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The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), officially Danuri, is South Korea's first lunar orbiter. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying
lunar resources The Moon bears substantial natural resources which could be exploited in the future. Potential lunar resources may encompass processable materials such as volatiles and minerals, along with geologic structures such as lava tubes that together, ...
such as
water ice Water ice could refer to: * Ice formed by water (as opposed to other substances) *The alternate term for various similar frozen fruit-flavoured desserts: ** Italian ice primarily in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley **Sorbet Sorbet (), also ...
,
uranium Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weak ...
, helium-3,
silicon Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic tab ...
, and
aluminium Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. I ...
, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites. The mission was launched on 4 August 2022 on a Falcon 9 Block 5
launch vehicle A launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket designed to carry a payload ( spacecraft or satellites) from the Earth's surface to outer space. Most launch vehicles operate from a launch pads, supported by a launch control center and ...
. It was inserted into orbit around the Moon on 16 December 2022 (UTC).


Name

On 23 May 2022, the South Korean
Ministry of Science and ICT The Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT; ; Hanja: 科學技術情報通信部) is a ministry of the government of South Korea. It succeeded the former Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning. The headquarters was originally in Gwacheon, Gyeong ...
officially named the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (시험용 달 궤도선, 試驗用月軌道船) as "Danuri" (다누리). Danuri is a
portmanteau A portmanteau word, or portmanteau (, ) is a blend of wordsKorea Aerospace Research Institute The Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), established in 1989, is the aeronautics and space agency of South Korea. Its main laboratories are located in Daejeon, in the Daedeok Science Town. KARI's vision is to continue building upon indig ...
(KARI), together with
NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. NASA was established in 1958, succeeding t ...
produced a lunar orbiter feasibility study in July 2014. The two agencies signed an agreement in December 2016 where NASA will collaborate with one science instrument payload, telecommunications, navigation, and mission design.
(KARI) Accessed on 25 January 2019 The Korean Lunar Exploration Program (KLEP) is divided in two phases. meant to develop and enhance South Korea's technological capabilities, as well as map natural resources from orbit. The key goals of the KPLO orbiter mission include investigation of lunar geology and space environment, exploration of lunar resources, and testing of future space technology which will assist in future human activities on the Moon and beyond. Phase 2 will include a lunar orbiter, a lunar lander, and a 20 kg
rover Rover may refer to: People * Constance Rover (1910–2005), English historian * Jolanda de Rover (born 1963), Dutch swimmer * Rover Thomas (c. 1920–1998), Indigenous Australian artist Places * Rover, Arkansas, US * Rover, Missouri, US ...
, to be launched together on a KSLV-2 South Korean launch vehicle from the
Naro Space Center , image = Naro Space Center, 2021.jpg , caption = , LID = , type = Spaceport , owner = Government of South Korea , operator ...
, in 2025.


Objectives

The main objectives of this mission are to enhance the South Korean technological capabilities in the ground and in
outer space Outer space, commonly shortened to space, is the expanse that exists beyond Earth and its atmosphere and between celestial bodies. Outer space is not completely empty—it is a near-perfect vacuum containing a low density of particles, pred ...
, and to "increase both the national brand value and national pride". The specific technological objectives are: * Development of critical technologies for lunar exploration. * Produce a topographic map for support to select future lunar landing sites, and to survey lunar resources such as
water ice Water ice could refer to: * Ice formed by water (as opposed to other substances) *The alternate term for various similar frozen fruit-flavoured desserts: ** Italian ice primarily in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley **Sorbet Sorbet (), also ...
,
uranium Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weak ...
, helium-3,
silicon Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic tab ...
, and
aluminium Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. I ...
. * Development and validation of new
space technologies Space technology is technology for use in outer space, in travel (''astronautics'') or other activities beyond Earth's atmosphere, for purposes such as spaceflight, space exploration, and Earth observing satellite, Earth observation. Space technolo ...
. From the lunar science perspective, understanding the water cycle on the
Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest and most massive relative to its parent planet, with a diameter about one-quarter that of Earth (comparable to the width of ...
is critical to mapping and exploitation.South Korea's 2018 Lunar Mission
Paul D. Spudis, ''Air and Space Magazine''. 26 September 2016.
Solar wind The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona. This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between . The composition of the sol ...
protons can chemically reduce the abundant iron oxides present the lunar soil, producing native metal iron (Fe0) and a
hydroxyl In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy ...
ion (OH−) that can readily capture a proton to form water (H2O). Hydroxyl and water molecules are thought to be transported throughout the lunar surface by mysterious unknown mechanisms, and they seem to accumulate at permanently shadowed areas that offer protection from heat and solar radiation.


