Description
Genesis
Eugène Daguin was amongst the engineers who proposed "stamping machine" projects to the French posts. The latter was looking for a mechanical device that could quickly cancel an increasing amount of mail. Until the first trials of these machines, the clerk's arms were the only mean to cancel the stamp and to "stamp" the mail (print the date and place of departure). In June 1881, Daguin recorded a first patent (#143668). The machine appeared in a drawing like aTests
Trials took place between 29 August 1881 and July 1882 with a round datestamp and a 196-point squared cancellation. Daguin recorded the 30 September 1882 patent after this. A new trial period took place after a new addition to the patent on 15 January 1883. Between the 27 February and the 13 March 1883 the cancellations were with two datestamps with a constant distance between their center: 46 millimeters, and 19 millimeters between their outer circle line. Additions to the patent on 24 October and 4 December 1883 gave a precise description of the machine by Daguin, including the "touching piston". In June 1884, the first machines officially were in use in some Parisian post offices, in September 1884 in the first offices in the rest of the country.The cancellation
From 1884 to a permanent change of the datestamps in 1949, the Daguin cancellation has four distinctive signs. First, the centers of two datestamps are 28 millimeters away from one another. A great alteration of the stamp carriers, like in 1949, could only change this distance. Secondly, a rotation around the carrier axis is always visible on a Daguin cancellation. Thirdly, the outer crown with the place of cancellation was engraved differently from the dateblock placed at the center. The latter is made to be updated every day, more in case of multiple clears in a day. The crown lasted longer and its mark evolved with time. Moreover, the two datestamps' elements were of different ages and uses: they are different from one another in the case of a Daguin cancellation. Finally, as the machine worn out, a little mark appeared at 35 millimeters from the center of each datestamp. When up the inking roll went too far and put ink on the touching piston. When going down, the piston, that was at 35 millimeters from the datestamps' centers, touched the mail and deposed a blur of ink. In the first years of service, the datestamp was of the 84 type, appeared in 1884 with the Daguin machine, hence the name. This stamp crown's inner line is discontinuous because Daguin advised to lower the weight supported by the stamp carrier. In 1949, and a final obligation in September of that year, the postal administration imposed bigger datestamps than before. The Daguin machine's stamp carrier was modified: the commercial stamp was moved on the side to let room for the new datestamp. The new center distance was 30 millimeters and the commercial stamp always on the left side of the cancellation (it can be right or left depending on how the postal clerk put the stamps on the carrier).Career
An active career
Between June 1884 and the first years of the 20th century, the Daguin machine was a success in French post offices. But, it was replaced in towns because of the competition with new electric cancelling machines. They were faster and the mail was moved mechanically. As the replacement of the datestamps was easy, a new period of use began in 1923 when Paul Laffont, State Secretary to Posts and Telegraphs, authorized post offices to put a commercial stamp instead of the second datestamp. Were permitted text messages promoting touristic towns or postal services. The last deliveries of Daguin machines took place in 1930. 500 machines were bought this final year of production, the same number as in 1884, first year of service.The end
But, the competition with electrical cancelling machine won when large and pictorial cancellations when Daguin commercial marks were text only. In the 1950s the last Daguin machines lasted in small post offices. For these, the PTT ordered a thousand Secap H in April 1952 and another thousand of Secap BB in 1960. Contracts for Daguin commercial cancellation were ordered not to be renewed and replaced with undulated lines. Finally, all commercial printed by Daguin machine were forbidden in 1957. A PTT internal note of March 1962 told toTribute
On 18 March 1985, the French post issued a stamp in tribute to the Daguin machine in the ''Day of Stamp'' annual series.Outside France
Daguin machines were ordered by foreign postal administrations. Their cancellations had the same distinctive appearance than those of French machine between 1884 and 1949. InPhilatelic studies
Yvon Nouazé estimated in 2006 that philatelists and marcophilists did not study or even know the Daguin cancellations before 1946. The oldest text he found was entitled "A philatelic enigma: the strange cancellations of Toulouse on Sage series 'N under U'". During the 1950s, the topic passionated a growing group of collectors after Louis Goubin published an article about "the problem of the gemini marks in France from 1984 to our days". The number of specialized studies about the Daguin machines and cancellations came to Roger Perrayon's "The Daguin again!" article in which he revealed the blur put by the touching piston. In 1992, Émile Barthélémy created the "one-eyed Dagion" (''Daguin borgne'') when a sole datestamp was used. The cancellation can be identified thank to the touching piston mark.Barthélémy, Émile (January 1992). « Catalogue des Daguin borgnes ». ''Marcophilie moderne'' #1DB.Collection
The cancellations made with a Daguin machine are a specialized philatelic topic on their own : trials, first and last use in particular post offices or département, changes and modifications of the datestamps or the commercial stamp, very last cancellations found, etc. Some philatelists studied the use of Daguin machine outside France. The Daguin commercial cancellations made between 1923 and 1957 has been helping the topical stamp collectors of French local subjects.Sources and references
* Nouazé, Yvon (2006). ''L'Oblitération mécanique en France''. Fédération française des associations philatéliques (FFAP). Pages 51–64.External links