giantesses. They will break through everything and go on with their own lives.” However, some feminist critics, notably Kate Millett, have criticised, indeed ridiculed, Lawrence's
sexual politics
''Sexual Politics'' is the debut book by American writer and activist Kate Millett, based on her PhD dissertation. It was published in 1970 by Doubleday. It is regarded as a classic of feminism and one of radical feminism's key texts. ''Sexu ...
, Millett claiming that he uses his female characters as mouthpieces to promote his creed of male supremacy and that his story ''The Woman Who Rode Away'' showed Lawrence as a pornographic sadist with its portrayal of “human sacrifice performed upon the woman to the greater glory and potency of the male.”
Brenda Maddox
Brenda, Lady Maddox ( Murphy; February 24, 1932 – June 16, 2019) was an American writer and biographer, who spent most of her adult life living and working in the UK, from 1959 until her death. She is best known for her biographies, includin ...
further highlights this story and two others written around the same time, ''St. Mawr'' and ''The Princess'', as “masterworks of misogyny.”
Despite the inconsistency and at times inscrutability of his philosophical writings, Lawrence continues to find an audience, and the publication of a new scholarly edition of his letters and writings has demonstrated the range of his achievement. Philosophers like
Gilles Deleuze
Gilles Louis René Deleuze ( , ; 18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1950s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular works were the two volu ...
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud ( , ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating psychopathology, pathologies explained as originatin ...
an important precursor of anti-Oedipal accounts of the unconscious that has been much influential.
Posthumous reputation
The obituaries shortly after Lawrence's death were, with the exception of the one by E. M. Forster, unsympathetic or hostile. However, there were those who articulated a more favourable recognition of the significance of this author's life and works. For example, his long-time friend
Catherine Carswell
Catherine Roxburgh Carswell (née Macfarlane; 27 March 1879 – 18 February 1946) was a Scottish author, biographer and journalist, now known as one of the few women to take part in the Scottish Renaissance. Her biography of the Scottish poet Ro ...
summed up his life in a letter to the periodical ''
Time and Tide
Time and Tide (usually derived from the proverb ''Time and tide wait for no man'') may refer to:
Music
Albums
* ''Time and Tide'' (Greenslade album), 1975
* ''Time and Tide'' (Basia album), 1987
* ''Time and Tide'' (Battlefield Band album), ...
'' published on 16 March 1930. In response to his critics, she wrote:
In the face of formidable initial disadvantages and lifelong delicacy, poverty that lasted for three quarters of his life and hostility that survives his death, he did nothing that he did not really want to do, and all that he most wanted to do he did. He went all over the world, he owned a ranch, he lived in the most beautiful corners of Europe, and met whom he wanted to meet and told them that they were wrong and he was right. He painted and made things, and sang, and rode. He wrote something like three dozen books, of which even the worst page dances with life that could be mistaken for no other man's, while the best are admitted, even by those who hate him, to be unsurpassed. Without vices, with most human virtues, the husband of one wife, scrupulously honest, this estimable citizen yet managed to keep free from the shackles of civilisation and the cant of literary cliques. He would have laughed lightly and cursed venomously in passing at the solemn owls—each one secretly chained by the leg—who now conduct his inquest. To do his work and lead his life in spite of them took some doing, but he did it, and long after they are forgotten, sensitive and innocent people—if any are left—will turn Lawrence's pages and will know from them what sort of a rare man Lawrence was.
Aldous Huxley also defended Lawrence in his introduction to a collection of letters published in 1932. However, the most influential advocate of Lawrence's literary reputation was
Cambridge
Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge bec ...
literary critic
F. R. Leavis
Frank Raymond "F. R." Leavis (14 July 1895 – 14 April 1978) was an English literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth century. He taught for much of his career at Downing College, Cambridge, and later at the University of York.
Leavis ra ...
, who asserted that the author had made an important contribution to the tradition of English fiction. Leavis stressed that ''The Rainbow'', ''Women in Love'', and the short stories and tales were major works of art. Later, the obscenity trials over the unexpurgated edition of ''
Lady Chatterley's Lover
''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' is the last novel by English author D. H. Lawrence, which was first published privately in 1928, in Italy, and in 1929, in France. An unexpurgated edition was not published openly in the United Kingdom until 1960, w ...
'' in America in 1959, and in Britain in 1960, and subsequent publication of the full text, ensured Lawrence's popularity (and notoriety) with a wider public.
Since 2008, an annual D. H. Lawrence Festival has been organised in Eastwood to celebrate Lawrence's life and works; in September 2016, events were held in Cornwall to celebrate the centenary of Lawrence's connection with Zennor.
Selected depictions of Lawrence's life
*''
Priest of Love
''Priest of Love'' is a British biographical film about D. H. Lawrence and his wife Frieda (née Von Richthofen) played by Ian McKellen and Janet Suzman. It was a Stanley J. Seeger presentation, produced and directed by Christopher Miles and ...
