The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) is an American
neo-Confederate
Neo-Confederates are groups and individuals who portray the Confederate States of America and its actions during the American Civil War in a positive light. The League of the South, the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other neo-Confederate org ...
hereditary association for female
descendants of
Confederate Civil War soldiers engaging in the commemoration of these ancestors, the funding of monuments to them, and the promotion of the
pseudohistorical
Pseudohistory is a form of pseudoscholarship that attempts to distort or misrepresent the historical record, often by employing methods resembling those used in scholarly historical research. The related term cryptohistory is applied to pseudohi ...
Lost Cause
The Lost Cause of the Confederacy (or simply Lost Cause) is an American pseudohistorical negationist mythology that claims the cause of the Confederate States during the American Civil War was just, heroic, and not centered on slavery. Firs ...
ideology and corresponding
white supremacy
White supremacy or white supremacism is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them. The belief favors the maintenance and defense of any power and privilege held by white people. White s ...
.
Established in
Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital city of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the seat of Davidson County. With a population of 689,447 at the 2020 U.S. census, Nashville is the most populous city in the state, 21st most-populous city in the U.S., and ...
in 1894, the group venerated the
Ku Klux Klan during the
first half of the 20th century and funded the construction of a monument to the Klan in 1926.
According to the
Institute for Southern Studies, the UDC "elevated
he Klanto a nearly mythical status. It dealt in and preserved Klan artifacts and symbology. It even served as a sort of
public relations
Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to influence their perception. ...
agency for the terrorist group."
The group's headquarters are in the
Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy
The Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy, also known as the U.D.C. Memorial Building, is a historic building located in Richmond, Virginia, that serves as the national headquarters of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. It was listed o ...
building in
Richmond, Virginia, the former
capital city
A capital city or capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country, state, province, department, or other subnational entity, usually as its seat of the government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses t ...
of the
Confederate States
The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States or the Confederacy was an unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United States that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confeder ...
. In May 2020 the building was damaged by fire during the
George Floyd protests
The George Floyd protests were a series of protests and civil unrest against police brutality and racism that began in Minneapolis on May 26, 2020, and largely took place during 2020. The civil unrest and protests began as part of internat ...
.
Formation and purpose
The group was founded on September 10, 1894, by
Caroline Meriwether Goodlett and
Anna Davenport Raines as the National Association of the Daughters of the Confederacy. The first chapter was formed in
Nashville. The name was soon changed to United Daughters of the Confederacy.
Their stated intention was to "tell of the glorious fight against the greatest odds a nation ever faced, that their hallowed memory should never die." Their primary activity was to support the construction of
Confederate memorials. The UDC has said that its members also support U.S. troops and honor veterans of all U.S. wars.
In 1896, the organization established the Children of the Confederacy to impart similar values to younger generations through a
mythical depiction of the Civil War and Confederacy. According to historian Kristina DuRocher, "Like the KKK's children's groups, the UDC utilized the Children of the Confederacy to impart to the rising generations their own white-supremacist vision of the future." The UDC denies assertions that it promotes white supremacy.
The communications studies scholar W. Stuart Towns notes the UDC's role "in demanding textbooks for public schools that told the story of the war and the Confederacy from a definite southern point of view." He adds that their work is one of the "essential elements
fperpetuating Confederate mythology."
The UDC was incorporated on July 18, 1919. Its headquarters is in the
Memorial Building to the Women of the Confederacy,
Richmond, Virginia, built in the 1950s.
History
Early work
![CONFEDERATE MONUMENT AT JENKINS FERRY](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/CONFEDERATE_MONUMENT_AT_JENKINS_FERRY.jpg)
Across the
Southern United States
The Southern United States (sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, or simply the South) is a geographic and cultural region of the United States of America. It is between the Atlantic Ocean ...
, associations were founded after the
Civil War
A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...
, chiefly by women, to organize burials of Confederate soldiers, establish and care for permanent cemeteries, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor impressive
monuments
A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, hist ...
as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate cause and tradition.