Space Internet

To test the experimental system of the “ space Internet”, Danuri successfully forwarded a number of photos taken, as well as several video files, including,
BTS BTS (), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a South Korean boy band formed in 2010 and debuting in 2013 under Big Hit Entertainment. The septet—consisting of members Jin, Suga, J-Hope, RM, Jimin, V, and Jungkook—co-writes and co-pr ...
’ “Dynamite” from outer space to Earth at Korea's
Ministry of Science and ICT The Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT; ; Hanja: 科學技術情報通信部) is a ministry of the government of South Korea. It succeeded the former Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning. The headquarters was originally in Gwacheon, Gyeong ...
,
Korea Aerospace Research Institute The Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), established in 1989, is the aeronautics and space agency of South Korea. Its main laboratories are located in Daejeon, in the Daedeok Science Town. KARI's vision is to continue building upon indig ...
(KARI), and the
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute The Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute () is a Korean government-funded research institution in Daedeok Science Town in Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Overview Established in 1976, ETRI is a non-profit government-funded research i ...
(ETRI) on 7 November 2022.


Science payload

KPLO carries six science instruments with a total mass of approximately . * Lunar Terrain Imager (LUTI) will take images of probable landing sites for the second stage lunar exploration mission and special target sites of the lunar surfaces with a high spatial resolution (<5 m). * Wide-Angle Polarimetric Camera (PolCam) will acquire the polarimetric images of the entire lunar surface except for the polar regions with medium spatial resolution in order to investigate the detailed characteristics of
lunar regolith Lunar soil is the fine fraction of the regolith found on the surface of the Moon. Its properties can differ significantly from those of terrestrial soil. The physical properties of lunar soil are primarily the result of mechanical disintegra ...
. * KPLO Magnetometer (KMAG) is a magnetometer that will measure the magnetic strength of the lunar environment (up to ~100 km above the lunar surface) with ultra-sensitive magnetic sensors. * KPLO Gamma Ray Spectrometer (KGRS) is a
gamma-ray spectrometer A gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) is an instrument for measuring the distribution (or spectrum—see figure) of the intensity of gamma radiation versus the energy of each photon. The study and analysis of gamma-ray spectra for scientific and techni ...
that will investigate the chemical composition of lunar surface materials within a gamma-ray energy range from 10
keV Kev can refer to: Given name * Kev Adams, French comedian, actor, screenwriter and film producer born Kevin Smadja in 1991 * Kevin Kev Carmody (born 1946), Indigenous Australian singer-songwriter * Kev Coghlan (born 1988), Scottish Grand Prix moto ...
to 10 MeV, and map their spatial distribution. * NASA's ShadowCam will map the reflectance within the permanently shadowed regions to search for evidence of water ice deposits.