'': a 1981 film based on the non-fiction biography of Lawrence of the same name. It stars
Ian McKellen
Sir Ian Murray McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor. His career spans seven decades, having performed in genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction. Regarded as a British cultural i ...
as Lawrence. The film is mostly focused on Lawrence's time in
Taos, New Mexico
Taos is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Initially founded in 1615, it was intermittently occupied until its formal establishment in 1795 by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Cha ...
, and Italy, although the source biography covers most of his life.
*''Coming Through'': a 1985 film about Lawrence, who is portrayed by Kenneth Branagh.
*'' Zennor in Darkness'', a 1993 novel by
Helen Dunmore
Helen Dunmore FRSL (12 December 1952 – 5 June 2017) was a British poet, novelist, and short story and children's writer.
Her best known works include the novels ''Zennor in Darkness'', '' A Spell of Winter'' and ''The Siege'', and her last ...
in which Lawrence and his wife feature prominently.
*'' On the Rocks'': a 2008 stage play by
Amy Rosenthal
Amy Rosenthal (born 1974) is a British playwright from Muswell Hill, London. She is a recipient of ''The Sunday Times'' Drama Award.
Biography
Amy Rosenthal was born in 1974, the daughter of dramatist Jack Rosenthal and actress Maureen Lipman ...
showing Lawrence, his wife Frieda Lawrence, short-story writer Katherine Mansfield and critic and editor John Middleton Murry in Cornwall in 1916–17.
*''LAWRENCE – Scandalous! Censored! Banned!'': A musical based on the life of Lawrence. Winner of the 2009 Marquee Theatre Award for Best Original Musical. Received its London premiere in October 2013 at the
Bridewell Theatre
Bridewell Theatre is a small theatre based in Blackfriars in London. It is operated as part of the St Bride Foundation Institute, named after nearby St Bride's Church on Fleet Street
Fleet Street is a major street mostly in the City of Lon ...
.
*''Husbands and Sons'': A stage play adapted by
Ben Power
Ben Power is a British dramaturg and playwright. Since 2010 he has been an associate director of the National Theatre.
He studied English at Cambridge University. He often collaborates with Rupert Goold and his Headlong company. He was dramat ...
from three of Lawrence's plays, ''
The Daughter-in-Law
''The Daughter-in-Law'' is the first Play (theatre), play by D. H. Lawrence, completed in January 1913. Lawrence described it as "neither a tragedy nor a comedy - just ordinary". It was neither staged nor published in his lifetime.
The first sta ...
'', ''A Collier’s Friday Night'', and ''
The Widowing of Mrs Holroyd
''The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd'' is a play by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It was written in 1911 and the revised version was published in 1914 by Duckworth & Co. in London and Mitchell Kennerley in New York. It is the dramatisation of Law ...
'', which were each based on Lawrence's formative years in the mining community of
Eastwood Eastwood may refer to:
Places
;in Australia
*Eastwood, New South Wales
**Eastwood railway station
**Electoral district of Eastwood
*Eastwood, South Australia
;in Canada
* Eastwood, Ontario
*Eastwood, Edmonton, Alberta, a neighborhood
;in the Ph ...
,
Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire (; abbreviated Notts.) is a landlocked county in the East Midlands region of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditi ...
Marianne Elliott
Marianne Phoebe Elliott (born 27 December 1966) is a British theatre director and producer who works on the West End and Broadway. She has received numerous accolades including three Laurence Olivier Awards and four Tony Awards.
Initially ...
in London in 2015.
Works
Novels
*''
The White Peacock
''The White Peacock'' is the first novel by D. H. Lawrence, published in 1911, though with 1910 on the title page. Lawrence started the novel in 1906 and then rewrote it three times. The early versions had the working title of ''Laetitia.''
Ma ...
'' (1911)
*''
The Trespasser
Trespasser
In the law of tort, property, and criminal law a trespasser is a person who commits the act of trespassing on a property, that is, without the permission of the owner. Being present on land as a trespasser thereto creates liabi ...
The Rainbow
''The Rainbow'' is a novel by British author D. H. Lawrence, first published by Methuen & Co. in 1915. It follows three generations of the Brangwen family living in Nottinghamshire, focusing particularly on the individual's struggle to growth ...
'' (1915)
*''
Women in Love
''Women in Love'' (1920) is a novel by English author D. H. Lawrence. It is a sequel to his earlier novel ''The Rainbow'' (1915) and follows the continuing loves and lives of the Brangwen sisters, Gudrun and Ursula. Gudrun Brangwen, an artist, ...
'' (1920)
*''
The Lost Girl
''The Lost Girl'' is a novel by D. H. Lawrence, first published in 1920. It was awarded the 1920 James Tait Black Memorial Prize in the fiction category.
Lawrence started it shortly after writing ''Women in Love'', and worked on it only spora ...
Kangaroo
Kangaroos are four marsupials from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning "large foot"). In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, the red kangaroo, as well as the antilopine kangaroo, eastern gre ...
'' (1923)
*''
The Boy in the Bush
''The Boy in the Bush'' is a novel by D. H. Lawrence set in Western Australia, first published in 1924. It is derived from a story in a manuscript given to Lawrence by Mollie Skinner, entitled ''The House of Ellis''. The title page of the first ...