![Dr Stephen Carney 02 - Confederate Memorial Day - Arlington National Cemetery - 2014](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Dr_Stephen_Carney_02_-_Confederate_Memorial_Day_-_Arlington_National_Cemetery_-_2014.jpg)
The organization was "strikingly successful at raising money to build monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead, and working to shape the content of history textbooks." They also raised money to care for the widows and children of the Confederate dead. Most of these
memorial associations gradually merged into the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew from 17,000 total members in 1900 to nearly 100,000 by
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
.
Monuments, memorials, and charity
The UDC was influential primarily in the early twentieth century across the South, where its main role was to preserve, uphold and romanticize the memory of the Confederate veterans, especially those husbands, sons, fathers and brothers who died in the Civil War. Memory and memorials became the central focus of the organization.
Historian
Jacquelyn Dowd Hall notes that the UDC had a particular interest in the position of Southern (Confederate) women, with "a commitment to bolstering vanquished and disheartened veterans and keeping the memory of the dead alive. But it was also committed to immortalizing the heroism of Confederate women, whose valor, its leaders believed, had been every bit as important as men's." The UDC's methods were wide-ranging and ahead of their times:
UDC leaders were determined to assert women's cultural authority over virtually every representation of the region's past. This they did by lobbying for state archives and museums, national historic sites, and historic highways; compiling genealogies; interviewing former soldiers; writing history textbooks; and erecting monuments, which now moved triumphantly from cemeteries into town centers. More than half a century before women's history and public history emerged as fields of inquiry and action, the UDC, with other women's associations, strove to etch women's accomplishments into the historical record and to take history to the people, from the nursery and the fireside to the schoolhouse and the public square.
"The number of women's clubs devoted to filiopietism and history was staggering," says historian
W. Fitzhugh Brundage, noting that women were much more likely to be involved in a variety of (historical) organizations than men, who devoted their energies to fraternal societies. Brundage notes that after women's suffrage came in 1920, the historical role of the women's organizations eroded.
After 1900 the UDC became an umbrella organization coordinating local memorial groups. The UDC women specialized in sponsoring local memorials. After 1945, they were active in placing historical markers along Southern highways. The UDC has also been active in national causes during wartime. According to the organization, during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, it funded 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital on the
Western front and contributed over
US$
The United States dollar (symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ or U.S. Dollar, to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official ...
82,000 for French and Belgian war orphans. The homefront campaign raised $24 million for
war bond
War bonds (sometimes referred to as Victory bonds, particularly in propaganda) are debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditure in times of war without raising taxes to an unpopular level. They are ...
s and savings stamps. Members also donated $800,000 to the
Red Cross
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and ...
. During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
, they gave financial aid to student nurses.
In 1933 the Tennessee branch of UDC donated $50,000 for the construction of a Confederate memorial hall on the campus of the
George Peabody College for Teachers which merged with
Vanderbilt University
Vanderbilt University (informally Vandy or VU) is a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee. Founded in 1873, it was named in honor of shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided the school its initial $1-million ...
in 1979.
A university effort to remove the inscription "Confederate" from the building, resisted by the UDC, led to a 2005 Tennessee appeals court ruling that the inscription could be removed only if the UDC donation was returned at present value. In 2016 an anonymous source donated $1.2 million to the university specifically for that purpose, and the inscription was removed.
Memoirs
The UDC encouraged women to publish their experiences in the war, beginning with biographies of major southern figures, such as
Varina Davis
Varina Anne Banks Howell Davis (May 7, 1826 – October 16, 1906) was the only First Lady of the Confederate States of America, and the longtime second wife of President Jefferson Davis. She moved to a house in Richmond, Virginia, in mid-1 ...