ShadowCam

ShadowCam is a hypersensitive optical camera that will collect images of permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) near the Moon's poles. This will allow ShadowCam to map the reflectance of these regions to search for evidence of ice deposits, observe seasonal changes, and measure the terrain inside the craters. The instrument is based on the
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is a NASA robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit. Data collected by LRO have been described as essential for planning NASA's future human and robotic missions t ...
LROC camera, but it is 800 times more sensitive to allow for capturing details within the permanently shadowed regions. ShadowCam was developed by scientists at
Arizona State University Arizona State University (Arizona State or ASU) is a public research university in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Founded in 1885 by the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the ...
and
Malin Space Science Systems Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California-based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on unmanned spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Mich ...
. Science objections of the ShadowCam experiment: ; Map albedo patterns in PSRs and interpret their nature: ShadowCam will search for frost, ice, and lag deposits by mapping reflectance with resolution and signal-to-noise ratios comparable to LROC NAC images of illuminated terrain. ; Investigate the origin of anomalous radar signatures associated with some polar craters: ShadowCam will determine whether high-purity ice or rocky deposits are present inside PSRs. ; Document and interpret temporal changes of PSR albedo units: ShadowCam will search for seasonal changes in volatile abundance in PSRs by acquiring monthly observations. ; Provide hazard and trafficability information within PSRs for future landed elements: ShadowCam will provide optimal terrain information necessary for polar exploration. ; Map the morphology of PSRs to search for and characterize landforms that may be indicative of permafrost-like processes: ShadowCam will provide unprecedented images of PSR geomorphology at scales that enable detailed comparisons with terrain anywhere on the Moon.


Launch

Originally planned for a December 2018 launch, KPLO was placed into orbit by a
Falcon 9 Falcon 9 is a partially reusable medium lift launch vehicle that can carry cargo and crew into Earth orbit, produced by American aerospace company SpaceX. The rocket has two stages. The first (booster) stage carries the second stage and pay ...
launch vehicle on 4 August 2022. Because Danuri was launched as a dedicated
Falcon 9 Falcon 9 is a partially reusable medium lift launch vehicle that can carry cargo and crew into Earth orbit, produced by American aerospace company SpaceX. The rocket has two stages. The first (booster) stage carries the second stage and pay ...
mission, the payload along with Falcon 9's second stage was placed directly on an Earth escape trajectory and into heliocentric orbit when the second stage reignited for a second engine startup or escape burn. As KPLO uses ballistic lunar transfer (BLT) to transfer to a Moon orbit, it took the spacecraft about 135 days to reach the Moon, with a lunar-orbit insertion on 16 December 2022 (UTC). After insertion, the spacecraft will conduct a set of phasing-burns to reduce the orbit's eccentricity from elliptic to circular, reaching low-lunar orbit. This was a change of plan from the previous one, where the orbiter would have performed at least three highly elliptical orbits of
Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surfa ...
, each time increasing its velocity and altitude until it reaches
escape velocity In celestial mechanics, escape velocity or escape speed is the minimum speed needed for a free, non- propelled object to escape from the gravitational influence of a primary body, thus reaching an infinite distance from it. It is typically ...
, initiating a trans-lunar injection. The spacecraft's main propulsion is from four 30- newton thrusters, and for
attitude control Attitude control is the process of controlling the orientation of an aerospace vehicle with respect to an inertial frame of reference or another entity such as the celestial sphere, certain fields, and nearby objects, etc. Controlling vehicle ...
(orientation) it uses four 5-newton thrusters.


See also

*
Exploration of the Moon The physical exploration of the Moon began when ''Luna 2'', a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation ...
*
List of missions to the Moon As part of human exploration of the Moon, numerous space missions have been undertaken to study Earth's natural satellite. Of the Moon landings, Luna 2 of the Soviet Union was the first spacecraft to reach its surface successfully, intentionall ...
*
Lunar water Lunar water is water that is present on the Moon. Diffuse water molecules can persist at the Moon's sunlit surface, as discovered by NASA's SOFIA observatory in 2020. Gradually water vapor is decomposed by sunlight, leaving hydrogen and oxyg ...
*
Naro Space Center , image = Naro Space Center, 2021.jpg , caption = , LID = , type = Spaceport , owner = Government of South Korea , operator ...


References


External links


Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) official website, in English
{{2022 in space Missions to the Moon SpaceX commercial payloads South Korean space probes Space probes launched in 2022 2022 in South Korea Satellites orbiting the Moon Space probes launched in 2022