'' (1924), coauthored with M.L. (Mollie or Molly) Skinner
*''
The Plumed Serpent
''The Plumed Serpent'' is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there. The novel was first published by Martin Secker's firm in t ...
'' (1926)
*''
Lady Chatterley's Lover
''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' is the last novel by English author D. H. Lawrence, which was first published privately in 1928, in Italy, and in 1929, in France. An unexpurgated edition was not published openly in the United Kingdom until 1960, w ...
'' (1928)
*''
The Escaped Cock
''The Escaped Cock'' is a short novel by D. H. Lawrence that he originally wrote in two parts and published in 1929. Lawrence wrote the first part in 1927 after visiting some Etruscan tombs with his friend Earl Brewster, a trip that encouraged t ...
'' (1929), republished as ''The Man Who Died''
Short-story collections
*''
The Prussian Officer and Other Stories
''The Prussian Officer and Other Stories'' is a collection of early short stories by D. H. Lawrence. It was published by Duckworth in London on 26 November 1914, and in America by B. W. Huebsch in 1916.
The stories collected in this volume are:
* ...
'' (1914)
*''
England, My England and Other Stories
''England, My England'' is a collection of short stories by D. H. Lawrence. Individual items were originally written between 1913 and 1921, many of them against the background of World War I. Most of these versions were placed in magazines or pe ...
'' (1922)
*''The Complete Short Stories'' (1922) Three volumes, reissued in 1961 by The Viking Press, Inc.
*'' The Fox,
The Captain's Doll
''The Captain's Doll'' is a short story or novella by the English author D. H. Lawrence. It was written in 1921 and first published by Martin Secker in March 1923 in a volume with ''The Ladybird'' and '' The Fox''. It was the basis of the 1983 T ...
, The Ladybird'' (1923)
*''
St Mawr
''St Mawr'' is a short novel (or novella) written by D. H. Lawrence. It was first published in 1925.
The heroine of the story, Lou Witt, abandons her sterile marriage and a brittle, cynical post-First World War England. Her sense of alienatio ...
and other stories'' (1925)
*''The Woman who Rode Away and other stories'' (1928)
*'' The Rocking-Horse Winner'' (1926)
*''
The Virgin and the Gipsy
''The Virgin and the Gipsy'' is a short novel (or novella) by English author D.H. Lawrence. It was written in 1926 and published posthumously in 1930. Today it is often entitled ''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' which can lead to confusion because fir ...
and Other Stories'' (1930)
*''Love Among the Haystacks and Other Pieces'' (1930)
*''The Lovely Lady and other tales'' (1932)
*''The Tales of D.H. Lawrence'' (1934) – Heinemann
*''Collected Stories'' (1994) – Everyman's Library
Collected letters
*''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume I, September 1901 – May 1913'', ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1979,
*''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume II, June 1913 – October 1916'', ed. George J. Zytaruk and James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1981,
*''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume III, October 1916 – June 1921'', ed. James T. Boulton and Andrew Robertson, Cambridge University Press, 1984,
*''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume IV, June 1921 – March 1924 '', ed. Warren Roberts, James T. Boulton and Elizabeth Mansfield, Cambridge University Press, 1987,
*''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume V, March 1924 – March 1927'', ed. James T. Boulton and Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1989,
*''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume VI, March 1927 – November 1928 '', ed. James T. Boulton and Margaret Boulton with Gerald M. Lacy, Cambridge University Press, 1991,
*''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume VII, November 1928 – February 1930'', ed. Keith Sagar and James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1993,
*''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, with index, Volume VIII'', ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
*''The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence'', Compiled and edited by James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1997,
*''D. H. Lawrence's Letters to Bertrand Russell'', edited by Harry T. Moore, New York: Gotham Book Mart, 1948.
Poetry collections
*''Love Poems and others'' (1913)
*''Amores'' (1916)
*''Look! We have come through!'' (1917)
*''New Poems'' (1918)
*''Bay: a book of poems'' (1919)
*''Tortoises'' (1921)
*'' Birds, Beasts and Flowers'' (1923)
*''The Collected Poems of D H Lawrence'' (1928)
*''Pansies'' (1929)
*''Nettles'' (1930)
*''The Triumph of the Machine'' (1930; one of
Faber and Faber
Faber and Faber Limited, usually abbreviated to Faber, is an independent publishing house in London. Published authors and poets include T. S. Eliot (an early Faber editor and director), W. H. Auden, Margaret Storey, William Golding, Samuel B ...
's Ariel Poems series, illustrated by Althea Willoughby)
*''Last Poems'' (1932)
*''Fire and other poems'' (1940)
*''The Complete Poems of D.H. Lawrence'' (1964), ed.
Vivian de Sola Pinto
Vivian de Sola Pinto (9 December 1895 – 27 July 1969) was a British poet, literary critic and historian. He was a leading scholarly authority on D. H. Lawrence, and appeared for the defence (Penguin Books) in the 1960 ''Lady Chatterley's Love ...
and F. Warren Roberts
*''The White Horse'' (1964)
*''D.H. Lawrence: Selected Poems'' (1972), ed. Keith Sagar.