's of her husband
Jefferson Davis,
President of the Confederacy. Later, women began adding more of their own experiences to the "public discourse about the war," in the form of memoirs, such as those published in the early 1900s by
Sara Pryor,
Virginia Clopton, Louise Wright and others. They also recommended structures for the memoirs. By the turn of the twentieth century, a dozen memoirs by southern women were published. These memoirs were part of the growing public memory about the antebellum years and the
Lost Cause
The Lost Cause of the Confederacy (or simply Lost Cause) is an American pseudohistorical negationist mythology that claims the cause of the Confederate States during the American Civil War was just, heroic, and not centered on slavery. Firs ...
narrative, which critics have described as white supremacist, as they vigorously defended the Confederacy and its founding principles (which included the enslavement of African-Americans).
Southern Cross of Honor
The
Southern Cross of Honor was a commemorative
medal
A medal or medallion is a small portable artistic object, a thin disc, normally of metal, carrying a design, usually on both sides. They typically have a commemorative purpose of some kind, and many are presented as awards. They may be int ...
established by the United Daughters of the Confederacy for members of the
United Confederate Veterans
The United Confederate Veterans (UCV, or simply Confederate Veterans) was an American Civil War veterans' organization headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was organized on June 10, 1889, by ex-soldiers and sailors of the Confederate Sta ...
. It was proposed at a meeting in 1898, with 78,761 crosses issued by 1913. The medal was never authorized to be worn on the United States Army, Navy, or Marine Corps uniform.
Scholarships
During the first decades of their existence, the UDC focused on caring for Confederate soldiers and their widows. When the numbers of Confederate veterans began to dwindle, they focused on their remaining objectives. Education of the descendants of those who served the Confederacy became one of the key interests of the organization. Some state divisions within the UDC built dormitories and sponsored scholarships, but there was no coordinated support for education by the national organization. The divisions were responsible for scholarships and building dormitories for women. At the 1907 General Convention,
Caroline Meriwether Goodlett spoke of the shift in the UDC's focus. As monuments were erected, she "sat by ... thinking that the monument fever would abate." She believed that "the most thoughtful and best educated women" in the organization should have realized that the "grandest monument (they) could build in the South would be an educated motherhood."
The UDC combined education with support of the military during World War II by establishing a nurses' training fund. Each scholarship provided approximately $100 per year for a three-year nursing program. When a scholarship was offered, local Chapters were encouraged to contact local schools to locate students who needed assistance to fund their education.
In addition, the UDC sponsors essay and poetry compositions, in which the participants are not to use the phrase "Civil War," "
War Between the States
The most common name for the American Civil War in modern American usage is simply "The Civil War". Although rarely used during the war, the term "War Between the States" became widespread afterward in the Southern United States. During and immedia ...
" being the preferred term.
Children of the Confederacy
The Children of the Confederacy, also known as the CofC, is an auxiliary organization to the UDC. The official name is ''Children of the Confederacy of the United Daughters of the Confederacy''. It comprises children from birth through the time of the Children of the Confederacy Annual General Convention following their 18th birthday. All Children of the Confederacy chapters are sponsored by UDC chapters.
Children are taught
Lyon Gardiner Tyler's "Catechism on the History of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865," which says that Northerners did away with slavery because the climate was unsuitable, that they had no intention of ever paying the South for its slaves after abolition, that slaves in the South were faithful to their owners, who were caring and gentle people: cruel slave owners existed only in the North.
Before 2015, the "Creed" of the CofC read:
The phrase "nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery" was deleted by the UDC General Convention of 2015.
Meredith College
Meredith College is a private women's liberal arts college and coeducational graduate school in Raleigh, North Carolina. As of 2021 Meredith enrolls approximately 1,500 women in its undergraduate programs and 300 men and women in its graduate ...
history professor and former CofC member Daniel L. Fountain states that organisations like the UDC have deeply "implanted the Lost Cause’s falsified version of history" in the South. "Rallying behind powerful women such as
Mildred Lewis Rutherford
Mildred Lewis "Miss Millie" Rutherford (July 16, 1851 – August 15, 1928) was a prominent white supremacist educator and author from Athens, Georgia. She served the Lucy Cobb Institute, as its head and in other capacities, for over forty years, ...