*''Snake and Other Poems''
Plays
*''
The Daughter-in-Law
''The Daughter-in-Law'' is the first Play (theatre), play by D. H. Lawrence, completed in January 1913. Lawrence described it as "neither a tragedy nor a comedy - just ordinary". It was neither staged nor published in his lifetime.
The first sta ...
'' (1913)
*''
The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd
''The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd'' is a play by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It was written in 1911 and the revised version was published in 1914 by Duckworth & Co. in London and Mitchell Kennerley in New York. It is the dramatisation of Law ...
'' (1914)
*''Touch and Go'' (1920)
*''David'' (1926)
*''The Fight for Barbara'' (1933)
*''A Collier's Friday Night'' (1934)
*''The Married Man'' (1940)
*''The Merry-Go-Round'' (1941)
*''The Complete Plays of D.H. Lawrence'' (1965)
*''The Plays'', edited by Hans-Wilhelm Schwarze and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1999,
Movements in European History
''Movements in European History'' was a school textbook, originally published by Oxford University Press, by the English author D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence was facing destitution at the time and he wrote it as a potboiler. The first edition was publis ...
'' (1921), edited by Philip Crumpton, Cambridge University Press, 1989, , Originally published under the name of Lawrence H. Davison
*''
Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious
PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might be ...
'' and ''
Fantasia of the Unconscious
Fantasia International Film Festival (also known as Fantasia-fest, FanTasia, and Fant-Asia) is a film festival that has been based mainly in Montreal since its founding in 1996. Regularly held in July of each year, it is valued by both hardcore ...
'' (1921/1922), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 2004
*''
Studies in Classic American Literature
''Studies in Classic American Literature'' is a work of literary criticism by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It was first published by Thomas Seltzer in the United States in August 1923. The British edition was published in June 1924 by Mart ...
'' (1923), edited by Ezra Greenspan, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 2003,
*''
Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine and Other Essays
Reflections may refer to:
Books and magazines
* ''Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims'', a series of books (1665–1678) by François de La Rochefoucauld (writer), François de La Rochefoucauld
* Reflections (Sufi literature), ''Reflection ...
Apocalypse and the Writings on Revelation
Apocalypse () is a literary genre in which a supernatural being reveals cosmic mysteries or the future to a human intermediary. The means of mediation include dreams, visions and heavenly journeys, and they typically feature symbolic imagery ...
Introductions and Reviews
Introduction, The Introduction, Intro, or The Intro may refer to:
General use
* Introduction (music), an opening section of a piece of music
* Introduction (writing), a beginning section to a book, article or essay which states its purpose and g ...
'', edited by N. H. Reeve and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 2004,
*''
Late Essays and Articles
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
'', edited by James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 2004,
*''
Selected Letters
Selection may refer to:
Science
* Selection (biology), also called natural selection, selection in evolution
** Sex selection, in genetics
** Mate selection, in mating
** Sexual selection in humans, in human sexuality
** Human mating strategi ...
'', Oneworld Classics, 2008. Edited by James T. Boulton.
*''
The New Adelphi
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in En ...
'', June-August 1930 issue, edited by John Middleton Murry. Includes, by Lawrence, ″Nottingham and the Mining Countryside,″ Nine Letters (1918–1919) to Katherine Mansfield, and Selected Passages from non-fiction works. Also includes essays on Lawrence by John Middleton Murry,
Rebecca West
Dame Cicily Isabel Fairfield (21 December 1892 – 15 March 1983), known as Rebecca West, or Dame Rebecca West, was a British author, journalist, literary critic and travel writer. An author who wrote in many genres, West reviewed books ...
,
Max Plowman
Mark Plowman, generally known as Max Plowman, (1 September 1883 – 3 June 1941) was a British writer and pacifist.
Life to 1918
He was born in Northumberland Park, Tottenham, Middlesex. He left school at 16, and worked for a decade in his fathe ...
*''Twilight in Italy and Other Essays'' (1916), edited by Paul Eggert, Cambridge University Press, 1994, . ''Twilight in Italy'' paperback reissue, I.B. Tauris, 2015,
*''
Sea and Sardinia
''Sea and Sardinia'' is a travel book by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It describes a brief excursion undertaken in January 1921 by Lawrence and his wife Frieda, a.k.a. Queen Bee, from Taormina in Sicily to the interior of Sardinia. They v ...
'' (1921), edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1997,
*''
Mornings in Mexico and Other Essays
Morning is the period from sunrise to noon. There are no exact times for when morning begins (also true of evening and night) because it can vary according to one's lifestyle and the hours of daylight at each time of year. However, morning strict ...
'' (1927), edited by Virginia Crosswhite Hyde, Cambridge University Press, 2009, .
*'' Sketches of Etruscan Places and Other Italian Essays'' (1932), edited by Simonetta de Filippis, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ; ''Etruscan Places'', New York: The Viking Press (1932).