, the UDC relentlessly lobbied legislatures for public school textbooks that presented a pro-Confederate version of regional history and successfully blacklisted" other books. "By targeting the region’s middle- to upper-class children, they ensured an army of future teachers and leaders would carry forward and defend their message for decades to come. Embedding their version of Confederate history into the sacred spaces of Southern society (the home, cemeteries, churches, city squares, street names, colleges and schools) made erasing it physically difficult and personally painful."
George Floyd protests
During the early morning hours of May 31, 2020, the
Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy
The Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy, also known as the U.D.C. Memorial Building, is a historic building located in Richmond, Virginia, that serves as the national headquarters of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. It was listed o ...
headquarters building in Richmond was vandalized with graffiti and set ablaze during a chain of protests across the city in the wake of the
murder of George Floyd
On , George Floyd, a 46-year-old black man, was murdered in the U.S. city of Minneapolis by Derek Chauvin, a 44-year-old white police officer. Floyd had been arrested on suspicion of using a counterfeit $20 bill. Chauvin knelt on Floyd's ...
. The Richmond Fire Department extinguished the fire using nine fire trucks. The President-General of the UDC reported that the building's windows had been broken and fire was set to the curtains hanging in the building's Caroline Meriwether Goodlett Library.
The fire was largely contained to the library, but there was extensive smoke and water damage throughout the building and charring on the building's Georgia marble façade.
Staff reported that all the books in the building's library had incurred some damage and that library shelving had been destroyed.
"Lost Cause" and Neo-Confederate views
During the period 1880–1910, the UDC was one of many groups that celebrated
Lost Cause
The Lost Cause of the Confederacy (or simply Lost Cause) is an American pseudohistorical negationist mythology that claims the cause of the Confederate States during the American Civil War was just, heroic, and not centered on slavery. Firs ...
mythology and presented "a romanticized view of the slavery era" in the United States.
The UDC promoted white Southern solidarity, allowing white Southerners to refer to a mythical past in order to legitimize
racial segregation
Racial segregation is the systematic separation of people into race (human classification), racial or other Ethnicity, ethnic groups in daily life. Racial segregation can amount to the international crime of apartheid and a crimes against hum ...
and
white supremacy
White supremacy or white supremacism is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them. The belief favors the maintenance and defense of any power and privilege held by white people. White s ...
. The UDC worked to "define southern identity around images from an Old South that portrayed slavery as benign and slaves as happy and a Reconstruction that portrayed blacks as savage and immoral." In 1919 their lost cause narrative was codified in Mildred Rutherford's ''Measuring Rod to Test Text Books and Reference Books'', which the UDC endorsed and successfully used in debates over history textbooks across the South. More recently, historian
James M. McPherson
James Munro McPherson (born October 11, 1936) is an American Civil War historian, and is the George Henry Davis '86 Professor Emeritus of United States History at Princeton University. He received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for '' Battle Cry of ...
has said that the UDC promotes a
white supremacist
White supremacy or white supremacism is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them. The belief favors the maintenance and defense of any power and privilege held by white people. White s ...
and
neo-Confederate
Neo-Confederates are groups and individuals who portray the Confederate States of America and its actions during the American Civil War in a positive light. The League of the South, the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other neo-Confederate org ...
agenda:
I think I agree a hundred percent with Ed Sebesta, though, about the motives or the hidden agenda not too deeply hidden I think of such groups as the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of the Confederate Veterans. They are dedicated to celebrating the Confederacy and rather thinly veiled support for white supremacy. And I think that also is the again not very deeply hidden agenda of the Confederate flag issue in several Southern states.
The
Southern Poverty Law Center
The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation. Based in Montgomery, Alabama, it is known for its legal cases against white s ...