S. S. Koteliansky
Samuel Solomonovich Koteliansky (Самуил Соломонович Котелянский) (February 28, 1880 – January 21, 1955) was a Ukrainian translator of Russian literature into English. He made the transition from his origins in a small ...
*
Giovanni Verga
Giovanni Carmelo Verga di Fontanabianca (; 2 September 1840 – 27 January 1922) was an Italian realist ('' verista'') writer, best known for his depictions of life in his native Sicily, especially the short story and later play ''Cavalleria ...
''Mastro-Don Gesualdo'' (1923)
*
Giovanni Verga
Giovanni Carmelo Verga di Fontanabianca (; 2 September 1840 – 27 January 1922) was an Italian realist ('' verista'') writer, best known for his depictions of life in his native Sicily, especially the short story and later play ''Cavalleria ...
''Little Novels of Sicily'' (1925)
*
Giovanni Verga
Giovanni Carmelo Verga di Fontanabianca (; 2 September 1840 – 27 January 1922) was an Italian realist ('' verista'') writer, best known for his depictions of life in his native Sicily, especially the short story and later play ''Cavalleria ...
''Cavalleria Rusticana and other stories'' (1928)
* Antonio Francesco Grazzini (Lasca) ''The Story of Doctor Manente'' (1929)
Manuscripts and early drafts of works
*''Paul Morel'' (1911–12), edited by Helen Baron, Cambridge University Press, 2003 (first publication), , an early manuscript version of ''Sons and Lovers''
*''The First Women in Love'' (1916–17) edited by John Worthen and Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1998,
*''
Mr Noon
''Mr Noon'' is an unfinished novel by the English writer D. H. Lawrence. It appears to have been drafted in 1920 and 1921 and then abandoned by the author. It consists of two parts.
The first part was published posthumously by Secker as a long ...
'' (unfinished novel) Parts I and II, edited by Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1984,
*''The Symbolic Meaning: The Uncollected Versions of Studies in Classic American Literature'', edited by Armin Arnold, Centaur Press, 1962
*''Quetzalcoatl'' (1925), edited by Louis L Martz, W W Norton Edition, 1998, , Early draft of ''
The Plumed Serpent
''The Plumed Serpent'' is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there. The novel was first published by Martin Secker's firm in t ...
''
*''The First and Second Lady Chatterley Novels'', edited by Dieter Mehl and
Christa Jansohn Christa Jansohn (born 1958) is a German scholar of English literature and culture. She is Chair of British Culture at the University of Bamberg in Germany.
Education
Christa Jansohn studied English, History and Archive Studies at the University of ...
, Cambridge University Press, 1999, .
Paintings
*''The Paintings of D. H. Lawrence'', London: Mandrake Press, 1929.
*''D. H. Lawrence's Paintings'', ed. Keith Sagar, London: Chaucer Press, 2003.
*''The Collected Art Works of D. H. Lawrence'', ed. Tetsuji Kohno, Tokyo: Sogensha, 2004.
See also
References
Further reading
Bibliographic resources
*Paul Poplawski (1995) ''The Works of D.H. Lawrence: A Chronological Checklist'' (Nottingham, D H Lawrence Society)
*Paul Poplawski (1996) ''D.H. Lawrence: A Reference Companion'' (Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press)
*
*W. Roberts and P. Poplawski (2001) ''A Bibliography of D.H. Lawrence''. 3rd ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)
*Charles L. Ross and Dennis Jackson, eds. (1995) ''Editing D.H. Lawrence: New Versions of a Modern Author'' (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press)
*Keith Sagar (1979) ''D.H. Lawrence: A Calendar of His Works'' (Manchester, Manchester University Press)
*Keith Sagar (1982) ''D.H. Lawrence Handbook'' (Manchester, Manchester University Press)
Biographical studies
*
Richard Aldington
Richard Aldington (8 July 1892 – 27 July 1962), born Edward Godfree Aldington, was an English writer and poet, and an early associate of the Imagist movement. He was married to the poet Hilda Doolittle (H. D.) from 1911 to 1938. His 50-year w ...
(1950) ''Portrait of a Genius, But ... (The Life of D. H. Lawrence, 1885–1930)'' (London:
Heinemann Heinemann may refer to:
* Heinemann (surname)
* Heinemann (publisher), a publishing company
* Heinemann Park, a.k.a. Pelican Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
See also
* Heineman
* Jamie Hyneman
James Franklin Hyneman (born Se ...
)
*
Arthur J. Bachrach
Arthur J. Bachrach ( – December 19, 2011) was an American psychologist and administrator, who was Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychology at Arizona State University, and Director of the Environmental Stress Program and Chair o ...
''D. H. Lawrence in New Mexico: "The Time is Different There"'', Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.
*
Dorothy Brett
Hon. Dorothy Eugénie Brett (10 November 1883 – 27 August 1977) was an Anglo-American painter, remembered as much for her social life as for her art. Born into an aristocratic British family, she lived a sheltered early life. During her ...
(1933). ''Lawrence and Brett: A Friendship'' (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company)
*
Catherine Carswell
Catherine Roxburgh Carswell (née Macfarlane; 27 March 1879 – 18 February 1946) was a Scottish author, biographer and journalist, now known as one of the few women to take part in the Scottish Renaissance. Her biography of the Scottish poet Ro ...
(1932) ''The Savage Pilgrimage'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reissued 1981)
* Frieda Lawrence (1934) ''Not I, But The Wind'' (Santa Fe: Rydal Press)
*E.T. (Jessie Chambers Wood) (1935) ''D. H. Lawrence: A Personal Record'' (Jonathan Cape)
* Mabel Dodge Luhan (1932) ''Lorenzo in Taos: D.H. Lawrence and Mabel Dodge Luhan'' (Sunstone Press, 2007 facsimile ed.)
*
Witter Bynner
Harold Witter Bynner (August 10, 1881 – June 1, 1968), also known by the pen name Emanuel Morgan, was an American poet and translator. He was known for his long residence in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and association with other literary figures ther ...
(1951) ''Journey with Genius: Recollections and Reflections Concerning the D. H. Lawrences'' (John Day Company)
*Edward Nehls (1957–59) ''D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Volumes I-III'' (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press)
*
Anaïs Nin
Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell (February 11, 1903 – January 14, 1977; , ) was a French-born American diarist, essayist, novelist, and writer of short stories and erotica. Born to Cuban parents in France, Nin was the d ...
(1963) ''D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study'' (Athens: Swallow Press)
*Emile Delavenay (1972) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Man and his Work: The Formative Years, 1885–1919'', trans. Katherine M. Delavenay (London: Heinemann)
*Joseph Foster (1972) ''D. H. Lawrence in Taos'' (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press)
*Harry T. Moore (1974) ''The Priest of Love: A Life of D. H. Lawrence'' (London: Heinemann)
*Harry T. Moore and Warren Roberts (1966) ''D. H. Lawrence and His World'' (New York: The Viking Press), largely photographs
*Harry T. Moore (1951, revised ed. 1964) ''D. H. Lawrence: His Life and Works'' (New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc.)
*Paul Delany (1979) ''D. H. Lawrence's Nightmare: The Writer and his Circle in the Years of the Great War'' (Hassocks: Harvester Press)
*Joseph Davis (1989) ''D. H. Lawrence at Thirroul'' (Sydney, Australia: Collins)
*Joseph Davis (2022) ''D. H. Lawrence at Thirroul: One Hundred Years On'' (Thirroul, Australia: Wyewurry): https://www.academia.edu/.../D_H_LAWRENCE_AT_THIRROUL_ONE...
*G.H. Neville (1981) ''A Memoir of D. H. Lawrence: The Betrayal'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
*Raymond T. Caffrey (1985) ''Lady Chatterly's Lover: The Grove Press Publication of the Unexpurgated Text'' (Syracuse University Library Associates Courier Volume XX)
*
C.J. Stevens
Clysle Julius (C.J.) Stevens (8 December 1927 - 9 December 2021) was a writer. He published over 30 books (including poetry, short stories, non-fiction, and biography), and was published in hundreds of magazines. The United States Library of Co ...
''The Cornish Nightmare (D. H. Lawrence in Cornwall)'', Whitston Pub. Co., 1988, , D. H. Lawrence and the war years
*
C.J. Stevens
Clysle Julius (C.J.) Stevens (8 December 1927 - 9 December 2021) was a writer. He published over 30 books (including poetry, short stories, non-fiction, and biography), and was published in hundreds of magazines. The United States Library of Co ...
''Lawrence at Tregerthen (D. H. Lawrence)'', Whitston Pub. Co., 1988,
* John Worthen (1991) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years, 1885–1912'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
*Mark Kinkead-Weekes (1996) ''D. H. Lawrence: Triumph to Exile, 1912–1922'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
*
Brenda Maddox
Brenda, Lady Maddox ( Murphy; February 24, 1932 – June 16, 2019) was an American writer and biographer, who spent most of her adult life living and working in the UK, from 1959 until her death. She is best known for her biographies, includin ...
(1994) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Story of a Marriage'' (New York: W. W. Norton & Company)
* David Ellis (1998) ''D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game, 1922–1930'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
*David Ellis (2008) ''Death and the Author: How D. H. Lawrence Died, and Was Remembered'' (Oxford University Press)
* Geoff Dyer (1999) ''Out of Sheer Rage: Wrestling With D. H. Lawrence'' (New York: North Point Press)
*Keith Sagar (1980) ''The Life of D. H. Lawrence'' (New York: Pantheon)
*Keith Sagar (2003) ''The Life of D. H. Lawrence: An Illustrated Biography'' (London: Chaucer Press)
* John Worthen (2005) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider'' (London: Penguin/Allen Lane)
*
*Michael Squires (2008) ''D. H. Lawrence and Frieda : A Portrait of Love and Loyalty'' (London: Carlton Publishing Group)
*Richard Owen (2014) ''Lady Chatterley's Villa: DH Lawrence on the Italian Riviera'' (London: The Armchair Traveller)
*James C. Cowan (1970) ''D.H. Lawrence's American Journey: A Study in Literature and Myth'' (Cleveland: The Press of Case Western Reserve University)
*
Knud Merrild
Knud Merrild Nielsen (10 May 1894 – 31 December 1954) was a Danish painter, sculptor and ceramicist.