(SPLC) considers the UDC as part of the
Neo-Confederate
Neo-Confederates are groups and individuals who portray the Confederate States of America and its actions during the American Civil War in a positive light. The League of the South, the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other neo-Confederate org ...
movement, intrinsically white supremacist, that began in the early 1890s. The SPLC contends that the UDC promotes "a reactionary conservative ideology that has made inroads into the Republican Party from the political right, and overlaps with the views of white nationalists and other more radical extremist groups." In August 2018, its website still stated that "
Slaves, for the most part, were faithful and devoted. Most slaves were usually ready and willing to serve their masters."
Ku Klux Klan
According to lawyer Greg Huffman, writing in ''
Facing South'', "perhaps nothing illuminates the UDC's true nature more than its relationship with the
Ku Klux Klan. Many commentators have said the UDC simply supported the Klan. That is not true. The UDC during
Jim Crow venerated the Klan and elevated it to a nearly mythical status. It dealt in and preserved Klan artifacts and symbology. It even served as a sort of public relations agency for the terrorist group."
At its 1913 annual national convention, the UDC unanimously endorsed ''The Ku Klux Klan, or The Invisible Empire'', a book written by UDC historian
Laura Martin Rose, then president of the UDC's Mississippi Division, which alleged that the Klan had rescued the South from carpetbagger-inspired racial violence. Published near the height of the UDC's Confederate statue-installation and textbook-vetting efforts, the book became a supplementary reader for Southern school children. A local chapter of the UDC funded a now-vanished
memorial to the Klan erected in 1926 near
Concord, North Carolina
Concord is the county seat and largest city in Cabarrus County, in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 105,186, with an estimated population in 2021 of 107,697. In terms of population, the cit ...
. As late as 1936, the UDC's official publication featured an article which lauded the role of the Ku Klux Klan.
Notable members
*
Elizabeth Lee Bloomstein (1859–1927), academic and clubwoman
*
Lena Northern Buckner (1875-1939), social worker
*
Florence Anderson Clark (1835–1918), author, newspaper editor, librarian, university dean
*
Virginia Clay-Clopton
Virginia Clay-Clopton (1825–1915) was a political hostess and activist in Alabama and Washington, D.C. She was also known as Virginia Tunstall, Virginia Clay, and Mrs. Clement Claiborne Clay. She took on different responsibilities after the Civi ...
(1825–1915), a political hostess and activist in Alabama and Washington, DC.
*
Sarah Johnson Cocke
Sarah Johnson Cocke (, Johnson; after first marriage, Hagan; after second marriage, Cocke; February 7, 1865 – January 20, 1944) was an American writer and civic leader. She was also active in several women's clubs. Cocke's works of Southern fic ...
(1865-1944), writer and civic leader
*
Amanda Julia Estill (1882–1965), writer, teacher, folklorist
*
Margaret Gardner Hoey (1875–1942), First Lady of North Carolina
*
Ethel Hillyer Harris (1859-1931), author
*
Una B. Herrick
Una Brasfield Herrick (August 24, 1863 – August 10, 1950) was an American educator. A pioneer in higher education for women, she was the first Dean of Women at Montana State College (now Montana State University).
Early life
Una Olive Brasfie ...
(1863-1950), American educator, the first Dean of Women at Montana State College.
*
Caroline Meriwether Goodlett (1833–1914), founding president of the UDC
*
Adele Briscoe Looscan (1848–1935), president of the
Texas State Historical Association
The Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) is a non-profit educational organization, dedicated to documenting the history of Texas. It was founded in Austin, Texas, on March 2, 1897. , TSHA moved their offices from Austin to the University of ...
(19151925).
*
Anna Davenport Raines (1853–1915), founding vice-president of the UDC
*
Florence Sillers Ogden (1891–1971), newspaper columnist,
''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', pro-segregation activist.
*
Elizabeth Fry Page (?–1943), author, editor
*
Eliza Hall Nutt Parsley (1842–1920), founder and president of the North Carolina Division & Cape Fear Chapter of the UDC
*
Edith D. Pope (1869–1947), second editor of the ''
Confederate Veteran
The ''Confederate Veteran'' was a magazine about veterans of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861–1865, propagating the myth of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. It was instrumental in popularizing the legend of Sa ...