Life
Merrild was born in Selling, Ødum parish, in Favrskov Municipality. He worked in ceramics with the potter G. A. Eifrig at the Købe ...
(1938) ''A Poet And Two Painters: A Memoir of D. H. Lawrence'' (London: G. Routledge)
* Frances Wilson (2021) ''Burning Man: The Ascent of D. H. Lawrence'' (London: Bloomsbury Circus); ''Burning Man: The Trials of D. H. Lawrence'' (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux)
*Norman Page, ed. (1981) ''D.H. Lawrence: Interviews and Recollections'' (two volumes) (Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble)
*
Elaine Feinstein
Elaine Feinstein FRSL (born Elaine Cooklin; 24 October 1930 – 23 September 2019) was an English poet, novelist, short-story writer, playwright, biographer and translator. She joined the Council of the Royal Society of Literature in 2007.
Earl ...
(1994) ''Lawrence's Women: The Intimate Life of D.H. Lawrence'' (London: HarperCollins Publishers); (1993) ''Lawrence and the Women: The Intimate Life of D.H. Lawrence'' (New York: HarperCollins Publishers)
Literary criticism
*Keith Alldritt (1971) ''The Visual Imagination of D.H. Lawrence'', London: Edward Arnold
*Michael Bell (1992) ''D.H. Lawrence: Language and Being'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
*Richard Beynon, ed. (1997) ''D.H. Lawrence: The Rainbow and Women in Love'', Cambridge: Icon Books
* Michael Black (1986) ''D.H. Lawrence: The Early Fiction'', London: Palgrave MacMillan
* Michael Black (1991)'' D.H. Lawrence: The Early Philosophical Works: A Commentary'', London and Basingstoke: Macmillan
* Michael Black (1992) ''Sons and Lovers'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* Michael Black (2001) ''Lawrence's England: The Major Fiction, 1913–1920'', London: Palgrave-MacMillan
*Keith Brown, ed. (1990) ''Rethinking Lawrence'', Milton Keynes: Open University Press
* Anthony Burgess (1985) ''Flame into Being: The Life And Work Of D.H. Lawrence'', London: William Heinemann
*Aidan Burns (1980) ''Nature and Culture in D.H. Lawrence'', London and Basingstoke: Macmillan
*L. D. Clark (1980) '' The Minoan Distance: The Symbolism of Travel in D.H. Lawrence'', Tucson: University of Arizona Press
*Colin Clarke (1969) ''River of Dissolution: D.H. Lawrence and English Romanticism'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
*Carol Dix (1980) ''D.H. Lawrence and Women'', London: Macmillan
*R.P. Draper (1970)'' D.H. Lawrence: The Critical Heritage'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
* David Ellis and Howard Mills (1988) ''D. H. Lawrence's Non-Fiction: Art, Thought and Genre'' (Cambridge University Press)
*David Ellis (2015) ''Love and Sex in D. H. Lawrence'' (Clemson University Press)
*Anne Fernihough (1993) ''D.H. Lawrence: Aesthetics and Ideology'', Oxford: Clarendon Press
*Anne Fernihough, ed. (2001) ''The Cambridge Companion to D.H. Lawrence'', Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
*John R. Harrison (1966) ''The Reactionaries: Yeats, Lewis, Pound, Eliot, Lawrence: A Study of the Anti-Democratic Intelligentsia'', London: Schocken Books
*Frederick J. Hoffman and Harry T. Moore, eds. (1953), ''The Achievement of D.H. Lawrence'', Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
*
Graham Holderness
Graham Holderness is a writer and critic who has published as author or editor 60 books, mostly on Shakespeare, and hundreds of chapters and articles of criticism, theory and theology. He was one of the founders of British Cultural materialism, ...
(1982) ''D. H. Lawrence: History, Ideology and Fiction'', Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
*
Graham Hough
Graham Goulden (or Goulder) Hough (14 February 1908 – 5 September 1990) was an English literary critic, poet, and Professor of English at Cambridge University from 1966 to 1975.
Life
Graham Hough was born in Great Crosby, Lancashire, the son of ...
(1956) ''The Dark Sun: A Study of D.H. Lawrence'', London: Duckworth
*John Humma (1990) ''Metaphor and Meaning in D.H. Lawrence's Later Novels,'' University of Missouri Press
*Virginia Hyde (1992), ''The Risen Adam: D.H. Lawrence's Revisionist Typology'', Pennsylvania State University Press
*Virginia Hyde and Earl Ingersoll, eds. (2010), ''"Terra Incognita": D.H. Lawrence at the Frontiers'', Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
*Earl Ingersoll and Virginia Hyde, eds. (2009), ''Windows to the Sun: D.H. Lawrence's "Thought-Adventures"'', Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
*
Frank Kermode
Sir John Frank Kermode, FBA (29 November 1919 – 17 August 2010) was a British literary critic best known for his 1967 work '' The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction'' and for his extensive book-reviewing and editing.
He was ...
(1973) ''Lawrence'', London: Fontana
*Mark Kinkead-Weekes (1968) ''The Marble and the Statue: The Exploratory Imagination of D.H. Lawrence'', pp. 371–418, in Maynard Mack and Ian Gregor (eds.), ''Imagined Worlds: Essays on Some English Novels and Novelists in Honour of John Butt'' (London: Methuen and Co.)
* F.R. Leavis (1955) ''D.H. Lawrence: Novelist'' (London, Chatto and Windus)
* F.R. Leavis (1976) ''Thought, Words and Creativity: Art and Thought in D. H. Lawrence'', London, Chatto and Windus
*
Sheila MacLeod
Sheila MacLeod (born 23 March 1939) is a Scottish author and feminist.
Biography
Sheila MacLeod was born on 23 March 1939 in the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland. MacLeod attended the Wycombe Abbey School in Buckinghamshire, England befor ...
(1985) ''Lawrence's Men and Women'' (London: Heinemann)
*Barbara Mensch (1991) '' D.H. Lawrence and the Authoritarian Personality'' (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)
* Kate Millett (1970) ''Sexual Politics'' (Garden City, NY: Doubleday)
*Colin Milton (1987) ''Lawrence and Nietzsche: A Study in Influence'' (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press)
*Robert E Montgomery (1994) ''The Visionary D.H. Lawrence: Beyond Philosophy and Art'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
*Harry T. Moore, ed., ''A D.H. Lawrence Miscellany'', Southern Illinois University Press (1959) and William Heinemann Ltd (1961)
*Alastair Niven (1978) ''D.H. Lawrence: The Novels'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
*Cornelia Nixon (1986) ''Lawrence's Leadership Politics and the Turn Against Women'' (Berkeley: University of California Press)
*
Joyce Carol Oates
Joyce Carol Oates (born June 16, 1938) is an American writer. Oates published her first book in 1963, and has since published 58 novels, a number of plays and novellas, and many volumes of short stories, poetry, and non-fiction. Her novels '' Bla ...
Tony Pinkney
Oxford English Limited (OEL) was a socialist- feminist group of undergraduate and postgraduate students campaigning for progressive reforms in the Oxford University English Faculty between 1982 and 1992. OEL's demands included the abolition of c ...
(1990) ''D.H. Lawrence'' (London and New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf)
*
Stephen Potter
Stephen Meredith Potter (1 February 1900 – 2 December 1969) was a British writer best known for his parodies of self-help books, and their film and television derivatives.
After leaving school in the last months of the First World War he wa ...
(1930) ''D.H. Lawrence: A First Study'' (London and New York: Jonathan Cape)
*Charles L. Ross (1991) ''Women in Love: A Novel of Mythic Realism'' (Boston, Mass.: Twayne)
*Keith Sagar (1966) ''The Art of D.H. Lawrence'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
*Keith Sagar (1985) ''D.H. Lawrence: Life into Art'' (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press)
*Keith Sagar (2008) ''D.H. Lawrence: Poet'' (Penrith, UK: Humanities-Ebooks)
*Daniel J. Schneider (1986) ''The Consciousness of D.H. Lawrence: An Intellectual Biography'' (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas)
*
Herbert J. Seligmann
Herbert Jacob Seligmann (1891 - March 3, 1984) was an American author and journalist known for his writings on civil rights issues, African Americans, bigotry, the U.S. occupation of Haiti, and the rise of Nazism in Europe. He also wrote about well ...
(1924 ''D.H. Lawrence: An American Interpretation'' *Michael Squires and Keith Cushman (1990) ''The Challenge of D.H. Lawrence'' (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press)
*Berend Klaas van der Veen (1983) ''The Development of D.H. Lawrence's Prose Themes, 1906-1915'' (Oldenzaal: Offsetdruk)
*Peter Widdowson, ed. (1992) ''D.H. Lawrence'' (London and New York: Longman)
*Michael Wilding (1980) 'Political Fictions' (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul)
* John Worthen (1979) ''D.H. Lawrence and the Idea of the Novel'' (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan).
*T.R. Wright (2000) ''D.H. Lawrence and the Bible'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Bancroft Library
The Bancroft Library in the center of the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, is the university's primary special-collections library. It was acquired from its founder, Hubert Howe Bancroft, in 1905, with the proviso that it retai ...
University of New Mexico
The University of New Mexico (UNM; es, Universidad de Nuevo México) is a public research university in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Founded in 1889, it is the state's flagship academic institution and the largest by enrollment, with over 25,400 ...
University of Nottingham
The University of Nottingham is a public university, public research university in Nottingham, United Kingdom. It was founded as University College Nottingham in 1881, and was granted a royal charter in 1948. The University of Nottingham belongs t ...
Columbia University
Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...