''; president of the Nashville No. 1 chapter of the UDC from 1927 to 1930.
*
Panthea Twitty (1912–1977), photographer, ceramicist, and historian.
*
Kitty O'Brien Joyner (1916–1993), electrical engineer and the first woman engineer at
NACA
The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was a United States federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. On October 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved and its assets ...
, the predecessor to
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil List of government space agencies, space program ...
.
*
Vernettie O. Ivy (1876-1967), 6 year member of the Arizona House of Representatives.
*
Mary Hilliard Hinton
Mary Hilliard Hinton (June 7, 1869 – January 6, 1961) was an American painter, historian, clubwoman, and anti-suffragist. She was a leader in North Carolina's anti-suffragist movement and an outspoken white supremacist, co-founding and runnin ...
(1869–1961), historian, painter, anti-suffragist, and white supremacist
*
Rosa Kershaw Walker
Rosa Kershaw Walker (, Kershaw; after first marriage, Turnbull; after second marriage, Walker; literary initials, R. K. Walker; 1840s – May 7, 1909) was an American author, journalist, and newspaper editor of the long nineteenth century. She was ...
(1840s-1909), author, journalist, editor
*
Fay Webb-Gardner
Fay Lamar Webb-Gardner (September 7, 1885 – January 16, 1969) was an American political hostess, businesswoman, and philanthropist. As the wife of Oliver Max Gardner, she served as the Second Lady of North Carolina from 1917 to 1923 and as Fi ...
(1885–1969), First Lady of North Carolina
*
Lynn Forney Young
Lynn Forney Young is an American civil leader and clubwoman. She was the 43rd President General of the Daughters of the American Revolution and a member of the U.S. Semiquincentennial Commission.
Personal life
A native of Texas, Young lives ...
, lineage society leader
See also
*
List of monuments erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy
*
List of women's organizations
This is a list of women's organizations ordered by geography.
International
* Alliance of Pan American Round Tables – founded 1916 to foster women's relationships throughout the Americas
* Arab Feminist Union – founded 1945
* Associated Cou ...
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*
*
* Foster, Gaines M. (1987). ''Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South''. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Parrott, Angie (1991). "'Love Makes Memory Eternal': The United Daughters of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia, 1897–1920," in Edward Ayers and John C. Willis, eds. ''The Edge of the South: Life in Nineteenth-Century Virginia'', Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
*
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*
*
*
*
*
External links
; Official
*
; General information
Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy map by
SPLC
The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation. Based in Montgomery, Alabama, it is known for its legal cases against white sup ...
, showing places dedicated to the memorial of Confederates
Minutes of the Annual Conventionat
The Online Books Page
The Online Books Page is an index of e-text books available on the Internet. It is edited by John Mark Ockerbloom and is hosted by the library of the University of Pennsylvania. The Online Books Page lists over 2 million books and has several feat ...
United Daughters of the Confederacyat ''
Encyclopedia Virginia Virginia Humanities (VH), formerly the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, is a humanities council whose stated mission is to develop the civic, cultural, and intellectual life of the Commonwealth of Virginia by creating learning opportunities f ...
''
United Daughters of the Confederacy politiciansat
The Political Graveyard
The Political Graveyard is a website and database that catalogues information on more than 277,000 American political figures and political families, along with other information. The name comes from the website's inclusion of burial locations o ...
*
*
{{Authority control
501(c)(3) organizations
1894 establishments in Tennessee
Aftermath of the American Civil War
American Civil War veterans and descendants organizations
Heritage organizations
History of Nashville, Tennessee
History of women in the United States
Lobbying organizations in the United States
Neo-Confederate organizations
Magazine publishing companies of the United States
Nonpartisan organizations in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Richmond, Virginia
Organizations established in 1894
Stone Mountain
Women's organizations based in the United States